This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at|http : //books . google . com/
PKOCEEDINGS
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
SESSION
MDCCCXCIX.-MDCCCC.
VOL. XXXIV.
EDINBURGH:
PIIINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY KEILL AKU COiMPANY LTD.
MDCCCC.
PROCEEDINGS
r)F thp:
^0mts 0£ Antiquaries of ^cotlatilr
\
ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH SESSION
1899-1900
VOL. X.— THIRD SERIES
€Dtnbiii'9l)
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY NEILL AND COMPANY LTD.
MDCCCC.
\..y
bo
no
^ .-r. f
\J .JLI
274421
* •
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Anniversary Meeting, 30th November 1899, ..... 1
Reix)rt on Events of Last Session. By D. Christison, M.D., Secretary^ 4-14
The Forts, " Camps," and other Field- Works of Perth, Forfar, and Kincar-
dine. By D. Christison, M.D., Secretary ^ . . . 43-120
Notes (1) on an Ancient Interment recently discovered at the Leithies ; (2)
a Kitchen -Midden at the Rhodes Links ; and (3) a Cist, with an Urn
of drinking-cup type, near the West Links, North Berwick. By James
T. RicuARDSON, M.D., Tighnamara, North Berwick, . . .120
The Scottish De Quenceys of Fawside and Leuchars. Supplementary Notes.
By JosKPH Bain, F.S.A. Scot., ...... 124
Note on the Antiquity of the Wheel Causeway. By F. Haverfikld, M. A.,
F.S.A., 129
Notice of the Discovery of a Cist containing three Urns of Food-Vessel Type
at Duncra Hill Farm, Pencaitland. By Joseph Anderson, LL.D.,
Assistant- Secretary ami Keeper of the Museum, , . . . 131
Report on Stone Circles in Kincardineshire (North), and part of Aberdeen-
shire, with measured Plans and Drawings, obtained under the Gunning
Fellowship. By Fred. R. Coles, AssUitant-KcejKr of the Museum, 139-198
Notice of an Original Letter of Instructions for Sir William Fleming, by
King Charles IL, dated at Breda, 22nd May 1050. By A. G. Reid,
F.S.A. Scot., 199
Description of an Earth House at Pitcur, Forfarshire. By David Mac-
RiTCHiE, F.S.A. Scot., . . . . . . 202-214
Architological Notes from Moraytown, Dalcross, Inverness-shire. By
Thomas Wallace, F.S.A. Scot., ..... 215
Notes on James Fifth's Towers, Holyrood Palace. By John Sinclair,
F.S.A. Scot, ....... -224-211
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Sapplemontary Notes on the Scottish De Qaencys. By William \V. Ire-
land, M.D.. F.S. A. Scot., 241-251
Note on an Incised Stone Cross at Strathy , Sutherlandshire. By Alexandeb
MUNRO. 252
Note on a Bronze Scabbard-Tip found on Glencotho Farm, Peeblesshire. By
William Buchan, Town-Clerk, Peebles, F.S.A. Scot., . . .254
Anglo-Saxon Burhs and Early Norman Castles. By Mrs E. 8. Armitaoe.
Communicated by Professor Baldwin Biiown, F.S.A. Scot., . 260-288
Notices of the King's Master Wrights of Scotland, with Writs of their
Appointments. By the Rev. R. S. Mylne, M.A., B.C.L. Oxon., 288-296
Notice on a Cap-marked Boulder called the Saj di Goronc, or Stone of the
Heel, near Stresa, on the Lago Maggiore. By the Right Rev. G. F.
Browne, D.D., Bishop of Bristol, F.S.A. Scot., . . . 297
Notice of a Peculiar Stone Cross found on the Farm of Cairn, Parish of New
Cumnock, Upper Nithsdale. By Rev. Kiukwood Hew at, M.A.,
F.S.A. Scot., Prestwick, ....... 300
Description of a Collection of Objects found in Excavations at St Blane's
Church, Bute, exhibited by the Marquis of Bute. By Josei'H Ander-
son, LL.D., Assistant-SicrcUry and Keeper of the Museum^ . 307-325
Notes of some Cap-marked Stones and Rocks near Kenmore, and their
Folk-Lore. By Rev. J. B. Mackenzik, F.S.A. Scot., Keumore, 325-334
Notes on some Rock-Basins, Cup- and Ring-Marked Stones, and Archaic
Customs casually met with in India. By Captain J. II. Anderson,
F.S.A. Scot., ........ 335
Notice of the Discovery of a Prehistoric Burial- Place at (^>uarff, Shetland.
By Rev. David Johnston, Minister of Quarff, .... 340
s Notes on the Heraldry of Elgin and its Neighbourhood, including the
Cathedral, Bishop's House, Greyfriars, and High Street in Elgin ;
Spynie Palace, Church of Holy Trinity at Spynio, Lhanbryd Church,
Coxton Tower, Birnie Church, Kinloss Abbey, Burgio Castle, Duttus
Church, Gordonstown House, Ogston Church, Kinneder Church, Drainie
Church, St Andrew's Church, lunes House, Pluscardin Priory, Cullen
Church, Deskford Church, and Baull. By W. Rak Macdonald,
F.S.A. Scot., ....... 344-429
Notes on the Discovery and Exploration of a Pile Structure on the North
Bank of the River Clyde, east from Dumbarton Rock. By John
Bruce, F.S.A. Scot, Helensburgh, . . 437-462
TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll
PAGE
Notice of ED Incised Sepulchral Slab found in the Church of Lougforgan,
Perthshire. By A. H, Millar, F.S.A. Scot., .... 463
Notice of the Wallace Stones, L6ngforgan. By Alexander Hutcheson,
F.S.A. Scot., Broughty Ferry, ...... 476
Notice of a Charm-Stone used for the Cure of Diseases amongst Cattle in
Sutherlandshire. By Alexander Hutcheson, F.S.A. Scot., Broughty
Ferry, 483
Notices (1) of the Discovery of Bronze Age Urns on the Braid Hills ; and
(2) of the Discovery of a Cist and Urn near Portpatrick, Wigtown-
shire. By Fred. R. Coles, Assistant- Keeper of the Museum^ . . 489
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Glass Bead fou^d in a Cairn at KirkQhrist, Wigtownshire, ... 17
Wooden Effigy of an Ecclesiastic found in a Moss neaf Whithorn, . . 42
Map of the Forts, &c., in Perth, Angus, and the Mearns (Plate I.,
facing), ......... 43
Forts and Earthworks in Perth, Angus, and the Mearns, ... 48
Castlehill, Inshewan, ....... 49
Earthwork, Torr Hill, Aberfeldy, ..... 51
Dundee Law, ........ 52
Earthworks at Braco, and at Loaninghead, Crieff Junction, . 55
Position of Evelick Fort on Pole Hill, ..... 57
Earthwork, Evelick, ....... 58
Maiden Castle, near Arbroath, ...... 59
Lud Castle, Auchmithie, ....... 60
Green Castle, near Kincardine Castle, Fettercairn, . 61
Dunmore, Bochastle, Ben Ledi, ...... 63
Dundum, ......... 64
Dundurn from the N.W., . . . . 66
Dundurn from the W., . . . . .68
Dun Mac Tual, ........ 69
Remains of Wall, Dun Mac Tual, ..... 70
Caisteal Dubh, near Aberfeldy, . . . .71
Forts on the Ochils near Auchterarder, ..... 73
Castle Law, Forgandenny, ...... 75
Holes for Beams in the Wall of Castle Law, Forgandenny, . . 76
Plan of the Site of Abernethy Fort, ..... 77
Plan of the Structure of the Fort on Castle Law, Abernethy, . 78
Outer Face of Inner Wall, West End, Abernethy, ... 79
Carnac, Hill of Moncrietfe, ...... 80
Fort on Dron Hill, Longforgan, ...... 82
East End of the Laws Fort, Monifieth, ..... 84
Dunsinnan (Mr Hutcheson), ...... 86
Profiles of Dunsinnan, ....... 87
Dunsinnan (the late Mr A. Stewart, Collace), .... 88
Sectional View of Dunsinnan, ...... 89
Excavated Wall and Buildings, Dunsinnan, .... 90
Denoon Law Fort, Glamis, ...... 92
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Forts and Earthworks in Perth, Angus, and the Mearns — continued.
Barra HUl Fort, Alyth, .
Profile at Barra Hill,
Fort on Turin Hill,
Masonry of Turin Hill Fort,
Finavon, near Aberlemno,
The White Caterthun, .
The Brown Caterthun,
Profiles of the Caterthuns,
Profiles of Site of Fort, Auchterhouse Hill,
Chart of ruined " Towers,*' Upper Glenlyon
Earthen Fort, Orchill,
Oval Vessel of Glazed Pottery, found in the Kitchen Midden on the Rhodes
Links, .....
Portion of an Urn from a Cist near the West Links, .
Urn (No. 1) found in a Cist at Duncra Hill, .
Urn (No. 2) found in a Cist at Duncra Hill, .
Urn (No. 3) found in a Cist at Duncra Hill, .
Churinga of Slate from the Arunta Tribe, Central Australia,
View of the Broch called Castle Telve, Glenelg, from the North,
Map of part of Kincardine and Aberdeenshires, showing Sites of Stone Circles
surveyed in 1899, ....
Ground Plan of Stone Circle at Old Bourtree Bush,
Old Bourtree Bush from the N.W.,
Old Bourtree Bush from the N.E.,
Auchquhorthies (Kincardine), Ground Plan,
Auchquhorthies (Kincardine), Sections, .
Auchquhorthies (Kincardine), View from the South,
Auchquhorthies (Kincardine), Recumbent Stone,
Cairnwell, Ground Plan, ....
Craighead, Ground Plan, ....
Craighead, View from the South, .
Raes o' Clune, Ground Plan and Section,
Raes o' Clune, Recumbent Stone and Pillars,
Cairnfauld, Ground Plan,
Cairnfauld, View from the W^est, .
Garrol Wood, Ground Plan and Section, .
Garrol Wood, View from within the Circle,
Garrol Wood, View from without the Circle,
Esslie (the Greater), Ground Plan,
Esslie (the Greater), View from the Centre looking South,
Esslie (the Greater), View from the South,
Esslie (the Smaller), Ground Plan and Section,
Esslie (the Smaller), View from tlie \Vest,
94
95
97
98
99
101
102
104
106
109
118
122
128
131
132
133
136
187
140
142
143
143
145
146
147
147
150
151
152
154
155
156
157
158
159
159
161
164
164
166
167
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XI
Stone Circles surveyed in 1899 — continued.
Inchmarlo Standing Stone,
Glassel, Ground Plan and Section,
Glassel, Views from the North and the South,
The Auld Kirk o* Tough, Ground Plan, .
Tom-na-gom, Ground Plan and Sections^
Tom-na-gorn, Recumbent Stone, etc.,
Tom-na-gom, Full View of Recumbent Stone,
Tom-na-gom, Centre Stone Setting,
Afidmar Kirk, Ground Plan, etc.,
Seanhinny, Ground Plan,
Seanhinny, Sectional Views,
Seanhinny, Recumbent Stone, etc.,
Seanhinny, View from the N.E., .
Tyrebagger, or Standing Stones of Dyce, Ground Plan,
Tyrebagger, Sectional Views,
Tyrebagger, Sectional Views,
Tyrebagger, Recumbent Stone, etc. , from the West,
Tyrebagger, Recumbent Stone, etc., from without,
Tyrebagger, Recumbent Stone, etc., from within,
Tyrebagger, View from the North,
Ground Plan and Sections of Earth -house at Pitcur, Forfarshire,
Pitcur Earth-house, Interior View looking from v towards t, .
Pitcur Earth-house, Interior View showing Fireplace,
Samian Bowl found in 1878 in the Earth-house at Pitcur,
Iron Axe of Peculiar Shape, .....
Stone Axe said to have been found on Culbin Sands, .
Luckenbooth Brooch and Cross found in an Indian Mound, .
View of Edinburgh in 1544, showing Hertford's Army entering the
Watergate, ......
Hollar's View of Holyrood Palace, ....
The Palace of Holyrood House, and Gardens, etc.,
Holyrood Palace as it was before the Fire of 1650,
Holyrood Palace, the Regent Moray's House and Gardens, etc.,
Private Stair, Holyrood Palace, ....
Arms of Seyr and of Roger de Quency,
Rude Stone Cross at Strathy, .....
Bronze Chape of Scabbard for a Sword, of * ' late Celtic " Period,
Roman Altar found near Bridge of Brightens in 1841,
Cup-marked Boulder called the Saj di Gorone near Stresa,
Front and right and left sides of Broken Cross-shaft found at Cairn, New
Cumnock, .....
Arm of Cross found at Cairn, New Cumnock, •
Stone Implements from St Blane's, Bute,
PAGE
168
169
170
172
174
176
178
178
179
182
184
185
185
188
190
191
192
193
194
195
203
206
207
213
216
217
221
229
231
233
236
237
238
243
252
254
257
298
301
303
310
Xll
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAf;E
Pieces of Shale and Slato with Incised Letters and Scrolls, . . 312
Pieces of Slate with Incised Ornament, ..... 314
PiecesofSIate with Incised Animals and Stag Hunt, . 315
Portion of Cross-Shaft of Sandstone, ...... 316
Sculptured Stones at St Blane's Church, Bute, . .318
Sculptured Cross- Heads and Cross-Slab at St Blane's Church, Bute, . . 319
Sculptured Stone at St Blane's, ...... 320
Sculptured Stones at St Blane's, ...... 321
Sculptured Stones at St Blanc's, ...... 323
Book-clasp of Brass found at St Blanc's, ..... 324
Boulder with Cup and Ring Markings, on Braes of Balloch, . . 326
Two Rows of Cups on a Rock Surface on Braes of Balloch, 326
Stone Axe from Riskbuie, Colousay, ...... 332
Stone Cup found on Schiehallion, ...... 334
Urn of Steatite found at QuarfT, Shetland, ..... 341
Urn of Clay found at Quartf, Shetland. ..... 342
Armorial Bearings in Morayshire and Banffshire, . . 346-429
Shields of Arms above the West Window of Elgin Cathedral, . 346
Tombstone of John Dunbar of Bennetfield, .... 347
Dunbar Arms on the Breast of a Recumbent Effigy, . . 349
Shieldof Arms on North Wall. ...... 349
Shields of Arms in the Chapter-House, Elgin Cathedral, 351
Shields of Arms in the Chapter- House, Elgin Cathedral, 352
Shield of Arms of Bishop Innes, ...... 364
Shields of Arms in the Chapter- House, ..... 355
Shield of Arms in the Chancel, ...... 357
Date on the Tomb of the first Earl of Huntly, . .859
Tombstone of Alexander Gordon, ...... 360
Part of Burial-Slab in St Mary's Aisle, Elgin Cathedral, 362
Shield impaling ('alder and Munro Arms, .... 363
Armorial Stone in South Transept, ..... 366
Shield of Arms of Bishoj) James Stewart, .... 367
Shields of Arms on cither side of Recessed Tomb, . . . 370
Shields in South Aisle of Nave, ...... 372
Shields in th<3 Cathedral Precincts and Bishop's House, . 377
Shield in tho Bisho J >'h House, ...... 379
Shields of two liishops, . ..... 380
Anns of Alexander Stewart, ...... 382
Shields of Arms at (Jroy friars Church, Elgin, .... 384
Shields of Arms at (Jreyfriars (!huroh, Elgin, .... 386
Shield in South Wall of Nave at ( trey friars ('hurch, 387
Shield at Orey friars (;hurch, ...... 389
Back of a Chair from Dallas, ...... 390
Shield built into I )r Adam's Mouse, Elgin, .... 391
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Xlll
PAGE
Armorial Bearings in Morayshire and BAnffshire^eofUinued,
Shield bnilt into Dr Mackay's House, Elgin, .... 892
Shields at Spynie Palace, ...... 393, 894
In the Wall at Trinity Church, Spynie, ..... 896
In the Wall at Trinity Church, Spynie, ..... 397
At Lhanbryd Church, . . . . . . 400
Shield in Coxton Tower, ....... 401
On a Monument in Bimie Church, ..... 402
Shield at Burgie Castle, ....... 408
Shield and Monogram at Burgie Castle, ..... 405
Shield at St Michaers Church, Ogston, ..... 407
Sepulchral Slabs at Pluscarden Priory, . . .410
Shield at Pluscarden Priory, . . . . .412
Sepulchral Slab at Pluscarden Priory, . .418
Recumbent Slab at Pluscarden Priory, . . .416
Shield at Pluscarden Priory, . . . . .417
Shield in the Chapter- House, Pluscarden, .... 418
Shields at Pluscarden, ....... 420
At Cullen, ........ 420
Shield in North Wall of Cullen Church, ..... 422
On a Slab at Deskford, ....... 425
On a Slab at Banff, ........ 429
Splinters of Slate with Incised Markings (Dumbuck), 442
Opposite Sides of a Spear-shaped Implement of Slate, 448
Opposite Sides of a Spear-shaped Piece of Slate, .... 444
Implement of Stone resembling a Knife, in a Bone Handle, . 445
Implement of Stone in Handle of Deer-horn, ..... 446
Perforated Stones with Incised Markings, . . .447
Obverse and Reverse of Perforated Pebble, ..... 448
Rude Figures of Shale, ....... 449
Rude Figures of Shale, ....... 450
Pieces of Shale or Cannel Coal with Incised Ornament, . . 4r)2
Oyster Shell with Incised Lines and Perforation, .... 454
Incised Sepulchral Slab at Longforgan, ..... 464
Incised Sepulchral Slab at Creich, Fifeshiro, ..... 467
Fragments of Ancient Font at Longforgan, ..... 471
The " Wallace Stones,'* a Enocking-Stone with its Cover, . . . 479
The *' Wallace Stones," a Knocking-Stone with its Cover on, . . 480
Charm-Stone used for the Cure of Diseases of Cattle in Sutherlandshire, 485
Ground-Plan of Site of Bronze-Age Burials on the Braid Hills, . . 490
Large and Small Urns of Cinerary Type found on the Braid Hills, , , 492
OFFICE-BEARERS, 1899-1900.
patron.
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
^rtsibmt.
The Most Hon. The Marquess op Lothian, K.T., LL.D.
The Hon. John Abercrombt.
The Hon. Hew Hamilton Dalrymple.
Reginald Macleod, C.B.
Connciliors.
Sir George Reid, LL.D., \
P.R.S.A., I Representing the Board
Sir Arthur Mitchell, j of Trustees.
K.C.B., M.D., LL.D., J
The Right Hon. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., M.P.
John Horne Stevenson, M.A.
Alexander J. S. Brook.
Sir James Balfour Paul.
John Findlay.
Robert Munro, M.A., M.D.
W. Rae Macdonald.
iitcrttams.
David Christison, M.D.
J. H. Cunningham.
Joseph Anderson, LL.D., Amstant-Secretary.
Thomas Graves Law, )
LL D { Secretaries for Foreign
Jambs Macdonald, LL.D., ) Correspondence,
xvi
Creasurer.
John Notman, F.F.A., 26 St Andrew Siiuare.
€muioxB of i^jt Pttstnm.
Robert Carpuae.
Professor Duns, D.I).
Curator of Coins.
Adam B. Richardson.
J^ibrarian.
James Curlr, Jim.
THE RHIND LECTURESHIP.
(InAtitHted 1874, in terms of a Bequest for its emlmcmeiit by the late
Alexander Henry Rhind of Sibster, Hon. Mem, S.A. Scot,)
SESSION 1899-19()().
Hhind Lectuhkr in Akch*olooy-,Toskph Bain, RS.A.Scot.
LAWS
OF THR
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
INSTITUTED NOVEMBEE 1780.
(Revised and adopted December 1, 1873.)
The purpose of the Society shall be the promotion of AncHiEOLOGY,
especially as connected with the Antiquities and Historical Literature
OF Scotland.
I. Members.
1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Fellows, and
of Corresponding and I-.ady Associates.
2. The number of the Ordinary Fellows shall be unlimited.
3. Can<lidate8 for admission as Ordinary Fellows must sign the Form
of Application prescribed by the Council, and must be recommended by
one Ordinary Fellow and two Memlwrs of the Council.
4. The Secretary shall cause the names of the Candidates and of their
Proposers to be inserted in the billet calling the Meeting at which they
are to l>e Ixilloted for. The Ballot may ])e tiiken for all the Candidates
named in the billet at once ; Init if tliree or more black balls aj)pear, the
Chairman sliall cause the Candidates to be balloted for singly. No Can-
didate shall ]>e admitted uiUess by the votes of two-thirds of the Fellows
present.
5. The number of Hcmorary Fellows shall not exceed twenty-five ; and
VOL. xxxiv. h
XVlll LAWS OF THE SOCIETY.
shall consist of men eminent in Archaeological Science or Historical
Literature, and they shall not be liahle for any fees of admission or
annual contributions.
6. All recommendations of Honorary Fellows must be made through
the Council ; and they shall be balloted for in the same way as Ordinary
Fellows.
7. Corresponding Associates must be recommended and balloted for in
the same way as Ordinary Fellows, and they shall not be liable for any
fees of admission or annual contributions.
8. The number of Lady Associates shall not exceed twenty-five.
They shall be elected by tlie Council, and shall not be liable for any
fees of admission or annual contrilmtions.
9. Before the name of any person can be recorded as an Ordinary
Fellow, he shall pay Two Guineas of entrance fees to the funds of the
Society, and One Guinea for the current year's subscription. Or he may
compound for all future contrilmtions, including entrance fees, ])y the
payment of Twenty Guineas at the time of his admission ; or of Fifteen
Guineas after having paid five annual contributions ; or of Ten Guineas
after having paid ten annual contributions.
10. If any Ordinary Fellow wlio has not compounded shall fail to pay
his annual contribution of One Guinea for three successive years, due
application having been made for payment, the Treasurer shall rej)ort the
same to the Council, by whose authority the name of the defaulter may
be erased from the list of Fellows.
1 1 . Every Fellow not being in arrears of his annual subscription shall
be entitled to receive the printed Proceedings of the Society from the
date of his election, together with such special issues of Chartularies, or
other occasional volumes, as may be provided for gratuitous distrilmtion
from time to time under authority of the Council. Associates shall have
the privilege of purchasing the Society's publications at the rates fixed
by the Council for supplying back numbei's to the Fellows.
12. None but Ordinary Fellows shall hold any office or vote in the
business of the Society.
LAWS OF THE SOCIETY. XIX
II. Officb-Bearers and Council.
1. Tlie Office- Bearers of tlie Society shall consist of a President, who
continues in office for three years ; three Vice-Presidents, two Secretaries
for j^eneral i)urposes, and two Secretaries for Foreign Correspondence, a
Treasurer, two Curators of tlie Museum, a Curator of Coins, and a
Librarian, who shall be elected for one year, all of whom may be re-
elected at the Annual General Meeting, except the first Vice-President,
who shall go out by rotation, and shall not be again eligible till he has
been one year out of office.
2. The Council shall consist of the Office-Bearers and seven Ordinary
Fellows, besides two annually nominated from the Board of ^lanufactures.
Of these seven, two shall retire annually by rotation, and shall not be
again eligible till they have been one year out of office. Any two Oflice-
Bearers and three of the Ordinary Council shall be a quorum.
3. The Council shall have the direction of the affairs and the custody
of the effects of the Society ; and shall report to the Annual General
Meeting the state of the Society's funds, and other matters which may
have come before them during the preceding year.
4. The Council may appoint committees or individuals to take charge
of particular departments of the Society's business.
5. The Office-Bearers shall be elected annually at the General Meeting.
6. The Secretaries for general purposes shall record all the proceedings
of meetings, whether of the Society or Council ; and conduct such corre-
spondence as may be authorised by the Society or Council, except the
Foreign Correspondence, which is to be carried on, under the same
authority, by the Secretaries appointed for that particular purpose.
7. The Treasurer shall receive and disburse all moneys due to or by the
Society, and shall lay a state of the funds before the Council previous to
the Annual General Meeting.
8. The duty of the Curators of the Museum shall be to exercise a
general supervision over it and the Society's Collections.
9. The Council shall meet during the session as often as is requisite
XX LAWS OF THE SOCIETY.
for tlio duo despatch of business ; and tlic Secretaries shall have power to
call Meetin«^s of the Council jvs often as they see cause.
Til. >rEETINGS OP TUE SoCIETY.
1. One General Meetinj^ shall take place every year on St Andrew's
day, the 30th of Xoveniber, or on the following day if the 30th l>e a
Sunday.
2. The Council shall have jwwer to call Extraordinary Oeneral
Meetings when they see cause.
3. The Ordinary Meetings of the Society shall ])e held on the second
Monday of each month, from December to March inclusive at Eight p. m ,
and in April an<l ^Fay at Four p.m.
The Council may give notice of a projX)sal to change the hour and
day of meeting if they see cause.
IV. Bye-Laws.
1. All Bye- Laws formerly made are hereby repealed.
2. Every proposal for altering the I^aws as already established must be
made through the Council ; and if agreed to by the Council, the Secretary
shall cause intimation thereof to be made to all the Fellows at least three
months before the General Meeting at which it is to be determined on.
Form of Special Bequest.
I, A. B., do hereby leave and bequeath to the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland incorporatea by Royal Charter, my collection of , and I
direct that the same shall be clelivered lo the said Society on the receipt of
the Secretary or Treasurer thereof.
(ie.nernl Form of Iktiuext.
I, A. B., do hereby leave and bequeath to the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland incorporated by Royal Charter, the sum of £ , sterling, to be used
for the general purposes of the Society or for any special purposes or objects,
as the Society may detennine from time to time, and I direct that the said
sum may be j^id to the said Society on the receipt of the Treasurer for the
time being.
LIST OF THE FELLOWS
OF THR
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
NOVEMBEK 30, 1900.
PATRON.
HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA.
1879. Abbrcromby, Hon. John, 62 Palmer- ' 1886. Alexander, W. Lindsay, Piukieburn
ston Place, — Vice-President. Musselburgh.
1853.*Aberdbin, Francis, Garvocklea, • 1897. Allan, Rev. Archibald, Minister of
Laurencekirk. | Channel kirk.
1896, Adam, Frank, Sourabaya, Java. 1900. Alijirdyce, Col. James, LL.D., of
1898. Adam, Stephen, 199 Bath Street, i Culr|uoich, 3 Queen's Terrace, Aber-
Glasgow. deen.
1889. AoNEW, Alexander, Procurator- 1864. ♦Anderson, Archibald, 30 Oxford
Fiscal, Balwherrie, Dundee. Square, London, W.
1899. Agnbw, Sir Andrew N., Bart., M.P., 1884. Anderson, Charles M., 7 Welling-
Lochnaw Castle, Stranraer. ton St., Higher Broughton, Man-
1884. AoNBW, Sir Stair, K.C.B., M.A., 22 Chester.
Buckingham Terrace. 1889. Anderson, James, Carronvale, Wardie
1887.*AiKMAN, Andrew, Banker, 6 Drum- | Road.
sheugh Gardens. , 1897. Anderson, Capt. J. H., 2ud East
1898. Airman, Henry Erskine, 5 Princes Lancashire Regiment, Bombay,
S(iuare, Glasgow. - ' Intlia.
1892. AiLSA, Tlie Most Hon. the Marquis of, I 1899. Anderson, Robert, Ardgowan, Dick
Culzeau Castle, Maylwle. Place.
1884. AiTKEN, George Suaw, Architect, 1871.*Andeuson, Robert Rowand, LL.D.,
49 Queen Street. i Architect, 16 Rutland S(iuai'e.
1892. AiTKBN, James H., Gartcows, Fal- I 1865.*Anderson, Thomas S., Lingarth, New -
kirk. I burgh, Fife.
An asteritk (*) denotes Life Members who have compounded for their Annual ContributiouB.
XXll
1894. Anderson, William, Arns Brae, New
Kilimtrick.
1887. Andbrson - Bbrry, David, M.D.,
Bodleian House, Reigate, Surrey.
1894. Angus, Robrrt, Craigston House,
Lugar, Ayrsliire.
1882. Annandalb, Thomas, M.D., Pro-
fessor of Clinical Surgery, Univer-
sity of RUnburgh, 34 Cliarlotte
Square.
1900. Anstruthbr, Sir Ralph W., Bart, of
Balcaskie, Pittenweem.
1897. Anstruthbr -Thomson, William,
Major, Royal Horse Guards, Kil-
many, Fife.
1878. ♦Armstrong, Robbrt Bruce, 6 Ran-
dolph Cliff.
1889. Atholl, His Grace the Duke
of, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair
Atholl.
1886. ♦Atkinson, W. A., Knockfarrie, Pit-
lochry.
1897. Bain, Alexander, 14 Waterloo
Place.
1868. ♦Bain, Joseph, Bryn Dewi, St David's,
S. Wales.
1889. Bain, William, 42 Moray Place,
Edinburgh.
1892. B-UN, William, Lochboisdale, Soutli
Uist.
1900.*Bairi), John G. Alexander, M.P.,
of Wellwood and Adnmton, Monk-
ton, Ayrshire.
1891. Baird, Willi am j Clydesdale Bank,
Portobello.
1883. Balfour, Charles Barrington,
M.P., of Newton Don, Kelso.
1885. B.vLFouR, Major Francis, Femie
Castle, Collessie, Fife.
1876. Ballantine, Alexander, 42 George
Street
1877.*Bannerman, Rev. D. Dougl.\s, M.A.,
D.D., Free St Leonard's Manse,
Perth.
1897. B.vnnbrman, W. Bruce, The Lindens,
Sydenham Road, Croydon.
1890. Bannerman, William, M.A., M.D.,
West Park, Polwarth Terrace.
1896. Barbour, James, Architect, St
Christopher's, Dumfries.
1897. Barclay-Allardice, Robert, M.A.,
Rosehill, Lostwithiel, Cornwall.
1899. Barnard, Francis Pierrbpont, MA.
Ox(m., St Mary's Abl»ey, Win<ler-
mere.
1897. Barnett, Rev. T. R., Fala U.P. Manse.
Blackshiels, Midlothian.
1897. Barnett, Walter. No address.
1880. Barron, James, Editor of Inixi^neas
Courier J Inverness.
1891. Baxter, Rev. George Chalmers,
F.C. Minister, Cargill, Guild-
town, Perth.
1891.^Bayne, Thomas, 69 West Cmnberland
Street, (Glasgow.
1884. Beaton, Angus J., C.E., 26 Alex-
andra Terrace, Rock Ferry, Birken-
head.
1877. Beaumont, Charles G., M.D., Old
Manor House, Epsom, Surrey.
1889. Bedford, Stirgeon - Capt. Charles
Henry, D.Sc, M.D., Professor of
Chemistry, Medical College, Cal-
cutta.
1872.*Beer, John T., Green Heys, Rock
Ferry, Cheshire.
1897. Bell, Richard, of Castle O'er, Dum-
friesshire.
1889. Bell, Thomas, of Belmont, Hazel-
wood, Broughty Ferry.
1877. Bell, William, 293 Lordshij) Lane,
Dulwich, London, S.E.
1890. Beveriik;e, Erskine, St Leonard's
Hill, Dunfenuline.
1886.^Bevbridge, Henry, Pitreavie House,
Dunferinline.
1891. Beveridge, James, Church of Scot-
land's Training College, 4 Blyths-
wood Dri\e, Glasgow.
1895. ♦B UPLAND, William, 28 Park Circus,
Glasgow.
1877.*BiLToN, Lewis, W.S., 16 Hope
Street.
1S91. Bird, George, St Margaret's, 3Ji Inver-
leith Place.
1882. Black, William George, Ramoyle,
Dowanhill Gardens, Glasgow.
XXUl
1847.*Blackib, Waltbr G., PI1.D., LL.D.,
1 Belliaveu Terrace, Kelviuside, Glas-
gow.
1885. Blaikie, Walter Bigqab, 11 Thistle
Street.
1891. Blair, Rev. William, M.A., D.D.,
Leiglitoii Maiise, Duublaue.
1879. Blanc, IIippolytb J., R.S.A., Archi-
tect, 25 Rutlaiul Square.
1887. Bogie, Alexander, Banker, 48 Lander
Roa»l.
1885. BoMPAS, Charles S. M., 121 West-
bourne Terrace, London.
1880.»BoxAR, HoRATius, W.S., 3 St Mar-
garet's Road.
1898. Borland, Rev. R., Minister of
Yarrow, Selkirkshire.
1899. BoswALL, Jambs Donaldson, W.S.,
Donaldson House, Wardie.
1873.*BoYD, William, M.A., 56 Palmer-
stou Place.
1893. Boyle, the Hon. Robert, Colonel, 6
Suraner Terrace, London.
1884. BoYNTON, Thomas, Noi-man House,
Bridlington Quay, Hull.
1883. Brand, DxVVId, Sheriff of Ayrshire,
13 Royal Terrace.
1891. Brand, James, C.E., 10 Marchmont
Terrace, Glasgow.
1884.*Breadalbane, The Most Hon. the
Marquess of, Tayniouth Castle.
1887. Brook, Alexander J. S., 21 Chalmers
Street.
1878. Broun - Morison, John Broun, of
Finderlie, Murie House, Errol.
1887. Brown, George, 2 Spottiswoode
Street
1884. Brown, G. Baldwin, M.A., Professor
of Fine Art, University of Edinburgh,
20 Lansdowne Crescent.
1871.*Brow^, John Taylor, Gibraltar House,
St Leonard's Bank.
1897. Brown, Richard, C.A., 22 Chester
Street.
1884. Browne, Right Rev. G. F., D.D.,
Bishop of Bristol.
1882. Browne, George Washington,
A.R.S.A., Architect, 8 Albyn
Place.
1892. Bruce, Gborob Waugh, Banker,
Leven, Fife.
1882. Brucb, Jambs, W.S., 59 Great King
Street.
1893. Bruce, John, Inverallan, Helens-
burgh.
1898.*Bruck, John, of Sumburgh, Shet-
land.
1880. Bruce, Rev. William, B.D., Duni-
marle, Culross.
1896. Brucb, William Balfour, Allan
View, Dunblane.
1889. Bryce, William Moir, 11 Blackford
Road.
1894. Brydall, Robert, St George's Art
School, 8 Newton Terrace, Charing
Cross, Glasgow.
1896. BucHAN, Alexander, LL.D., Secre-
tary, Scottish Meteorological Society,
42 Heriot Row.
1899.*BucHAN, William, Town Clerk of
Peebles.
1885.*Buchanan, Thomas Rtburn, M.A.,
12 South Street, Park Lane, Lon-
don, W.
1882. Burnet, John James, A.R.S.A.,
Architect, 18 University Avenue,
Hillhead, Glasgow.
1892. Burnett, Rev. J.B., B.D., Minister of
Aberlenmo, Forfar.
1887. Burgess, Pbter, Craven Estates Office,
Coventry.
1897. Burn-Murdoch, W. G., 1a Ramsay
Gardens.
1887. Burns, Rev. Thomas, Croston Lodge,
Chalmers Ci-escent.
1889. Burr, Rev. P. Lorimer, D.D.,
Manse of Lundie and Fowlis,
Dundee.
1895. Butler, Charles, D.L., 3 Connaught
Place, London.
1899. Butler, Juuan G. Wandbsford,
C.E., 2 Garsculje Terrace, Murray-
lield.
1898. Cadenhkad, James, R. S. W., 14
Ramsay Garden.
1880. Caldwbll, Jambs, Craigielea Place,
Paisley.
XXIV
1898. Callandeb, John Graham, 20
Rupert Street, Glasgow.
1887. Cameron, J. A., M.D., Nairn.
1890. Cameron, Richard, 1 St David
Street
1899. Campbell, Archibald, Springfield
Quay, Glasgow.
1886. Campbell, Donald, M.D., 102 Dess-
wood Place, Aberdeen .
1886. Campbell, Sir Duncan Alexander
DUNDAS, Bart., of Barcaldine and
Glenure, 16 Ridge way Place, Wimble-
don.
1865. ♦Campbell, Rev. James, D.D., The
Manse, Balmerino, Fifesbire.
1877.*Campbell, James, of Tillichewan.
Alexanilria, Dumbartonshire.
1874. ♦Campbell, Right Hon. James A.,
LL.D., M.P., of Stracatbro, Brechin.
1890. Campbell, James Lennox, Acha-
corrach, Dalmally.
1850. ♦Campbell, Rev. John A. L., 2 Albyn
Place.
1882.*Campbell, Patrick W., W.S., 25
Moray Place.
1884. ♦Campbell, Richard Vary, M.A.,
LL.B., Advocate, 37 Moray
Place.
1883. Campbell, Walter J. DougLxVs, of
Innis Chonain, Loch Awe.
1877.*Campbell-Bannerman, Right Hon.
Sir Hknry, G.C.B., LL.D., M.P.,
6 Grosvenor Place, London.
1895. Capi*on, Thomas Martin, Architect,
CliflTljank, Newport, Fife.
1891. Carmicuael, James, of Arthurstone,
Ardler, Meigle.
1888.^Carmichael, Sir Thomas D. Gibson,
Bart., of Castlecraig, Dolphinton.
1871.*Cartwric.ht, Thomas Lesue Mel-
ville, Melville House, I^dybank,
Fife.
1896. Caw, Jamk.s L., Curator of Scottish
National Portrait Gallery, Queen
Street.
1890. Chalmers, P. Macoregor, Architect,
176 J Hope Street, Glasgow.
1898. Charleson, Malcolm Mackenzie,
Solicitor, Stromness.
1889. Chatwin, J. A., Wellington House,
Edgbaston, Binningham.
1895. Chisholm, A. W., Goldsmith, 7 Clarc-
mont Crescent.
1881. Christie, John, of Cowden, 19
Buckingham Terrace.
1898. Christie, Rev. J, G., B.D., Minister
of Helensburgh.
1882. Christison, David, M.D., 20 Magdala
Crescent, — Secreta ry.
1889. Clark, David R., M.A., 8 Park
Drive West, Glasgow.
1885. Clark, George Bennett, W.S., 15
Douglas Crescent.
1871.*Clark, Sir John Forbes, Bart,
LL.D., of Tillypronie, Aberdeen-
shire.
1896. Clark, Thomas Bennet, C.A., New-
milns House, Balemo.
1874. Clarke, William Bruce, M.A., M.B.,
51 Harley Street, Cavendish S<iuare,
London.
1879. Cleland, John, M.D., Professor of
Anatomy, University of Glasgow.
1896. Clouston, Robert Stewart, Artist,
21 Duke Street, Manchester Square,
London, W.
1880. Clouston, Thomas S., M.D., Tip-
perlinn House, Moniingside Place.
1891. Coats, Sir Thomas Glkn, Bart, of
Ferguslie, Paisley.
1898. Cochran-Patrick, Neil J. Kennedy,
of Woodside, Advocate, 71 Great
King Street.
1885. Cooper, John, Burgh Engineer, 15
Cumin Place.
1895. CoRRiE, Adam J., 69 Marina, St
Leonards-ou-Sea.
1891. Coutts, Rev. Au-red, B.I)., 8
John's Place, Leith.
1879. •Cowan, Rev. Charles J., B.D.,
Morebattle, Kelso.
1887. Cowan, John, W.S., St Ro<iue,
Gnmge Loan.
1888. Cowan, Willl\m, 47 Braid Avenue.
1893. *Cox, Au-'RED W., Glcndoick, (Jlen-
carse, Perthshire.
1899. Cox, Benjamin C, Mauldsheugh,
Selkirk.
XXV
1876. Cox, James C, The Cottage, Lochee,
Dundee.
1882. Crabbie, Gkobob, 8 Rothesay
Terrace.
1892. Craiq-Brown, T., Wood))uni, Sel-
kirk.
1879. Craik, George Lillie, 2 West Halkin
Street, London, S.W.
1893. Cramond, William, M.A., LL.D.,
Cullen.
1900. Cran, John, 11 BrunHwick Street.
1880. ♦Cran, John, Kirkton, Inverness.
1861.*Crawfurd, Thomas Macknioht, of
Cartsbum, Lauriston Castle.
1878. Croal, Thomas A., 16 London
Street.
1889. C*R0MBiE, liev. James M., The
1886.*Davidson, Jambs, Solicitor, Kirrie-
muir.
1882.*Dbuchar, David, 12 lIoi»e Ter-
race.
1884. Dick, Major J. Proudfoot (M'Clure,
Naisniith k Brodie, 77 St Vincent
Street, Glasgow).
1898. Dick, Rev. Robert, Coliusburgh,
Fife.
1893. Dickson, Rev. John, 160 Ferry Road,
Leith.
1870. ♦Dickson, Thomas, LL.D., 26 Staffonl
Street.
1895. Dickson, W. Kirk, Advocate, 3 Dama-
way Street.
1882.*DicKS0N, William Traquair, W.S.,
11 Hill Street.
Manse, Cote des Neiges, Montreal, I 1886.*DixoN, John Henry, Inverau,
Canada. , Poole we.
1886. Cross, Robkrt, 13 Moray Place. 1877. Dobie, John Shedden, of Morishill,
1891. Cullen, Alexander, Architect, Bran- I Beith.
don Chambers, Hamilton.
1867.*CuMiNa, H. Syer, 63 Kennington Park
Road, Surrey.
1898. Cunningham, G. GonrBEv, Liberton
House, Mid- Lothian.
1891. Cunningham, Jambs Henry, C.E., 2
Ravelston Place, — Secretary,
1893. CUNNINGTON, B. HoWARD, Devizes.
1893. CuRLB, Alkxandku O., W.S., 91
Comely Bank Avenue.
1889.*CURLE, Jamf-s, jun., Priorwood,
Mel rose, — Libra ria n .
1886.*CURRIE, J.VMEs, jun., Larktield, Golden
Acre.
1884. CuRRiE, Walter Thomson, of Tryn-
law, Cupar- Fife.
1879.*CURSITKR, James Walls, All)ert St.,
Kirkwall.
I 1899. DoBiB, William Fraser, 47 Grange
Road.
i 1887. Dodds, Rev. James, D.D.,The Manse,
' Corstorphine.
, 1895. Donaldson, Hknry T., British Linen
Bank, Nairn.
1867.* Donaldson, James, LL.D., Prin-
cipal of the University of St
Andrews.
1891. Donaldson, Kobert, M.A., 22Fettes
Row.
1861. ♦Douglas, David, 10 Castle Street.
1895. Douglas, Sir George, Bart, Spring-
woo<l Park, Kelso.
1885. Douglas, Rev. SholtoD. C, Douglas
Support, Coatbridge.
1881.^DouGL.vs, W. D. Robinson, Orchardton,
Castle-Douglas.
1893. DowDEN, Right Rev. John, D.D.,
Bishop of the Episcoi»al Church in
Eilinbur„'h, 13 licarmonth Ter-
race.
1871. DoWELL, Alkxandkr, 13 Palnierston
1879. Dalgleish, J. J., Brankston Grange,
Stirling. {
1893. Dalrvmi'LK, SirCiiAiiLBs, Bart, M.P.,
Newhailes, Mid-Lotlii.ui. ,
lb83. Daluymi'lk, Ihm. IIkw Hamilton, ' Plaice.
Lochinch, Wigtownshire,— Vice- I 1895. Downik, Kenneth Mackenzie, M.D.,
President. ; 3 Linsdowne Crescent.
1872.* Davidson, Hugh, . Procunitor- Fiscal, 1900. Drummond, James AV., Westerlands,
Bracdale, Lanark. ! Stirling.
XXVI
1896. Drummond, Robert, C.E., 2 Lyles-
laini Terrace, Paisley.
1878. Drummond, William, 4 Learmontli
Terrace.
1895.*Drummond-Moray, Capt W. H., of
Al)ercairiiey, Crieff.
1867.*DuKF, Right Hon. Sir Mountsteuart
Elphinston Grant, C5.C.S.I., 11
Chelsea Enibauknient, Loudon.
1891. Duff, Thomas Gordon, of Druninmir,
Keith.
1872.*DUKE, Rev. William, D.D., St Vigeans,
Arbrofith.
1878. Dunbar, Sir Archibald Hamilton,
Bart., of Northfield, DuflFus House,
Elgiu.
1887. Duncan, (J. S., Duninore Villa.
Blairgowrie.
1880. Duncan, James Dalrymple, Meikle-
wood, Stirling.
1874. Duncan, Rev. JoHN,Al)die, Newburgh,
Fife.
1877.*DuNi)A8, Ralph, C.S., 16 St Andrew
Square.
1875. Duns, John, D.D., Professor of
Natural Science, New College, 5
Greenhill Place, — Curator of
Museum.
1895. Edgar, John, M.A., Classical Muster,
Royal High School, 4 Alfred Place,
Maytield.
1892. Edw.vrds, John, 4 Great Western
Terrace, Glasgow.
1885.*Elder, William Nicol, M.D., 6
Torphichen Street.
1880. Elliot, John, of Binks, Cran-
bounie, Shaftesbury Road, South-
sea.
1889. Erskine, David C. E., of Linlatheu,
liinlathen House, Broughty FeiTy.
1895. Evans, Charlks W. J., I^tlioni Lo<lge,
Lough borougli Park, S.W.
1892. Eyub, The Most Ucv. Charlks, D.D.,
R.C. Archbishop, 6 Bowniont
Gardens, (Jlasgow.
1S80.*Faulds, A. Wilson, Kuockbuckle
House, Beith.
1891. Fergus, Oswald, 12 Clairmont
Gardens, Glasgow.
1890. Ferguson, Prof. John, LL.D., Uni-
versity, Glasgow,
1890. Ferguson, Rev. John, B.D., Manse of
Aberdalgie, Perthshire.
1892. Ferguson, John, Writer, Duns.
1872.*Fergu80N, William, LL.D., of Kin-
mundy, Mintlaw, Abenieenshire.
1883. Fkrousson, Alfjcander A-, 38
M 'Alpine Street, Glasgow.
1875. Fergusson, Sir James R., Bart, of
Spitalhaugh, West Linton.
1899.*FiNDLAY, James Leslie, Architect, 14
Coates Gardens.
1892.»FiNDLAY, John, 3 Rothesay Ter-
race.
1880. FiNLAY, John Hope, W.S., 19 Glen-
cairn Crescent.
1885. Fleming, D. Hay, LL.D., 16 Greyfriars
Garden, St Andrews.
1888. Fleming, James, jun., Kilmory,
Skelmorlie, Ayrshire.
1895. Fleming, James Stark, Solicitor,
Stirling.
1893.* Fleming, Rev. James, M.A., Minister
of Kettins.
1875.*FooTE, Alexander, 111 Warwick
Road, Earl's Court, London.
1880. Forlono, Major-Gen. J. G. RocHB, 11
Douglas Crescent.
1890. Forrester, Henry, Woodfield, Colin-
ton.
1887. Foulis, James, M.D., 34 Heriot
Row.
1883. Fox, Charles Henry, M.D., 35
Heriot Row.
1862.*Fraser, Alexander, 65 Bruntslield
Place.
1898. Fraser, Hugh Ernest, M.A., M.D.,
Medical Superintendent, Royal In-
firniary, Dundee.
1886. Frasku, James L., 5 Castle Street,
Inverness.
1896. Fullkhton, John, I Garthland Place,
Paisley.
1884. Galbraith, Thomas L., Town-Clerk,
24 Park Terrace, Stirling.
xxvu
1890. Garden, Farqch arson T., 4 Rubislaw 1894.
Terrace, Aberdeen.
1891. Garson, William, W.S., 5 Albyn 1891.
Place.
1891. Garstin, John Ribton, D.L., M.A., 1887.
Broganstowu, Castlebellingliani, Co.
Lonth, Ireland. 1886.
1898. Gaythorpe, Harper, Prospect Road,
Barrow-in-Furness. 1899.
1886. Gebbib, Rev. Francis, 20 Lynedoch
Place. 1880.
1887. Geddbs, Gborqe Hutton, 8 Douglas
Crescent. 1889.
1895. GiBB, Alexander, 12 Antigua
Street. 1871.
1877. GiBB, John S., 8 Cobden Cres-
cent 1884.
1897. Gibson, Rev. John Mackenzie, M.A.,
22 Regent Terrace.
1886. Gill, A. J. Mitchell, of Savock, 1899.
Acbinroath, Rothes.
1896. Gillies, Patrick Hunter, M.D., 1874.
Ballachuan, Easdale, Oban.
1885. Glen, Robert, 32 Dublin Street.
1893. Good, George, Braefoot, Liber- 1861
ton.
1896. Gordon, Archibald A., C.A., 1 1882.
Coates Gardens.
1884. Gordon, James, W.S., 8 East Castle 1891.
Road, Merchiston. |
1872. 'Gordon, WiLUAM,M.D., 11 Maytield i 1898.
Gardens. {
1889. Gordon, William, of Tarvie, Killie- , 1897.
crankie House, Perthshire. I
1883. Gobdon-Gilmour, Major Robert, '
of Craigmillar, Tlie Inch, Liber- I
ton. I 1887.
1869. 'Goodie, Gilbert, 31 Great King I
Street. I 1886.
1898. GoDRLiE, James, Birdston, Helens-
burgh. I 1875.
1882. Graham, James Maxtone, of Culto- j
quhey, Crieff. 1882.
1892. Graham, Robert C, Skipness, |
Argyll. 1874.
1888. Grant, F. J., W.S., Lyon OlKce, H. M. 1865.
Gen. Register House. 1897
1882. Gray, George, Clerk of the Peace,
County Buildings, Glasgow.
Gray-Buchanan, A. W., Parkhill,
Polmont.
Green, Charles E., The Hollies,
Gordon Terrace.
Greio, Andrew, C.E., 3 Duntrune
Terrace, Broughty Ferry.
•Greig, T. Watson, of Glencarse,
Perthshire.
Grewar, David S., Dalnasnaught,
Glenisla, Alyth.
Grieve, Symington, 11 Lauder
Road.
•Griffith, Henry, 18 St James's
Square, London.
^Grub, Rev. George, ' Rector, Holy
Trinity, Ayr.
♦GuTHRiK, Charles J., Advocate, Q.C.,
Sheritf of Ross, Cromarty, and Suther-
land, 13 Royal Circus.
GuTHRii, John, Solicitor, Town Clerk
of Crail.
Guthrie, Rev. Roger R. Lingaud,
Taybank House, Dundee.
♦Haddington, Right Hon. The Earl of,
Tynninghame, Prestonkirk.
H.vlkett, Sir Arthur, Bart of Pit-
firrane, Dunfermline.
Hamilton, James, Hafton, London
Road, Kilmarnock.
Hampton, Rev. David Machardv,
Culross.
Harris, David F., M.D., Lecturer
in Physiology, University of St
Andrews, 6 Bell Street, St An-
drews.
Harrison, John, Rockville, Napier
Road.
Hart, George, Procurator-Fiscal of
Renfrewshire at Paisley.
Hay, George, R.S.A., 7 Ravelston
Terrace.
Hay, GEOiiQKy ArltrocUh Guide OtHcx;,
Ar})roath.
Hay, J. T., Blackball Castle, Banchory.
*Hay, Robert J. A., Florence.
Heddbrwick, Thomas C. H., M.A.,
The Manor House, Weston Turville,
Wendover, Bucks.
XXVlll
1892. Hbdley, Robbrt C, Cheviott, Cor-
bridge-oii-Tyne.
1895. Heiton, Andrew Granger, Architect.
Perth.
1888.*Hendkrson, C^l. George, of Hevers-
wood, Brasted, Kent.
1892. Henderson, James, 49 Priory Place,
Craigie, Perth.
1889.*Henderson, James Stewart, 1
Pond Street, Hampstead, London,
N.W.
1897. Henderson, John G. B., W.S., Nether
Parkley, Linlithgow.
1886. Henry, David, Architect, 2 Lockhart
Place, St Andrews.
1891. Herries, Capt. William D.,
yr. of Spottes Hall, Dal-
beattie.
1897. Hewat, Rev. Kirkwood, Free Churcli
Manse, Prestwick.
1887. Hewison, Uev. J. Kino, The Manse,
Rothesay.
1896. HiGoiN, J. Walter, Benvoulin,
Oban.
1881. Hill, George W., 6 Princes Terrace,
Dowanhill, Glasgow.
1877.*Home-Drumm()ND, Col. II. 8., of Blair
Drummond, Stirling.
1874.*H()PE, Henry W., of Luffuess,
Aberlady.
1874.*lIoRNiMAN, Fukderick John, Surrey
Mount, Forest Hill, London.
1896. HoRSBUROH, James, 6 Brunswick
Place, Regent*s Park, London.
1892. Houston, Rev. A. M'Neill, M.A.,
B. D., The Manse, Auchterdenau,
Cardendeu, Fife.
1899. HOWATT, Henry R., 99 Millbrae Road,
Langside, Glasgow.
1889.*HowDEN, Charles R. A., Advocate,
25 Melville Street.
1886. HowDEN, John M., C.A., 11 Eton
Terrace.
1861.*HowE, Alexandkk, W.S., 17 Moray
Place.
1880. H()WOiiTH, Daniel Fowler, Grafton
Place, Ashton-under-Lyiic.
1900. HoziER, Hon. James, M.P., Mauldslie
Castle, Carluke.
1896. Humphrey, Kobert, Secretary, Edin-
burgh Life Assurance Co., 12 King
Street, Manchester.
1872. ♦Hunter, Col. C'harles, Plas C<>ch,
Llanfair P.G., Anglesea.
1891. Hunter, Rev. James, Fala Manse,
Blackshiels.
1896. Hunter, Rev. John, M.A., B.D.,
Minister of Rattray, Blairgowrie.
1886. Hunter, Rev. Joseph, M.A., Cock-
bumspath.
1898. Hunter, Thomas, W.S., Town Clerk
of Etlinburgh, Inverarbour, 54 Inver-
leith Place.
1882. HuTCHESON, Alexander, Architect,
Ilerschel House, Broughty Ferry.
1895. Hutchison, James T., of Morelaud, 12
Douglas Crescent.
1871.*HuTCHisoN, John, R.S.A., 19 Manor
Place.
1891. Hutchison, Rev. John, D.D., Afton
Lodge, Bounington.
1899. Imrie, Rev. David, St Andrew's Free
Church, Dunfennline.
1891. Inglis, Alexander Wood, Secretary,
Board of Manufactures, 30 Aber-
croinby Plac^j.
1887. Inglis, Rev. W. Mason, M.A.,
Auchterhouse.
1896. Ireland, William W., M.D., 1
Victoria Terrice, Musselburgh.
1884. IsLKS, James, St Ninians, Blairgowrie.
1895. J.\CKSON, Rev. J. W., M.A., 7
Lothian Gardens, Glasgow.
1883. Jackson, Major Randle, Swordale,
Evanton, Ross-.shire.
1867. *J AMES, Rev. John P., Woilley House,
Ilkley, Leeds.
1885. Jameson, Andrew, M. A., Q.C., Sheriff
of Perthshire, 14 Moray Place.
1871.*Jamies()n, James Auldjo, W.S., 14
Buckingham Terrace.
1892. Johnston, David, 2 J Huutly Gardeu.s,
Kelvinsidc, (Jiasgow.
1900. Johnston, William, M.D., Lt-
Col. (retired), Anny Medical Staff, of
Newton Dec, Murtle.
XXIX
1892. Johnstone, Hkniiy, M.A. Oxon. ! ISSf). Law, Thomas Gravrs, LL.D.,
(Erlinburgh Academy), 93 Comely | Librarian, Signet Lihrary^— Foreign
Bank Avenue. 1 Secretary.
1898. Jonas, Alfrbd Charles, 45 Parch- ' 1894. Lawlor, Rev. Hugh Jackson, D.D.,
more Road, Thornton Heath, SuiTey. Professor of Ecclesiastical History,
I University of Dublin.
1893. Kaye, Walter Jenkinson, Pembroke ;• 1882.*Leadbetter, '1*homa8, Architect, 17
College, Harrogate, ' Young Street.
1870.*Keltie, John S., LL.D., Secretary, 1871.*Leishman, Rev. Thomas, D.D., 4
Royal Geogi-aphical Society. Glen- | Douglas (Crescent.
devon House, Compayne Gardens, | 1883. Lkith, Rev. Wiluam Forbes, Sel-
Hampstead, London. kirk.
1880. ♦Kennedy, John, M.A., 25 Abingdon ' 1884. Lennox, James, Eden Bank, Dum-
Street, Westminster. | fries.
1889.*Kermode, Philip M. C, Advocate, 1857.*Leslie, Charles Stephen, of Bal-
Hillside, Ramsey, Isle of Man. | quhain, 11 Chanonry, Aberdeen.
1889. Kerr, Andrew William, 81 Great , 1890. Lindsay, Leonard C, New Gallerj-,
King Street. ' 121 Regent Street, London.
1896. Kerr, Henry F., A.R.LB.A., 36 I 1873.*Undsay, Rev. Thomas M., D.D., Pro-
Hanover Street. | fessor of Divinity, Free Church Col-
1889. Kerr, Rev. John, Dirleton, Drem. | lege, Glasgow.
1878. Kino, Sir James, Bart., LL.D., 115 1892. Linton, Simon, Oakwoo<l, Sel-
Wellington Road, Glasgow. I kirk.
1884. KiNix)CH, Sir John G. S., Bart., M. P., i 188L ♦Little, Robert, Ardenlca, North-
Kinloch House, Meigle. ! wood, Middlesex.
1892. Kinross, John, Architect, A.R.S.A., | 1898. Livingstone, Duncan Paul, New-
1 West Savile Terrace. bank, Giffnock.
1900.^KiNTORE, Right Hon. the Earl of, j 1883. Lockhart, Rev.WiLLL\M,M.A.,D.D.,
G.C.M.G., LL.D., Keith Hall, , Minister of Colinton.
Inverurie. ' 1882. Lorimkr, George, Durrisdeer, Gils-
1896. Kirkpatrick, John G., W.S., 32 land Road.
Momingside Park, Edinburgh. ' 1899. Low, Rev. Gkoroe Duncan, 27 Mer-
1887. KiRKWOOD, Henry Bruce, 68 Thistle : chiston Avenue.
Street. 1896. Low, Sir James, Kincraig House,
I Broughty Ferry.
1882. Laing, Alexander, S.S.C, 9 Pal- , 1873.^Lumsden, Lt.-Col. Henry William,
merston Place. I Langley Park, Montrose.
1890. Laing, James H. W., M.A., B.Sc., I 1873.^Lumsden, Hugh Gordon, of Clova,
M.B., CM., 9 Tay Square, Dundee. | Lumsden, Al>erdeenshire.
1884. Lamb, James H., The Ijatch, I 1880.*Lumsden, James, Arden House, Alex-
Brechin. I audria.
1899. Lamb, James, Leabrae, Inverary Ter- ' 1893. Lynn, Francis, Livingstone Terrace,
race, Dundee. Galashiels.
1900. Lang, Andrew, 1 Marloes Road, !
Kensington, London. 1 1892. Macadam, Joseph H., 38 Shoe Lane,
1892. Lang, Jambs, 9 Crown Gardens, I London.
Dowanhill, Glasgow. 1875. ♦Macadam, Stevenson, Ph.D., Lec-
1893. Langwill, Robert B., 7 St Leonard's i turer on Chemistry, Surgeons'
Bank, Perth. I Hall.
XXX
1887. Macadam, W. Iviron, Le(;tiirer on
Cniemistry, Siu-geous' Hall.
1885. M'JUiN, JamksM., Banker, Arbroath.
1877. Macbeatii, Jamks Mainland, Lyiin-
fiel.I, Kirkwall.
1893. MacBhaynk, David, Aiulnntiel,
Hi'leiislmrgh.
1889. M*Call, Hardy Behtram. Barton
End Court, Nailswoitli, Ciloucester.
1890. M'CoMBiK, Pkteu Duc.uid, of Kastor
Skene, Abenleensliire.
1885. Macdonald, Coll Reginald, M.D.,
Ardantrae, Ayr.
1900. Macdonald, Oeorok, M.A., 41 Lily-
bank Gardens, Glasgow.
1899. Macdonald, James, 3 Onudas Street.
1879. Macdonald, James, W.S., 21 Tliistle
Street.
1896. Macdonald, Jamks Cecil, Solicitor,
Perth.
1890.*Macdonald, John Matheson, 95
Ilarley Street, London, W.
1882. Macdonald, Kenneth, Town Clerk of
Inverness.
1890. Macdonald, Wiluam Rak, Neidpath,
Wester Coates Avenue.
1896. Macdovgall, J. Patten, Advocate,
39 Heriot Row, and Gallanach, Oban.
1872.*M'D()WALL, Thomas W., M.D., East
Cottingwood, Morpeth.
1860. Macewen, John Cochrane, Trafford
Bank, Inverness.
1892. M'Ewen, Rev. John, Dyke, Forres.
1899. Mackarlane-(;rieve, W. A., M.A.
and S.C.L. Oxou,, M.A. Cantab..
Inipington I*ark, Cambridgeshire.
1862.*Mac«ibbon. David, LL.D., Architect,
65 Frederick Street.
1898. M'Gillivkay, Angus, C.M., M.I).,
23 Tay Street, Dundee.
1878. Macgillivrav, William, W.S., 32
Charlotte Square.
1885. M'Glashan, Stewart, Sculptor, Ct
Brandon Street.
1889. M'IIardy, Lt.-Col. A. B., C.B., 3
Riivelston Park.
1898. Macintosh, Rev. Chahlks Douolas,
M.A., Minister of St Oran'.s Church,
Conuel, Argyllshire.
1897. Macinttrr, P. M., Advocate, 12 India
Street.
1876.*Mackat, MiiKAR J. G., LL.D., Q.C.,
Sheriff of Fife and Kinro.«w, 7 Albyn
Place.
1S90. Mack ay, James, Trowle, Trowbridge.
1888. Mackay, J. F., W.S., Whitebou.'^e,
('ranionil.
1892. Mackay, Thomas A., 22 Clarence
Street.
1882. Mackay, William, Solicitor, Inver-
ness.
1897. Mackay, John S., LL.D., 69 Nor-
thunil>erland Street.
1899. Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Muir,
Bart., of Delvine, Dunkeld.
1887. Mackenzie, David J., Sheriff-Substi-
tute, Bellevue, Wick.
1891.*Mackenzie, James, 2 Rilllmnk Cres.
1872.*Mackenzie, Rev. James B., Kenniore,
Aberfeldy.
1900. Mackenzie, Sir Kenneth J., Bart.,
Queen's and Tiord Treasurer's Re-
membrancer, Exchequer Chambers,
Parliament Square.
1882. Mackenzie, R. W. R, Stormonttield,
Perth.
1870.*Mackbnzie, Thomas, Sheriff-SuKsti-
tute, Tain.
1876. M'KiK, Thomas, Advocate, 30 Moray
Place.
1888.*Mackinlay, J. M., M.A., 4 West-
bourne Ganlens, Glasgow.
1864.*Mackintosh, Charles Eraser, LLD.,
of Drummond, Lochardill, Inverness.
1893. Mackintosh, William Fyfe, Solici-
tor, Maulesbank House, Arbroath.
1S65.*Mackison, William, Architect, 8 Con-
stitution Terrace, Dun«lee.
1878. Macl.\gan, Robkrt Craig, M.D., 5
Coates Crescent.
1896. Mac Lean, J. A., Union Bank House,
Forfar.
1885.*MacLehosk, Jamks J., M.A., 61 St
Vincent Street, Glasgow.
1893. Macleod, John N., of Kintarbert,
Glensadell, Argyllsliire.
1890.*Macleod, Rkginald, C.B.,50 Draycott
PI., London, SAW,— Vice- PrcsUlent.
XXXI
1889. MacLucktk, John Rkddoch, Bra&side, 1900.
Falkirk.
1875. Macmath, William, 16 St Andrew 1878.
Square.
1884. M ACHILLA N, Rev. Hugh, D.D.,LL.D., 1885.
70 Union Place, Greenock.
1882. Macphail, Rev. J. C, D.D., Harlaw 1882.
Hill House, Preston pans.
1890. Macpherson, Alkxandeii, Solicitor, ' 1876.
Kingussie. I
1886. Macpherson, Archibald, Architect, | 1896.
7 Young Street. i
1895. Macpherson, Capt. James F., United 1898.
Service Club, Queen Street.
1878. Macpherson, Norman, LL.D., 6 1878.
Buckinghanj Terrace.
1882.*Macritchie, David, C. A., 4 Archibald 1896.
Place.
1896. Malloch, J.VMES, M.A., Dudhope
Villa, Dundee. 1890.
1899. Mann, John, C.A., 18 Westbourne
(J aniens, Glasgow. j 1867.
1872.*Marshall, David, Tx)chleven Place,
Kinross. , 1886.
1885. Marshall, William Hunter, W.S., 1
Callander. 1888.
1891. Martin, Francis, 207 Bath Street,
Glasgow. ! 1884.
1861.*Marwick, Sir James David, LL.D.,
City Clerk, City Chambers, Gla.s- 1890.
gow.
1886. Masson, David, LL.D., Historio-
grapher for Scotland, 2 Lockhartou 1886.
Gardens.
1892. Matheson, Augustus A., M.D., 41 1899.
Greorge Square.
1884. Maxwell, Right Hon. Sir Herbert 1890.
EosTACE, Bart., M.P., of Moureith,
Wigtownshire. 1851.
1892. 'Maxwell, Sir John S., Bart., M.P., of
PoUok, Pollok House, Pollokshaws. 1882.
1891. Maxwell, Wellwood, of Kirkennan,
Dalbeattie. 1882,
1887.* Maxwell, William, of Donavourd,
Pitlochry. 1887,
1887. Meldrum, Rev. A., M.A., Logierait,
Ballinluig. 1897.
1887. Melville, The Right Hon. Viscount,
Melville Castle, Lasswade. 1894,
Menzies, W. D. G., of Pitcur, Hally-
burton Hou.se, Coupar Angu.s.
Mercer, Wiluam Lindsay, of Hunt-
ingtower, Rilcraig, Scone.
Metcalfe, Rev. W. M., D.D., South
Manse, Paisley.
Millar, Alexander H., Ro.sslynn
House, Clepington lioad, Dundee.
Millar, William White, S.S.C,
Dunesk, Lasswade.
MiLLKR, Alexander C, M.D., Craig
Linnhe, Fort- William.
Miller, Rev. Edward, M.A., F.C.
Manse, Newtyle.
♦Miller, George Anderson, W.S.,
Knoweheail, Perth.
MiLLKR, Robert, J. P., Deputy-
Lieutenant for Edinburgh, 38 Lauder
Road.
Milne, Rev. Andrew Jamibson,
LL.D., Fyvie, Aberdeenshire.
•Mitchell, Sir Arthur, K.C.B., M.D.,
LL.D., 34 Dninimond Place.
, Mitchell, A. J., Advocate, 60
Frederick Street.
Mitchell, Charles, C.E., 132 Princes
Street.
. Mitchell, Hugh, Solicitor, Pit-
lochry.
. Mitchell, John Oswald, B.A.,
LLD., 67 East Howard Street,
Glasgow.
♦Mitchell, Richard Blunt, of Pol-
mood, 45 Albany Street.
, Mitchell, Sydney, Architect, 34
Drunimond Place.
Moncriekf, Col. Sir Alexander,
K.C.B., Baudirran, Perth.
♦Montgomery, Sir Graham G., Bart.,
Stobo Ca.stle, Peebles-shire.
, MoKKis, James Archibald, Architect,
Wellington Chambers, Ayr.
. Morrison, Hew, Librarian, Eilinburgh
Public Library.
.♦Moubray, John J., Naemoor, Rum-
bling Bridge.
MoxoN, Charles, 77 George
Street.
, MuiR, John, Galston, Ayrshire.
XXX u
1M77 Mi'iiuiKM*. Andhhw, l» MurmylleM
Avniuo.
IHW. Mi'iniiKvn. (Jkomok. F.K.S.R, Com-
luliwItMUM' for tho I>uko of lUohinoiul
Hint Oonlon. S|H'yhniik, FwlmlH^ra.
IMUI. Mtnho. ArKXANOi^u M.. Aowuntaut,
M'owu llouHt\ AU'nlrvii.
IWU. Mi'NMo K>:uur«»oN.IU>N,\im'RAi'KrKn,
of Novur. M r.. Urtilh, KirkcaMv.
IMVr. MiNUo. John. J.IV. !»uu !li>:h. OKiu.
»Mr\i.»MrNUo. HooKUT. M.A.. M.P.. 4v^
Mrtuor !Mrt«'*\
X'my MrsMo. Kov. WimvM. AU Saints
YU'Km>:v. N»'W|H»rt. Moumouth<hii\\
tJ^V M\»mHH u. Uow A. IV. All SaintV INr
Roimj:^*. W I^Ani^lmiu Stnvt.
M<V\H»*» UoUhVXNvhUV
n \^ . \MulWuxi\» \ \^U\\ NN A<MU\
t5SC Nli>»\vN. K \ U 5 Kv' i •' \>vv.N ' :
\:!\<\ *\^v^. Kxxv.w USV. \>>' IV'
rvt;>-v/-, Vnnvvvvx
^; *-.>s ..*»f. Vv'. *..>'» «.•
.^-- ^V X V X* xx V S- V
1890. OiilLVY, IlKNRY J. NISBKT-HAMILTON,
Biel, Piwstonkirk.
18S>9.*(>RR, UdBKRT, of Kiunanl, 79 West Nile
StrtH't, CJlasgow.
ISW. Ormiston, W. Malcolm, Architect,
Hamilton House, 1 Relugas Road.
lv^i>(». Ohmond. Rev. David D„ Minister of
Craig's Free Church, Stirling.
lJ^l>6. r.vKK. John A., Inveresk House.
Musselhurgh.
ISv^. Takkkk. Charles Arundel, M.D.,
TarkiKK^k, Gosforth, Cumberluhl
Iv^'i^.^PATt^N, Sir J^16EPH Noel, R.S.A.,
LUn., 38 C»ev>tp^ Stjumre.
18^. Tatv^n. Robert. City Chamberhun,
19 Ki<^nt Terrace.
IS^M. Fatv^n. Vktv^r Albert Nokl, W.SL.
*J2 Youiig Street.
K^\ FvrTKiw^^N. James K.. Ph.D.. Presi-
aeut of the State CoUe^ of Kentnckr.
texiit^toti. r.S^A.
is:i -Fwi. C»b\^Rv;e M.. W.S.. 1«5 St
Auvirx'w S*jaire.
isrv. Fvvi. S;r J. RvuvciL AxlTwate.
t.xsv-tt K'.r^ ,'jf Anus^ 3*> Heriot
:SSt Fxxi. K«r\. K 55xr. Fa\ MaB;$«*,
* >{> . .s \ > . - w - x\ ,; r a-^a. :3i
.. \ ^.K .'•? k'M ^v. V :. ..i; .*tt?v • Vl>\
xxxm
1879.
1899.
1900. PRIMR081, Rev. Jamrs, M.A., 27
Onslow Drive, Gla«jfow.
1886. PcLLAR, Alfred, M.I)., Ill Denmark
Hill, London, S.E.
186o.*RArNT, Robert, D.D., Principal and
J'rofessor of TTieolog}' and Cliurch
History, New College, Rlinhurgh, 23
Douglas CreHwnt.
1 873. ♦Rampini, Charles, LL.D., Vancouver,
Paignton, S. Devon.
Ramsay, William, of Rowland, Stow.
Raxkink, John, Professor of Scots
Law, University of Rlinburgh, 23
Ainslie Place.
Rea, Albxawdbr, M.R.A.S., Sui)erin-
tendent of the Arcbseological Survey
of South India, Bangalore.
1893. Read, Charles Hercules, Briti«h
Museum, London.
1832. Reid, Alexander George, Solicitor,
Auchteranler.
1888.*Reid, Sir (Jeurge, /^.R.S.A., LL.D.,
22 Royal Terrace.
1898. Reid, JAM^>l Robert, U Magdala Cre.s.
1897. Rkid, Rev. Edward T. S., M.A., f»9
Jeffrey Street.
Rhind, \V. Birnie, A.R.S.A., Sculp-
tor, St Helen's, CaniV>ridge Street
Richards, Rev. Walter J. B., D.D.,
St Charles's College, dotting Hill,
Loudon.
1880. Richardson, Adam B., 4 Malvern
Place, Cheltenham, — Curator of
Coins.
1896. Richardson, Ralph, W.S., 10 Mag-
dala Place.
1886. •Ritchie, Charles, S.S.C, 20 Hill St.
1898. Roberts, Alexander F., TliornfieM,
S<-lkirk.
1883. JvOBKUTs, Andrew, Solicitor, Com-
mercial Bank, (*allander.
1887. Robertson, D. Argyll, M.D., LL.I).,
IVfcsident of the Royal College of
Surgeons, 18 Cliarlotte Sfiuan'.
1879. Robertson, Oeoroe, Keei)er of the
Abbey, Dunfermline.
1886.*Robertson, Robert, Tluutly House,
Dollar.
VOU XXXIV.
1891.
1891.
1876.
1881.
1891.
1889. Robertson, Thomas S., Architect,
Riverview, Broughty Ferry.
1879.*RoBERTaoN, W. W., Architect, H.M.
Board of Works, Parliament Stjuare.
1865. ♦Robinson, John Ryley, LL.D., The
Cedars, Moorlands Road, Dewsbury.
1880. Robson, William, S.S.C.,Marchholm,
Gillslaud Road.
1871.*RoLLO, Right Hon. Lonl, Duncrub
House, Dunning.
1872.*RosEBERY, Right Hon. The F:arl of,
LL.D., Dalmeny Park.
Ross, Alexander, LkD., Architect,
Queensgate Chaml>ers, Inverness.
Ross, Joseph Carne, M.D., 19 Palatine
Raid, Manchester.
Ross, Thomas, Architect, 14 Saxe-
Coburg Place.
1867.*Ross, Rev. William, Cowcaddens Free
Cliurch, 42 Windsor Terrace, N.,
(Jlasgow.
1894.*SanDeman, Lieut.-Colonel G. G., of
Fonab, Port-na-Craig, Moulin.
1889. Scott, Alexander, Ashbank, New-
port, Fife.
1892. Scott, James, J. P., Rock Knowe,
Tuyport.
1895. .Scott, John, C.B., Hawkhill, Urgs,
Ayrshire.
1900. ?coTT, Rev. Robert, M.A., Minister
of Craig, Montrose.
1898. Scott-Hall, Rev. W. E., of St Man-
Hall, Staverton Fields, Oxford.
1S93. ScoTT-MoNCRiEFK, Sir Colin, Under-
Secretary for S<;otland, 11 Cheyne
Walk, Chelsea, Loudon.
1893. ScoTT-MoNCRiEFF, David, W.S., 24
(ieorge Stpiare.
1889. ScoTT-MoNCRiEFF, W. G.', Sheriff-
Substitute, Uiuark.
1881. Semple, Andrew, M.D., United
Service Club, Queen Street.
184S.*Seton, (Jkohge, M.A., Advocate,
Ayttm House, Al)eniethy, Perthshire.
lbt)9.*SHAND, Ri^ht Hon. I^rd, 32 Bryanston
S<iuare, London.
! 1892. Shiells, Henry K., C.A., 141 George
I Street.
XX XIV
1897. Shielus, Robert, Banker, Neenah,
Wisconsin, U.S. A.
1879. SiBBALD, Sir John, M.D., 18 Great
King Street.
1879. SiBBALD, John Edward, 8 Ettrick
Road.
1871.*SiMP80N, Alex. R, M.D., Professor of
Midwifer)', University of Edinburgh,
52 Queen Street.
1890. Simpson, H. F. Morland, M.A., Rector
of the Granunar School, 80 Hamilton
Place, Abenleen.
1880.*SiMi»8ON, Robert R., W.S., 8 Brunts-
field Crescent.
1896. SincLuVIR, John, 11 South Norton
Place.
1876.*Skinner, William, W.S., 35 George
S<iuare.
1877. Skirving, Adam, of Croys, Dalbeattie.
1879. Smail, James, 7 Bruntstield Crescent.
1898. Smellie, Thomas, Architect, 12 Port-
land Place, Kilmarnock.
1899. Smith, Andrew, of Fuulaws, Broom-
I>ark, Lanark.
1898. Smith, David Crawford, 19 Queen
Street, Perth.
1892. Smith, G. Gregory, 16 Murrayfield
Avenue.
1893. Smith, George, S.S.C, 21 St Andrew
Square.
1877. Smith, James T., Dtdoch, Inver-
keithing.
1898. Smith, Rev. Jame.s, M.A., B.D.,
Minister of St George '»-in-the- West,
Aberdeen.
1874.*Smith, J. Irvine, 20 Great King
Street.
1889. Smith, Robert, Solicitor, 9 Ward
Road, Dundeo.
1890. Smith, Thomas Henry, Corrie Lodge,
Inverness.
1891.*Smith, W, M'Combie, Persie, Blair-
gowrie.
1892.*Smythe, Ct)lonel David M., Methven
Castk-, Perth.
1892. SoMERViLLE, Rcv. J. E., B.D., Villa
Jeanne, Mentoue, France.
1882.*S0DTHESK, Right Hon. The >iirl of, K.T.
LL.D., Kiunuird Cattle, Brechin.
I 1890.*Sfence, Charles Jambs, South
I^ston Lodge, North Shields.
' 1882. Spraqub, Thomas B., M.A., LL.D.,
29 Buckingham Terrace.
1872. ♦Stair, Right Hon. The Earl of, K.T.,
LL.D., Oxenfoord Castle, Dalkeith.
. 1875. Starke, James G.H., M.A., Advocate,
Trotjueer Holm, Dumfries.
1885. Steedman, Thomas, Clydesdale Bank,
I Kinross.
'■ 1874. ♦Steel, Lt.Col. G. Mure, 21 Royal
' Circus.
I 1891. Steele, Wiluam, Woodville, Bow-
' mont Street, Kelso.
1895. Stevenson, John Horne, M.^V., Advo-
I cate, 9 Oxford Terrace.
I 1867. ♦Stevenson, John J., Architect, 4
Ponlu'stcr Cf aniens, London, W.
I 1887. Stevenson, Rev. W., M.A., Achtertool
I Manse, Kirkcaldy.
1876. Stewart, Rev. Alexander, LL.D.,
Manse of Ballachulish, Nether
Lochaber.
1879. Stewart, C'harles Poyntz, Chasfield
Park, Stevenage.
1871.*Stewart, Maj.-Gen. J. H. M. Shaw,
R.E., 7 Inverness Terrace, London,
W.
1885. Stewart, Robert King, Murdostoun
Castle, Newmains, Ijanarkshire.
1894. Stewart, Walter, 3 Queensferry
Gardens.
1882. Story, Rev. R. Herbert, D.D.,
LL.D., Princii>al of the University,
Glasgow.
1897. Strachan, Rev. Jamks M., B.D.,
Kilspindie Manse, Errol.
1889. Stratuern, Robert, W.S., 13 Eglin-
ton Cres(*ent.
1867.*.Strathmore, Right Hon. The Earl of,
Glainis Castle, Forfarshire.
1»84. Strong, W. R., C.A., 317 Collins
Street, Mellxmrne.
1894. Stuart, Ale.\., 11 Coates Ganlens.
1895. Stuart, The Hon. Morton Gray, 2
Bellord Park.
1882. Sturrock, Peter, London Roa<l, Kil-
maniock.
1897. Sulley, Philip, Bellbrae, Cupar-Fife.
XXXV
1876. Sutherland, Rev. George, The Par-
sonage, Portsoy.
1899.*SuTHERLAND, ROBERT M., Wallside,
Falkirk.
1887. Sutherland, J. B., S.S.C., 10 Windsor
Street.
1897. SuTTiR, George C, of Lalathan, Lsa
Bank, Arkleston Road, Paisley.
1884. Swallow, Rev. H. J., M.A., 7 The
Grove, Sunderland.
1900. SwiNTON. Capt. George S. C, 36
Pont Street, London.
1899. Sylve,ster, Rev. Walter, St Cliarles
College, Notting Hill, London.
1884. Tait, George, 89 Gilmore Place.
1892. ♦Taylor, J. Pringlk, W.S., 19 Young
Street.
1900. Taylor, W. Lawrence, Broad Street,
Peterhead.
1884. Temple, Rev. William, M.A., D.D.,
1 Prince Arthur Street, Aberdeen.
1870.*Tennant, Sir Charles, Bart., The
Glen, Innerleithen.
1897. Tennant, John, High Street, Eccle-
fechan.
1896. Thin, James, 22 Lauder Road.
1874.*Thoms, George Hunter MacThomas,
Advocate, 13 Charlotte Square.
1900. Thomson, Andrew, Glendinniug Ter-
race, Galashiels.
1894. Thomson, Edward Douglas, Chief
Clerk, General Post Office, 60 Queen
Street
1896. Thomson, J. Maitland, Advocate,
Curator of the Historical Department
H.M. General Register House, 3
Grosvenor Gardens.
1867.*Thomson, Lockhart, S.S.C, 114
George Street.
1882. "Thomson, Sir Mitchell, Bart., 6
Charlotte Square.
1875. "Thomson, Robert, LL.D., 8 Scieunes
Roa<l.
1898. Thorburn, Michael Grieve, of
Glenorraiston, Innerleithen.
1893. Thurburn, Lieut-Col. F. A. V., Kirk-
fell, Highland Road, Ui)per Norwood,
London, S.E.
1891. Ttllbrook, Rev. W. J., M.A., Strath
Tay Parsonage, Grantully, Ballin-
luig.
1896. ToMLiNSON, Charles, South Cottage,
Healey, Rochdale.
1898. Tough, AVilliam, M.A., 94 Polwarth
Gardens.
1877. TUKE, Sir John Batty, M.D., LL.D.,
M.P., 20 Charlotte Square.
1899. TuLLOCH, Major Gen. Alexander
Bruce, C.B., C.M.G., Llanwyok,
Llangattock, Crickhowell, S. Wales.
1887.*TuRNBULL, William J., 16 Grange
Terrace.
1880. TuRNKU, Frederick J., Mansfield
Woodhouse, Mansfield, Notts.
1865. ♦Turner, Sir W^illiam, M.B., LL.D.,
D.C.Ii., Professor of Anatomy, Uni-
versity of EiUnburgh, 6 Eton Ter-
race.
1881. TwEEDDALE, Tlie Most Honourable The
Marquess of, K.T., Tester House,
Haddington.
1878.*Urquh.\rt, James, H.M. Register
House.
1882. ♦Usher, Rev. W. Neville, Wellingore
Vicarage, Lincoln.
1895. Vallance, David J., Curator, Museum
of Science and Art, Chambers
Street.
1862.^Veitch, George Seton, Bank of Scot-
land, Paisley.
1874. Walker, Alexander, LL.D., 64
Hamilton Place, Aljerdeen.
1884. Walker, R. C, S.S.C, Wingate Place,
Newport, Fife.
1879. Wallace, Thomas D., Rector of High
School, Inverness.
1876. Waterston, George, 56 Hanover
Street.
1 891 . Watson, Rev. Alex an der Duff, B. D. ,
F.C. Manse, Bourtree Bush, Stone-
haven.
1890.^Watson, D. M., Bullionfield, Dundee.
1895. ♦Watson, Robert F., Briery Yartls,
Hawick.
xxx\n
1884. Watson, W. L., Ayton House, Aber- 1895.
net by, Perthshire.
1893. \Vats<»n, William. Dep.-SHrgeon-
(ieiieral, Waverley House. Slate- , 1897.
foni.
1887. Watt, James C'kabb, Advocate, 46 1SS4.
Heriot Row. ,
1879. Weddekbikn, J. R. M., M.A., W.S.. 1898.
3 Oleiicairn CresceuV, '
1877. Welsh, John, More«l«n. LilH'rton. 1S8S,
1872.*Wemys8 .vN'D Mauch, Right Hon.
The KiiA of, 1J>.1>., Oosfonl, Long- 1SS3.
niddry.
1880. Wenlky, J AMES Adams. r>I)ninisheuph lv^7.'».
Ganlens,
1884. White, Cecil. 23 Drunimond Place. 1S9-2.
1869.* White, Col. Thomas Pilkington,
R.E., 3 Hesketli Crt>s<vnt, Tor- lii^9.
<iuay.
1885. WHITEL.VW, I>AViD, Ksklull. Inver- I
esk. 1S89.
1868.*Whtte, Robert, Procurator- Fiscal »
Forfar. 1S91.
1894. Williams, Frederick Bessant, 3
Essex Grove, Cpinjr Norwootl. 1878.
Wiluams, Rev. George, Minister of
Norrieston Free Church, Thombill,
Stirling.
WiixiAMs. Harry M., Tilehurst,
Priory Park. Kew, Surrey.
Williamson. Rev. Alexander, D.D.,
39 Lauder Road.
Wilson, Rev. John, M.A., Minister of
MethvL-n.
WiLs<>N, Rev. W. H., The Parsonage,
Dingw.ill.
WtH>D. Tiios. A. tK"»rGLAs, Viewforth,
Brunstune Road, Jopj^a.
Wot>DBiRN, Sir John. K. C.S.I.
I>runigr:inge, Patna, Ayr.
*Wordie. John, 42 Montgomery Drive,
Glasgow,
Wyon, Allan, *2 Langham CTiambcrs,
Portland Place, London, W.
YoiNG, HrcH W., of Burghead,
Tortolla. Nairn.
YoiNG, WiLUAM Laurkncb, Belvl-
dere, Auchterarder.
• YiHNGER, Robert, 15 Carlton Terrace.
LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS
OF TUE
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND,
NOVEMBER 30, 1900.
[According to the Laws, tJic number is limited to twenty-fivk.]
1862.
His Royal Highness Albert Edward, Prince of Wales.
1874.
Right Hon. Lord Avebury, LL.D., D.C.L., Hij,'h Elms, Farnborougli,
Kent.
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., &c., Nashmills, Ilemel-Hemp-
stead.
1879.
Rev. Canon William Green well, M.A., D.C.L., Durham.
1881.
Jt Jhiibwm' BuDOLT Vibghow, M.D., LL.D., Berlin.
XXXVlll
18S5.
l>r Hans Hildebraxd, Royal Anti«|Uiiry of Sweden.
Dr Ernest Chaxtbe, Tlie Museum, Lyons,
1892
Whitley Stokes, LL.D., C.S.I., 15 GnnvilW Place, Cornwall Ganlens,
lx>ndon.
rn>fessor Lruu Pigorini, Director of thi- Koyal Arckeological Museum,
Rome.
10 Alexandre Bertrand. Conservateur du Mu?<^ de? Antiquite^ Nationales,
Saint Oormain-on-I*jiyo, Seine et Oi:***, France,
Pr Henry C Lea, 2tHH> Walnut Siiwt, Philadelphia.
18i>7.
W. M. Flinders Petrif^ IXC\L., Ll-,1>., Rlwanls Prf^fessor of Egyptology
in University ColU^\ l^^ndon.
John Rins, M.A.. l.UR, IVofesss^^r of Celtic, and Principal of Jesus
CoHoge, Oxfonl.
Sir Francis* Tress IVvrry, Riri,, M.P., St L*H>nAT\Vs Hill, Windsor, and
Kfijis Castlo, Keiss.
\:> l>r St>rHi s Ml LLF.R, Secnnary of the Royal Siviety of Xorthem Anti-
«juarios and Pinvtor of the National Mns»eum, C<»j>enhagen.
Pr iVcAR MoNTELtrs, Pix^fessi^r at the National Musieum, Stockholm.
P>H\
Kmuk CvKTAn.H.\«.\ Toulouse.
F. Havkr> un\ M.A., Chust i'hur^li. i>\:oni.
J. RoTkiniA An.v.N, S i>ix\-^t Ormond Sinvts ly*Muion.
:^"^ Krv. S, RvRiN*^ iJorn\ Lew Tixnohar^i, Novih IVvon.
Ror%vRT l>i RNAKix :^ H\ll^lM^^u,ch. Plyiv.vMith.
Charles W. 1>\momv Hich Wnw, AmMo^iiio,
LIST OF THE LADY ASSOCIATES
OF THK
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND,
NOVEMBER 30, 1900.
[According to the Laws, the number is limited to twenty-five.]
1871.
Miss C. Mac LAO AN, Kavenscroft, Stirling.
1873.
The Baroness Burdett Coutts.
1874.
The Dowager Lady Dunbar of Northfield, Duff us Ilouse, Elgin.
1883.
Mrs Ramsay, Kildalton, Islay.
1888.
5 The Right Hon. The Countess of Selkirk.
1890.
Mrs P. H. Chalmers of Avochie.
xl
1891.
Mrs Annie Chambers Dowib, Edinburgh.
181M.
Mis.s Emma Swanx, Walton Manor, Oxford.
1895.
Miss II. J. M. Russell of Asbiesteel.
10 Miss Amy Frances Vdle of Tarradale, Ross-shire.
19(X).
Mis8 M. A. Murray, Holmst^, Bushey Heath.
Mr* EL S. ARMiTAiiE, Westholm, Rawdon, Leeds.
LIST OF SOCIETIES, INSTITUTIONS, Ac.
EXCHANGING PUBLICATIONS.
The Society of Antiquaries of London.
The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
The Cambrian Archa3ological Awsociation.
The Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
The British Archa3ological Association.
The Society of Architects, London.
The Architectural, Archaeological, and Historic Society of Chester.
The Derbyshire Arcliaeological and Natural History Association.
The Essex Arclueological Society.
The Kent Archjeological Society.
The Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire.
The Architectural Society of the Counties of Lincoln and J Nottingham and
Associated Societies.
The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
The Somersetshire Arclueological and Natural History Society.
The Surrey Arcliaeological Society.
The Sussex Arclueological Society.
The Geological Society of Edinburgh.
The Berwickshire Naturalists* Club.
The Anthropolc^cal Institute, London.
The Wiltsliire Archaeological Society.
The Royal Irish Academy.
The Bristol and Gloucestersliire Arclueological Society.
The Numismatic Society, London.
The Shropshire Archaeological Society.
The Dumfriesshire Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
The Edinburgh Architectural Association.
The New Spalding Club, Aberdeen.
The Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
The Royal Historical Society, London.
The Literary and Scientific Society, The Museum, Elgin.
VOL. XXXIV. d
xlii
Foreign Societies.
Tlie Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen.
La Soci(5t6 Nationale des Antiquaires de France, Paris.
Antiquarische Gesellschaft, Zurich.
Verein von Alterthumafreiuide im Rheinlande, Bonn.
The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.
The Canadian Institute, Toronto.
The Museum, Bergen.
Foreningen til Norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring, Christiania.
The Royal Academy of History and Antiquities, Stockholm.
The Bureau of Ethnology, Washington.
The Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
Gesellscliaft f iir Niitzliche Forschungen, Triei*.
Physic-CEkonomische Gesellschaft, Konigsberg.
Berliner Gesellschaft fUr Anthropolc^ie, Berlin.
Anthropologische Gesellschaft, Wien.
Dei>artment of Mines, Sydney.
Society D'Archc^'ologie de Bruxelles, Belgium.
Societe des BoUandists, Bruxelles.
L'Ecole D' Anthropologic, Paris.
Societe Archc-ologique de Namur, Namur.
Reale Academia dei Lincei, Rome.
Der Alterthmusgesellschaft Prussia, Konigsl>erg.
Centralblatt fiir Anthropologic, Stettin.
Soci6te Archeologi(|ue du Midi de la France, Toulouse.
L' Academic des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Paris.
La Commissione Archeologica Communale di Roma.
La Societe D' Anthropologic de Paris.
La Musde Guimet, Paris.
La Societe^ Archeologique du Depirtment de Constautine, Algeria.
National Museum of Croatia, Zagreb, Austria-Hungary.
The Bosniflch-Herzegovinisch Landes-Museum, Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Bureau des Schweizerisches Landes-Museum, Zurich.
The Geological Survey Office, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
From the Publishers.
The Antiquary (Elliot Stock), London.
The Reliquary and Illustrated Arch<tolo<jist (Bemrose & Sons), London.
UAnthropologie (Massou & C'*'), Paris.
Uliiter Journal of Archeology (M*Caw, Stevenson & Orr), Belfast.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH SESSION, 1899-1900.
Anniversary Mebting, 30^/^ Novsmher 1899.
REGINALD MACLEOD, Esq., C.15., in the Chair.
The Rev. Canon Murtloch and Mr James L. Caw were appointed
Scrutineers of the Ikllot for the election of Office-Beiirers and Council-
lors.
The Bidlot having heen concluded, the Scrutineers found and declared
the List of the Council for the ensuing ycixr to he iis follows : —
Patron.
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
Prciddent,
The Most Hon. the Marquess op Lothian, K.T., LL.D.
Vice-Preitvfent'^.
The Hon. .John Abercromby.
The Hon. Hew Hamilton Dalrymple.
Reginald Macleod, C.B.
VOL. xxxiv. A
-• • •
2 •. '..WoCEEDINOS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 80, 1899.
Councillors,
Sir Oeorok Ueid, \ ,,
LL.1)., /'.R.S.A., ( ^"V^"'*"!'
Sir Arthur MITCHKL^ I "''"'^'"*
K.C.B.,M.D.,LLD.,) "f^'^'^'^*-
The Right Hon. Sir Herbert Max-
well, Rirt., M.P.
John Horne Stbvenbon, M.A.
Alexander J. S. Brook.
Sir James Balfour Paul.
John Findlay.
Robert Munro, M.A., M.D.
W. Rae Macdonald.
Secretaries,
David Christison, M.D.
J. H. Cunningham.
Joseph Anderson, LL.D., AsaistatU Secretary,
Thomas Graves Law, LL.D., 1 Sccretnries for Foreign
James Macdonald, LL.D., / Corre^fpowltnce,
TrtHiSiirtr.
John Notman, F.F.A., 28 St Andrew Square.
Curators of the Museum,
Robert Carfrae. | Professor Duns, D.D.
Curator of Coins,
Adam B. Richardson.
Librarian,
James Curle, Jun.
A KiUot having' }ioon taken, tho following gentlemen were Aaif
(-h'f'UA F«'ll'^»u - :
Hi*: Hoti. A\mk^ Hozikr, M.P., Maulilslie Ca.<tle, Carlake.
\r.f/fcK» LASt», I MarlrKfS Koa<l, Kensington, London.
Vt'nj.iAM I:rhari> Phii.mi'S, Architect, Westboume hoi^g^
ANNIVERSARY MEETING.
The Meeting resolved to express their sense of the loss the Society
had sustained in the deaths of the following Members, deceased since
last iViinual Meeting : —
Honorary Members,
William Frazer, F.R.C.S.I., 20 Harcourt Street, Dublin, .
Sir Henry Dryden, Bart, Canons Ashby, Northampton, .
Elected
1892
1865
Carrespojuling Member,
Rev. George Wilson, Free Chm-ch Minister, Glenluce.
Fellows,
Robert Adam, Earj., 2 Gillsland Road,
J. Lambert Bailey, Solicitor, Ardrossan,
Jas. Currie Baxter, S.S.C, 45 Heriot Row,
Thomas Bonn a r, 58 George Street, .
David Chalmers, Redliall, Slateford,
J. G. Sinclair Cckjhill, M.D., Ventuor, Isle of Wight,
Robert Cox, M.P., 34 Dnimsheugh Gardens,
James Donaldson, Sunnyside, Fonnby,
Richard Hewat Dunn, Earlston, ....
William N. Fraser of Findrack, ....
Charles Innes, Solicitor, Inverness, ....
Surgeon-Major-Greneral S. A. Lithoow, M.D., C.B., Superintendent
of the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, ....
Adam Millar, Yew Bank, Helensburgh, ....
L.VCHLAN MACKINNON, Jun., Advocatc, Aberdeen,
His Grace The Duke op Northumberland, Alnwick Castle,
James C. Roger, Friars Watch, Waltharastow, .
Sir John Struthers, M.D., LL.D., 15 George Square,
G. Lawson Tait, M.D., LL.D., Birmingliam,
Alexander Thomson, Trinity Grove, Trinity Road, .
William Troup, Eastwell, Bridge of Allan,
William E. Williams, Architect, Tjeicester Sqiwre, London,
George Williamson, 37 Newton Street, Greenock, .
William Yeats of Aquharney, Aberdeenshire, .
Elected
1868
1877
1889
1876
1874
1870
1877
1888
1893
1891
1882
1893
1896
1888
1867
1854
1891
1890
1885
1865
1871
1887
1887
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. NOVEMBEB 90, 189d.
The following Kc|K>rt by Dr Christison, Secretary, of events of interest
to the Society which have i^ccurre^l during the jiost Se,s^ion, was read : —
Kepurt ox Evbsts of Last Session, 1899.
The Council having considered that a statement .of important recent
occurivnces connectetl with the Six*ieiy and the ^luseum would introduce
some variety into the meri»ly fi»rmal business of our Annual Meeting, and
could hanlly fail to interest the Fellows, 1 wa> t^immissioned to draw-
up such a statement, and this has Kvn dune under the heads of
Historical or Uusiness and An*haH»higical event«N
Under the tirst head, one of unusual imin^rtance, has been our
connectiiui with a Parliamentary Conimitt*v ap)iointed in October of
last year mainly *' io consider and suggest n^gulations for avoiiling midue
comitetition Knween mus^ninis sup)^»rt<^l out of public funds in Sct»tland
ami Ireland on the one hand, and the Uritish Museum on the otlier,
for the ac^piisition of objtvis of aniitpiarian or hist<»ric inten?st; and for
ensuring that in the ras*» oi obj»y-ts which fr^»m their origin or associations
aiv of |M\uliar intenv<t either to S<N*tland ««r Inland, the mus^'um in the
c»>uutry s*> iuton\Niotl should U- atfordt**! an ojij^frtunitv of purchasing
them Ivforo ihey an* :uipn"n^l by any otlur institutions sup]K>rted out
of public funds."
This intjuiry anvM' fnuu the ]am'bas<- by the llritish Museum of certain
aniclos found in In^land, which iho Irish authorities demanded should
W» lriUi>forn^l lo their National Museum. Uut we in Scotland had a
grievaniH? of our own, which utxvssimly cann- within the sci>pe of the
impiiry, vif ., the ]Mmhas»> by the Uritish Musinim at a «de in London
•^f tbo tUcnixon l^hH^^h, iti spiio of nn intimation to their authoritieB
iVmii Mr i";ufr.^i\ who has long act<\l for us in purrhasing articles offered
f <r s.il«- III ilu- Metn^i%itlis« thai \h<^ S^icioty dc«iml to acquire lliis Sooltiah
:trtiole fi<r our National Mu^ouni, a daim whidi on all ]
had Kvn onirtcously acknowMgdlw^Hiilgf^
ANNIVERSARY MEETING. 5
Tills change of attitude on the part of the British Museum seriously
nicusieed the prosjwrity of our National Museiun, and a representation,
warmly supporteil by I-^jrd Lothian, our lV(?sident, was made to the
Trustees of the British ^Euseum, pointing out the scandalous nature of
such a competition between two (government institutions supported by
public funds, and requesting that the Glenlyon Brooch should Ix^
transferre*! to the Scottish National Collection. Our representation was
supporter! by the Board of ^ranufactures and the Secretary for. Scotland,
and privately by the Duke of Argj'le, Tx)rd Ro8el)ery, and other Scottish
patriots of influence. The Tnistees replied, however, that they had no
l)0wer to part with any article once acquired, but offered to have a
replica of the brooch, Jis well as of another ancient Scottish brooch in
the British Museum, made for dejKJsit in our Scottish Museum. This
offer, under the circumstances, was accepted by the Council, but they
expressed to the Secretary for Scotland a hope that some means might
be found of preventing such comj)etition in future, and of establishing
our superior claim to Scottish articles. The Parliamentary inquiry,
therefore, c^me most opportunely for us, through the pertinacity of the
Irish Members, who insisted in Parliament upon their national rights
in a manner which is too rarely followed by the Scottish Members in
similar questions affecting our own country.
Tlie Committee consisted of Tx)rd Rathmore, Chainiian ; Sir John
Lubbock, and Sir John Evans, who might l>e considered as representing
the British Museum ; Mr Thomas IL (xrattan Ksmonde, and Sir Her})ert
Maxwell, ds representing Irish and Scottish interests ; lastly, Mr John
Morley, who as an Englishman, a Scottish M.P., and an Irish sym-
pathiser, stood in a somewhat different }x)sition from the others.
The Council were desirous that our evidence should be given either
by Sir Arthur Mitchell or Dr Joseph Anderson, whose knowledge of the
affiun of the Society and the Museum has been so long and so intimate,
bot as both of them were tmalJe to go, the duty devolved on me,
witii Mr Carfrae, whose evidence regarding the Glenlyon
indiapensable.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 80, 1899.
My examination ranged over : —
(1) The modes by which objects were obtained for the Scottish
National Museum, particularly through the action of * Treasure Trove.'
(2) The nature of the understanding by means of which comi)etition
with the British Museum had been avoided prior to the Glenlyon Brooch
incident.
(3) The reason for its breaking down in that case.
(4) The expediency of relaxing tlie Rules forbidding the parting with
objects.
(5) The means of doing so.
(6) The means of securing for each Museum the first choice of objects
appertaining to its own area, and of avoiding the risk of the loss of
objects through the delay that might thus be caused.
The examination of Mr Carfrae turned mainly ui)on the sale of the
Glenlyon Brooch, and his previous experiences with the British Museum.
Our evidence is printed at full length in the Report now on the table.
The chief recommendations of the Committee are briefly as follows : —
That whenever it comes to the knowledge of the officers of any
one of the National Museums that any object of i)eculiar interest to
another National area has been offered or is likely to be offered for sale,
information should be given to the authorities in that area, so that they
should have the first opportunity of acquiring it, an understanding
being arrived at as to what constitutes a rejisonable price, and care
b(»ing taken to prevent the risk of loss of the object through delay.
That the Regulation prohibiting the Museums from parting with
objects should be relaxed, but that the conditions would need to l)e
carefully considered, and should probably be confined to such articles as
tlie Trustees are willing to transfer l)y exchange or otherwise.
As to the incident of the (Uenlyon Brooch, the opinion is expressed
that it was mainly due to a misunderstanding between Mr Re^id of the
British ^Museum and Mr Carfrae, and that had the Regulations allowed
it the Brooch would probably have been handed over to the Scottish
National Museum after its purchase by the British Museum.
ANNIVEKSARY MKETINO. 7
Tin? Kei)ort of tlio Comraittoo may be coiifiidered jus favcmrable on tlie
whole to our interests. It is true tliat it merely makes recommendations
and that these have no legislative force, Imt it is not likely that in
future any action will Ikj tjiken in defiance of these recommenda-
tions ; and should any such attempt l)e made we can take our stand on
them.
An event of no less im}K>rtance in our history has l)een the application
to the Treasury for a renewal of the five-years annual grant of j£200 for
the purchase of articles for the Museum, of books for the Library, and
for binding. This grant has proved of the titmost service, as without it
(the Coin C.ibinet fund fr<mi which we had previously made our
purchases being exhausted) we should have been reduced for these
purjKKSc^s Ui an uiniual sum of about £20, derived from the admission
money on the two days a week when a charge is made at the door. An
allowance of <£200 a year for the alH>ve-mentit>ne4 imrjwses cannot l>e
called extravagant, an<l in ItwX it has not hitherto proved sufficient, but
this may have l)een the result of unusual expenditure on the Librarj',
which frrmi want of means we had l)een obliged to starve for some years
>>efore the grant was obtained.
AVe have also lieen authorise<l to api)roach the Treasury for a sjMicial
errant for the purchase of objects or collections of olvjects of great
historical or anti(piarian interest to Scotland, the cost of which could
not well l>e defniyed out of the annual grant of X200; but there are
some practical difliculties in the working of this privilege, and we have
only once l)een al)l(^ to avail oui-selves of it. This was in the purchase
of the Penicuik * L'lte Celtic' llronzes in 1894, when the Treasury
sanctioned a s|>ecial grant of £45.
Passing U) events of arclueological importiuice, the excavation
undertaken l>y the Society at Camelon deserves the first notice. This,
as you are no doul>t aware, is in succession to similar work already
carried out at Birrens, Hirrenswark, and Aitloch. All these undertakings
form part of a general scheme, adopted by the Council, for investigating
the Roman remains in Scotland, as far as our funds will admit. It is
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 30, 1899.
coiiteiuplatcd to clcal first with tln^ stroni^ly fortiliiMl * Stations,' where it
is to Ini pn»sinn(»(l tliat tlic iK!cnj>atioii l>y tlio Romans was of gn*ater
duration tlian in the * Camps ' with a comparatively weak fortification.
Our choice of Canielon was <lecicled hy information fi-om Mr MacLuckie,
a Fellow of the Society, that one-half of the Station had l)een feued for
the erection of new foundries, and that the work had already been liegiin
on the ground. This was in last spring, and we immediately applied to Mr
Forbes of Callendar, the proprietor, and to the fann tenant for leave to
excavate, which was readily grantc^d by both. The work, now drawing
to a close, has been steadily carried on for about six months under the
general superintendence of ^fr Thomas Ross, and we have l)een singularly
fortunate in having the regidar and volunttiry services of Mr M.
lUichanan, Falkirk, a trained dniughtsman and surveyor, who has
planned everything week by week as the work progressed. "VVe have
also been much indebted to IVfr MacLuckie for general advice in con-
ducting our negotiations and operations. "We were fortunate also in
securing the services of Mr Alexander ^Fackie as Clerk of Works, who
had already had considerable experience in conducting excavations for us
at Abornethy Fort and at Birrenswark.
The Station at Camelon resembles r>irrens in consisting of two rec-
tangles in apposition, antl we were only able to excavate a jiortion of the
southern one, as the construction of the new foundries went on rapidly
during our work, but the northern one, which has not yet been feued for
Iniilding, has l)een sufficiently excavated to yield as i)erfect a plan of the
Station as we got either at IJirrens or Jit Ardoch. The finds, also, were
fully as interesting as those fouiul in our former excavations, except that
we found no inscriptions to throw light on tlie date of the place, as we
ilid at Uirrens. I will not anticipate further the full description of the
excavations, which in tlie course of the session will be communicated
to the Society.
Altliough tliis was tbe only work of the kind undertaken by the
Society last year, the results of several other important excavations were
laid before it during the session.
ANNIVERSART MEETING. 9
One of these, «)ii the farm of Hyiulfonl near Liiiiark, was luulertjikeii
by Mr Aiidrciw Smitli, wlio lias since l)ecome a Fellow (»f our Society.
The site is in a marshy hollow, whieh lM»comes (juite a lake in a rainy
season, and the remains could only he th«ilt with successfully in summer,
when dry weather prevailed. As was expected, the place proved to l)e a
crannoff, and a large number of very interesting relics were discovered,
which were exhihited when the paper l)y Dr Munro describing the ex-
cavations w^as read. The occurrence of a considerable number of articles,
which are characteristic of Roman sites, was specially remarkable, and
was a warning to antiquarian excavators not to found too hastily upon
finds alone as j)roof of the origin of ancient remains.
The restdts of the other excavation, at LhimUick, on the Iwink of the
Clyde near Dumluirton, were partially communicatexl by Mr John
Bruce, who in conjunction with another Fellow of the Society, the late
^fr Adam Millar, and Mr Donelly, the discoverer of the remains, under-
took the excavation on behalf of the Helensburgh Antiquarian Society.
The work was mainly done l>y their (nvn hands, notwithstanding its
anhious nature, owing to the site being only exposed for a few hours at
low tide. As it was not quite ccmipleted, however, and as the lx)xes
containing the finds had l)een miscarried by the railway on the evening
when Mr Bruce read his paper, he luis kindly consented to recjist it for
the present session, when it will be read and tlie whole of the finds
exhibited. Some of these, as you are pi*obably aware, are of a jKiculiar
kind, and have given rise to controversy, their genuineness having been
strenuously denied. lUit whatever may l)e thought of them, they will
lie Imnight l)efore the Society by Mr Bruce in a manner, I believe, to
which no excej)tion ciin be taken.
Excellent work has also lx»en done by th(i ^Farquis of Bute, fonnerly
Vice-Presid<mt of our Society, in excavating the foundations or rei)airing
the fabric of medijEval buildings in various parts of Scotland, and in
excavating the site of the anci(?nt ecclesiastical settlement at St iilane's,
Bute.
Useful excavations have also been earned out bv Sir Francis Tress
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 80, 1899.
Barry, an Honorary Fellow of the Society, at Keiss, Caithness. Tlie
results have lK»en witnesse^l from year to year by Dr Joseph
Amlerson, wlio will communieate them to the SiK'iety in the present
session.
It is not often that the Society can In* congratulated on the receipt of
a legacy. I^ast year, however, at the annual meeting, the Council had
the sjitisfaction of announcing that a former much-esteemed Fellow of
the Society, the Hon. Mr Bouverie Primrose, had IxKjueathed to us
unconditionally the sum of £150. This sum the Council have disposed
of hy adding it to the Rhind Legacy Fund for Excavation, having been
induced to do so ])y the increasing import^mce attached to this mode of
promoting the study of archaeology in our own country. It has l)een
resolved to use the interest oidy of the Khind-Prinu-ose Fund in defray-
ing the expense of excavations, and as this amounts to little more than
XI 3, it can suffice for but very limited undertakings. It is to be hoped,
liowever, that the Fund may prove the nucleus to which additions may
be made by legacies or gifts from otlier })atriotic archaeologists.
The Council, in carrying out their scheme for tlie excavation of Roman
sites in Scotland, have been o])liged to dmw considerably ujxjn the
Capital Fund of the Society. Ihit expenditure from this source cannot
l)e prudently carried mucli furtlier, and unle^ss the Excavation Fund
can be considerably supplemented, large undertakings of this kind
must be given u]>. This would be a misfortune, not only from the
archflcological point of view, l>ut for the interests of our Society. In
these days, when scientific or cjuasi-scientific societies are so niimerous,
and the comi)etition for menil>ers is so great, we can only continue to
maintain interest in our work by re^ison of its high character, and one of
the most eflectual means of doing this is by the systematic prosecution
of excavation, a kind of research which lies so peculiarly in the domain
of aR'haeology, and which it is not advisabbj that ])rivate pei*sons who are
not exixirts should undertake.
We have reason to l)elieve, indeed, that our excavations have led to
considerable additions to our Fellowship, and thus the expenditure has
ANNIVERSAKY MEETING. 11
not l>eeu unproductive from the financial i>oint of view. I need hanlly
remind you of another gain, in the addition to the National Museum
of many articles, scmic of them of great money value.
The Khind Lectureship, for the endowment of whicli the Society is
indebted to a former Fellow, Mr A. IF. Rhind of Sibster, has supplied
an annual series of lectiires, open to the public as well as to the Fellows,
for twenty-two years. During that time many different as[)ects of
archaeology^ and ethnology (chiefly in their relations to Scotland) have
Ixjen presented, and perhaps there has })een none more interesting or
more likely to be generally appreciated than the course for the current
year to l)C delivered by Mr Thomas Ross on Architecture in Scotland.
I need hardly remind you of the admirable course on Heraldry of last
year by the Lyon King-of-Arms.
We owe to the generosity of a distinguished Fellow, still living,
another Fund, the Gunning Fellowship, which has proved of great
service in promoting tlio study of Archaeology. For some years the
interest accruing, amounting formerly to £40, and of late to about £30,
has l)een paid to Mr Romilly Allen, for the puqwse of obtaining
«lrawings and photographs for the great work on the Early Christian
Monuments of Scotland^ wliich he and Dr Joseph Anderson were
appointed to edit in 1893, antl which, 1 am glad to Ikj able to say, is
now approaching completion.
Last year the Gunning Fellowsliip was conferred on Mr Coles, with
the view of his investigating and planning the remarkable group of
Stone Circles near l^mchory. His Report will l)e presented in the
course of this session, and I shall oidy say of his investigation that in
one case, by a slight excavation, he discovered that a circle which has
hitherto been supi>osed to be single, is in reality double. This is an
apt illustration of the advantage of combining excavation with the ex-
ternal examination of fiehl remains. How many vain theories have been
started as to the origin and purjKJse of stone circles from a mere surface
examination, which might never have been started, or at least would
have been held in check, by a revelation of what was })elow the surface !
12 I'fiorKKi^TNnH ov rrrK kdciety, November so, i899.
lliTi% iJh'Ii, irt jiiiotln'i' w'uh' field of iii([uirv, by niean.s of pick and
rt)Mu|e, liitliiMto iiliiioHl* nntoiiclicd.
hill' wiml, tihnW we Huy of the still vjinter field of tlie Prehistoric Forts,
ill thn exeuviitioii of wliii'h Hcjiife ji he^^iiiiiinj; lias been nuule, although
ill no other wjiy eun we urrive iit a knowhMlge of their structure and of
their phu'e in Sr(»ttiHh hintory? I could almost regret that the Society
have iinilertukiM) the exeavation of Roman * Camps' in preference to our
own Native Kortn. The scu'-rets that lie beneath the ruins of the
CnhiihuHH^ I)iiminnafi^ and hundrotls of other native fortresses, are
not loKH worthy of being brtMight to light than the relics left be-
hind by the Koinan^ and I trust, although it may not })e in my day,
that \\w StHMety will yet be enabltMl to \nidertake this eminently
|»atriotio and almost unlimited lield of impiivy.
'V\\\\^ far I have 8|H»kon only of pndiisti»rie nmiains, but what of the
numebm!* median al ruins of easth^s ehundios, and ablteys or their sites
that aiv so thieklv soattoi^Hl over our country f Would not our know-
ledge^ of lheu\ U^ gi'tvdlv pi\>motiHl by excavation f What can be done
in this way has Uvon shown bv the Mai>piiv< of Bute, and nearer home
b\ o\n' lVvsi\b^nt, who, bv a v\m>f\d exeavatiou, has as^vrtaine*! the exact
mAMU^vl plvO\ of the Ab)v\ i'hurv^h at NewKutlo. This kind of work,
a|'|vux^nth, uu>;\\l U^ let't iv* the lanvb>l prv*[»rietors on \v!i»»ts<* prv^j^erty the
\vutou> aw fv^uuvU b\U tVw v^f them ha\e fv^Uv»\vt\l Uie twample of the
iwv^ \ivdslon\en \ havo uam^sl ; and il uuv K* {h;i5 tho ia>k can only
^v .^vvv^uuvlixh^st wuh iho >;\ysh\tU ^^f tlic r»^»^»r»o^»^>s ^n* aid of our
V*.l ihi^ v\^iou'l \' vU'Hv' wi'ltov,; t\:^
v'\\v^>-0>.^*i- -^ '»^' "^ ^^' '"*' '• ^" ^•
k i-ul
^- NN ::u-^
• '.M W niis^l
CV-.'M ''
t \\v' >v':M
I <r^j>*^* .>f such
K •>-.(•
• t r* r ' \-v >' ,
I <•.::• fi>^ {Hre-
V '•.•.\ r
«l ^^^ xl f N ^
— < iH-^-iium:
'v \'
■^ •. '. .\ V
r :hr^v
•-.N
■•■■ i.^ wh...
. ■ * ^*
• -V. ■• \ .
y :-:>L • c
ANNIVERSARY MEETING. 13
The most recent addition of importance to the Library is a hirge and
valuable collection of Bible.H and Testaments, numbering no less than
124, bequeathed to it by the late Mr John Haxton, Markinch, to whom
we are all the more indebted, as ho was in nu way connected with our
Society.
As far as our slender means allow, we endeavour to keep imce in the
Library with the advance of Archaeological Research, but even restricting
our purchases as we do to works relating directly or indirectly to Scottish
Arcliaeology, we have been obliged to pass over many that should have
found a place on our shelves, tuid the; Library is far from lx»ing so well
supplied as the only Archaeological Library in Scotland ought U) Ikj.
Many of our Dictionaries and Books of Reference, too, are out of date,
and it is not too much to say that £1000 could be well spent in gradually
sui)plying our more pressing wants, but the innnediate exjKjnditure of
even a fourth of that sum would enable us to till many blanks, the
existence of which is an actual hindrance to work at the present moment.
Is it too much to hope that in these (hiys, when the wealthy in Scotland
are not only more numerous than of old, but are more animated with
the ixitriotic desire not to allow their country to lag behind others in the
^ field of science, some one will Ihj found willing to assist a S(x:iety which
makes known not its own wants so much as those of the imi)ortant
National Institution that has been ])laced under its charge ?
Tlie Treasurer submitted a statement of the Society's Funds, which
was ordered to be printed and circulated among the Fellows.
The Secretary read the Annual Rejjort to the l>oard of Trustees, as
follows : —
Annual Report to the lIonoura])le tlie lioard of Trustees for Manu-
factures in Scotland l)y tlie Society of Anti(iuari(»s of Scotland, with
reference to the National ^fuseum of Anti(piities under their charge,
for the year ending 30th September 1899 : —
Duiing the past year the Museum has licen open to the public as
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 30, 1899.
f(jrmerly, and has l)ecii visited by 20,485 persons, of whom 19,110 were
visitors on free days, and 1375 on pay days.
The number of objects of antiquity added to the Museum has been
589 by donation and 1105 by purchase. The number of books and
pamphlets added to the Library hius been 144 by donation and 131 by
purchase, and the binding of alK)ut 70 vohimes hiis been proceeded
with.
Among the more important additions to the Museum are : — a Collec-
tion of Flint Implements, etc., from Berwick, Roxburgh, and Selkirk
shires, presented by Mr Thomas Scott, A.R.S.A. ; three Collections by
the late Mr William Galloway, Corr. Mem. 8. A. Scot., amounting to
upwards of 800 specimens of Implements of Stone, Bone, and Deer-
horn, from three shell mounds in Oronsay ; a Bronze Sword and other
objects found with other swonls already in the Museum in digging the
foundations of a house in Grosvenor Crescent, Edinburgh, in 1869 ; a
Collection of objects obtained during the recent excavaticm of a Hill
Fort on Castle Law, Abernethy ; and another Collection obtained during
the excavation by the Society of the camps and earthworks on Birrens-
wark Hill, Dumfriesshire.
I). CuRiSTisoN, Secretary,
PURCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 15
Monday, llth December 1899.
The Hon. JOHN ABERCEOMBY, Vice-President, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly elected
Fellows : —
Col. James Allardyce, LL.D., of Calquoich, 3 Queen's Terrace, Aberdeen.
Sir Ralph W. Anstruther, Bart, of Balcaskie, Pittenweem.
John G. Alexander Baird, Esq., M.P., of Wellwood and Adamton.
John Christison Oliphant, M.A, 23 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.
The following articles, acquired by the Purchase Committee for the
Museum and Library during the recess, 7tli May to 30th November,
were exhibited : —
Small polished Stone Axe, 32 inches in length by 1* inches in width,
broken on the sides towards the Imtt, found on the north side of Loch
Tay, near Kenmore.
Polished Stone Axe, 4 J by 3 inches, the butt broken, found at Easter-
ton of Gagie, parish of Murroes, Forfarshire.
Charter by Alexander, Commendator of Culross, to Adam Erskine of
I^unimarle, of a tenement in Culross, 1582, with seiil.
Earthenware Jar in which the Grangemouth hoard of silver coins was
contained. The jar was recovered in fragments, but is now reconstructed.
It is an ordinary water jar of the middle of the seventeenth century, of a
greyish clay with a yellowish-green glaze, having a narrow neck and a
loop handle at one side. It wants the rim and the hantlle, and is 11 J
inches in height and 9*^* inches in greatest diameter at the shoulder,
tapering to 4 J inches diameter at the base. It is ornamented on the
upper part by a band of slightly incised wavy and concentric lines. The
jar was dug up in July hist in the course of some excavations for the
Caledonian Railway near the docks at Grangemouth. There seem to
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
have been two jars — at letist one piece of tlie bottom of a similar jar
having been preserved among the pieces of this one. In the jar, or in
l>otli jars, there was a large hoard of silver coins, of which 1094 were*
recovered as Treasure Trove. The following is a list of the coins re-
covered : —
Elizabeth Shillings, .
85
„ Sixpences, .
94
James VI. Half-crownip,
0
,, Shillings,
(57
„ Sixpences,
23
„ Sixpences (Irish),
14
„ Thistle Merks (Scottish),
2
„ Quarter Thistle Merk (Scottish),
1
Charles I. Half-crowns,
264
„ Shillings,
263
„ Sixpences,
17
839
Foreign Dollai-s and parts, etc. —
Spanish, Belgian, German, etc., . . 243
1082
lletained for the National Museum -
James VI. Half-crowns, ... 2
Charles I. Half-crowns, ... 8
„ Nobles, 2
Total, . 1094
As the bulk of the coins are English of the reigns of James VI. and
Cliarles I., the dei)osit was probably made during the time of the Civil
War.
Whorl of grey sandstone, 2 inches in diameter, with slightly incised
lines on one surface, found at Melrose.
Collection of imj)lements of flint and stone, found on the farms of
81ij)perrioM ami l^)ch, near West Linton, IVeblesshiro, comprising: —
Small polislu'd Axe of indurated clay-shite, 21 inches in length by 1 J
inches in breadth at the cutting edge, somewhat damaged.
l*olislied Adze of greenstone of i)eculiar form, flat on <jne side and
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 17
swelling from both ends towards the centre on tlie other, tlie sides
sliglitly incurved longitudinally, the ends alike and neither very sharp,
the edge being in a plane at right angles to the shaft, tlie whole surface
much weathered. It measures 6] inches in length hy 2 inches in width,
and closely resembles in form and character the fine implement of
polished flint from Ferny Bme, Slains, Al)erdeensliire, figured in the
ProrePAlings, vol. x. p. 598, and also the adze-like implement from Little
Barras, Drumlithie, Kincardineshire, figured in vol. xviii. p. 77. Adzes
of this form are rare in Scotland, those being the only examples known.
Five Arrow-liea<ls of flint.
Small Saw of flint formed from a flat flake, 1 \ inches in length.
Scraper with tang, 2 inches in length by ^ inch in thickness.
Eight Knives or implements with worked edges, one l)eing triangular
and worked on all three sides.
I^rge oval Scrai)er, 2^ by 1| inches in diameter, and five smaller
Scrapers ; and a number of flakes and partially worked chips of flint.
Collections of flint implements from Culbin Sands and from Cllenluce
Sands.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By the Right lion. Sir Herukrt Maxwell, Bart., M.P.,
F.S.A. Scot.
Bead of variegated glass (fig. 1), dark blue witli a wavy line of paler
blue going roimd the middle, and at equal distances
three projecting knol)S with parallel stripes of red,
white, and l>lue running in the direction of the pro-
jection of the knobs, found in a cairn at Kirkchrist,
AVigtownsliire. A bead precisely similar in pattern,
Imt with the wavy line white, was found a good *^^rkdiri^ ^)'
many years ago in lona.
Spoon of horn, the bowl nearly circular and 2\ inches in diameter,
VOL. XXXIV. B
^
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
the liandle broken, total length of bowl and handle now 5 inches, found
in the Moss of Kingheel, parish of Mochruni, Wigtownshire.
Axe-haninier of greenstc^ni;, wedge-shaped and perforated for the
handle. It measures 8 J inches in length hy 4 J inches in greatest
breadth and 3 inches in thickness. The shaft-hole is 2 inches in
diameter. Found at Drumfad, parish of CUasserton, Wigtownshire.
Axe-hammer of gre(Mistone, wedge-shaped and perfomted for the
handle. It measures 8 J inches in length ]>y 4 J inches in breadth and
2 J inches in thickness. Tlie shaft-hole is 2| inches in diameter. The
implement is somewhat damaged on one side. Found at Mochrum,
Wigtownshire.
Part of the frontal portion of the skull with one antler attached of
the Irish Elk (Megaceros hibernicus) found in the river Cree. The
antler is of tlie right side, and is imperfect ; the beam measuring lOJ
inches in circumference at the junction with the skull, and 8^ inches at
the thinnest part before it begins to expand into the palmated portion,
only a small part of which remains. The whole length of the beam and
the imperfect palm is now 2 feet 4 inches.
(2) Bequeathed by the late John Haxton, Markinch.
A collection of IJibliis, Testaments, and Psalm l>ooks, printed in
English, 130 volumes. The following descriptive list is compiled
partly from notes made by the testator himself: —
1. The Byble. Translated into Englysh by Tlnmias Matthew. 1537.
Folio.
This copy lias all the titles, but wants the preliminary matter. There are
some leaves in facsimile, so that the text is nearly perfect. The disputed text
in John's First Epistle, Chap. v. 7 : " For ther are thre which beare recorde
in heaven the father the worde and the wholy goost. And these thre are
one," is printed within brackets in smaller type. In John xx. the words
of Thomas, " and put my fingers into the ", are omitted. In the First Epistle
to the Corifithians xi. the words, " This cup is the New Testament in my
blood," are also omitted.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRAKY. 19
2. The Bible. Translated into Engl3\sho by Richai-d Tavemer.
1539. Folio.
Thw copy is very imperfect, but wonderfully clean. It has all the peculiar
marks of Tavemcr's translation. The first title I had as well as the colophon.
The word 'peace* is always spelled *peax.' The boards of the book are
made of beecti — a poor wood to use, so liable to worm.
3. The Bible in Knglyslie. (Crannier's.) Printed by Edwiirde Whit-
church. 1541. Folio.
This is commonly called the Great Bible, and is the edition printed in
November 1541.
4. The Byble. (Matthew's Translation.) Imprinted at London by
Thomas Raynalde and William Hyll. 1549. Folio.
This copy belonged to Andrew Jervise, and has his autograph. It has very
peculiar initial letters in Leviticus and Deuteronomy. In Jeremiah viii. 23
the reading is, "I am heuy and abashed, for there is noo more Treakle at
Galaad." No other Bible that I know has this spelling.
5. The Byble. (Matthew's Translation.) Imprinted at London by
Jolin Daye and William Seres. 1549. Folio.
This is a good copy, and almost perfect The type is black-letter, anffular
and wiry. Iii the Book of Revelations there are twenty-two small woodcuts,
of which the seventh to the last have each a rhyming couplet printed at
either side. That at the seventeenth figure says : —
The Romysche marchauntes, the priestes of Bal,
Do wepe, houle an crye at Babylon's falL
6. The Byble. (Cranmer's.) Prynted by Edward Whytcluircbe.
1549. Small folio.
This edition has been printed apparently at two different times. It is in
black-letter, and in some parts of the impression the words Lord and God are
in Roman capitals, while m others they are in the common black-letter type
without initial capitals.
7. The Vhole Byble. Translated into Englyshe by Miles Coverdale.
Prynted for Andrewe Hester. 1550. 4to.
This copy is imperfect. It was printed in Zurich by Christopher Froschover
for Andrew Hester " dwellinge in Panics Churchyard at the sygne of the whyte
horse." It is very scarce. The type is an angular Swiss or German letter.
20 FROCKKMNGS OF THE SnCTETT. PfiCEMBEE 11, ]«».
S. TL^ PvM-r. <^(.uibrv>.) Imj.nii:*-! .ii L^fl:»*!-ii V-t Tbiotis Petri,
A tac- >:^>T, imaHt ptHecf. This edilX'Q «-»» pniiK»i br Xxi:^ft& HtH "^ iar
oeirtaizie b:cie<t« loc^icI>r«. wi>»e names^ '<e -zui-o. their K«^es^ ctf vfcx^ ske
iiaRueHLj pi^L iiTaKiT :c :c»fr a&zir <*iii^.cts a:^^. T^ji» .rcy ^ik^ l«fm Dale
tzztesis *: lit ih»t irss i2fcC*if:»r re ^zjj* sreZ-ZiC. All ibe 5^':ij» T^^eorot w- skii
Tat TzTiiiii*. Tni»:j*. Ttti*:!-?-.
::. TijT l^ i^. Ai •.;t-tv.. : :^^:.:-: 't K-viLj^i HlH i5-wX. «50l
':ritt*:!iK*.' TicK A?fr axiLT* ki'i vxci-is. 7!i25 .1:1: y iuj. lijf vx: pienKS Vat
C:T..»i :T:: 4:.
ikXii. lilt zzltL-'^mc''. zt Lie "•."L'lTiti ,1: Z2k i-o -i.-*. rxZZ**: Hi*£rj:ic?.'noiL laie-
r^!fS^i»:ac lito 4i tifcxirkii/r iirtr^i :»:c>': '••.:i :.r L-:ii ":cqd^i:i Tiie.--* 2«:rs-
_i. _ :•: ^; L-.. :::.•; :.': ■ ^' • .
. - •:- ♦ 0.
Tl^ a- ^OteCTi^ • "-;?C-1jJ7i-J?iI«:v"- fcs- -.:«. ' • ^ -""
: :■■- - .-. ::■
:'~ c ,1. Kkisaip
-f i * ~i>tis*»:. i-^ «J« ' uu,"*: iiii.v. ■^' ' r I ;
• -. ■. ^-> .-^
* *:»j 0:at:nl 7±i
a- ilii-:. lT«i^ "-I1: ^"IJ: i -J*: N. * V->.;i... ■ :"
■'
- i^ •: '..i*t SoJCw*-
Z;:ii: v-uf zii:a :.".:ri, ■ r-,;:. i :x -i: '».
:*ic!i<v..i
■.«? ij,c a
3l.hCLLi$ It "U-S^ l».ir : !►: .0. Ssv : K ' .:.v ;.
, ' • i,~i • "
^
A -"VU-OduU 4^ -!•: ii-- -k. tv :^».v 1 • ,. .^ •. . 1.. . J^
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 21
*^^ ^aid charaes of Rychard Cannarden." The first volume is paged in three
PJ"^^"^* and ends with this tailpiece : " The ende of the Ballet of Ballettes of
^^^«:non, called in Latyn Canticum Canticorum."
^ "^^ Tlie Bible. ((Jcnevaii version.) rrinted at (Jeneva by John
^^^pin. 1569. 4to.
. *^«i.i8 copy was got in London after much research. It wants the general
Slj^^ and the dedication to Queen Elizabeth, and a leaf of the curious Almanac.
J "^? title of the New Testament is dated 1568. The text appears to be all right.
^ beautifully bound by Riviere.
lo. The Holie Bible. (Craniner's.) Imprinted l)y Jhou Cawoode.
^5^9. 4tu.
This is the last edition of the Great Bible. It appears that there were three
V^itions of this size in this same year. This is the one that has the birds in the
^tial letter in Genesis, the others havinjj a centaur. It has a note from a
Conner owner signed A. E. E., and dated 1831, stating that he found it in
Vorkshire, and connecting Cawood the printer with the Cawoods of Yorkshire.
16. Tlie Holi Bible. (Bishops' version.) London, Riehanlc Jugge.
1569. 4to.
This is the second edition of the Bishops' Bible, and marks the transition to
the division of the text into verses, these being numbered in the middle of the
lines, or as they terminate. It is a thick volume, paged in three parts, the
pages often wrong numbered, and contains some curious out-of-the-way notes
about Columbus.
17. The holie Bi])le. (Bishop.^' version.) Imprinted by Ricbarde
Jugge. 1572. Folio.
This is the second edition of the Bishops' Bible in folio, and is known as the
Leda Bible, the subjects of the initial letters in some of the books being taken
from Ovid's MftamorphoseA. At the commencement of the Epistle to the
Hebrews the initial letter is a W(K:>dcut representing Leda and the Swan. The
type throughout is black-letter, hut the Psalms are given in two versions
in parallel columns, that of the Great Bible in black-letter, and a new version
in Roman letter.
18. The holy r>yble. (Bisli<.ps' version.) Richard Jugj^'e. 1573. 4to.
Til is copy wants the prelim inarv matter, but luis all the text, and is in good
condition. The tailpiece at the end of the I>ook of Revelations is an elaborate
device with a pelican on its nest in the (Centre feeding its yountr with its blood,
round which is on the inner buixler pko l?:oe kk(}E et greoe and on the
outer LOVK kkpytii the lawe oukyetii the kynoe and is good to the
coMMENWELTHE, with figures of Prudence and Justice on either side and the
monogram of Richard Jugge underneath.
22 PBOCEEDIXGS OF THE .SWIETY, DECEMBEB 11, 1899.
19. XlitfUn.K'. (bi>li...i^>' version.) Uv Ki. liiinlJugge. 1574. Folio.
This edition Las at the 24th chapter •>! Joshua a foldiiig map of Canaan,
dated 1574, which, however, i* from the same block used by Ceverdale in his
Bible of 1535. This copy wants the title^^ge and some of the preliminary
mattrr, l<Tit i^ otherwise in Ter^' fair condition. At the end, bound in with the
Bible, is a part of a work entitled 77i/ Zy-^^ -/ H*>Uf SiiindeSj PropKeies^
ratrvirchi^^ dr., by John Mar1i^:k, autih.T of the first Conooidanoe. The
' lires ' .«re arrang^ in alphabtrtical order, and the part here inserted reaches
f r».m Aap.-n tu Michol, 5> |.iage&
20. Tli^ H-ly BiMv. ( Bi<hop:«' v.-rs:«»!i. » L.nd«»n, Ltica^s* Harrison.
1575.
Tliis copy wiint.- all the preliminary matter, al«jut twenty It^ves. The titles of
the £e<(*na part and cf the New Te-^iament aivr original, the others made up.
Thry hare a verk- elal-»rate f nine work nith a mermaid gazing into a mirror at
the ioA of the o«riitrv-pitn.*. Tht* centre-picce in the title of the Xew Testameftit
has the symlH^ls of the four Evan^irlist* at the four ox.'merp, St Matthew as an
Angel, St Mark ik? a Livu. St Luke ;is an < >x. and St John as an Eagle. The
Icxt is full of ern.Ts. Psalm xxxTii. 2i» rvads : **The righteous shall be
punished,* and the Epistles to the Hebivi»-s and to Titus are both titled
~ Second Epistle.''
21. The h««ly Biblo. (Bishops' voi>:.:i.> I.«'iidon, Richanle Jugge.
1575. \U\
This is the A*\-eiiih iniition i^f tht- Bislu^jV Bible, and a coud oopv, being
almost txnnplete. The tirsl title is in facsimile : the Calendar and Book of
Common Prayer are at the be^nning and the device of Richard Jugge at the
end.
-2. T\w \\\\Ai\ ImpriiUfd at l.i^iuh»n 1 y Chri<i..'..her Biirker. 1576.
This is rouij^^n's i\'visiv>u of the lienevan version, and the first Geneva Bible
]»riutod in England. Thi^ oo}\\ wanu^ the litlo, but is full of manuKript notes
in a i\mtom]vrary hand s^Muetinu^eJ ui Kujjlish and s^>motimes in Latin. At
the end is the motViv;\l wrsivm of the IValms 1 y Stemhi^ld and HopkuiBi with
the tuiKvs J^iid an explanatory uotv to the rwdor jjiving the A>l-fa notation.
*Jo, rh«^ ImMi and llol\ Sivipiuivs couteiiu\l in the C^lde and I^ewe
rostamrnl, tiau>lalod aiv.M\hn>: to iho Kbtuo and Greke, &c. Printed
in l'MnilM»i:;h lu^ Aloxanilor Arbulhno^ IVintor to the Kii^gis Mu4
d\\» Ilin-; al \o Kirk nf foihU 1570* FoWtv
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 23
■'^^^Xewe Testament of Our Lord Jesus Clirist, conferred diligently
^^'^ the Greke, &c. At Edinburgh, I'rinted by Thomas Bassiindyne.
^^^ is is the first edition of the Bible printed in Scotland, begun by Thomas
^^^*>-iidyne and issuwi after his death by Alexander Arbuthnot. It is a reprint
^ ^^'^e Greneva Bible of 156 J.- At the end of the thirteenth chapter of
^^^^tion is a note explaining the " number of the Beast" in which is a Greek
^^.'^^^^ printed in rude Greek letters. This is the first specimen of Greek
pnrxt; ing in Scotland. The woodcut of the Royal Arms of Scotland is the same
** ^V^at used, in Bellenden's Cronikli\ printed at Edinburgh by Thomas David-
^^ Xii 1542, but smaller. This copy is not perfect, wanting the preliminary
^*^^t;cr and several leaves. The Edinburgh Public Library possesses a good
'J^'y which I could have got in Manchester. It seems at one time to have
. ^^g©d to a Patrick Lindsjiy, and what is very curious, this copy, which I got
^1^ Brechin, lias on the title-jiage of the New Testament the inscription : —
' t^atrik Lindesay off barnyards, ye first off" — the rest of the date Deing cut
*^y by the binder. At the commencement of the Apocrypha on a blank
space is "P. Bamyardis " twice rei)eated. There is little known of the Forfar-
»*nire family of the Lindsays of Barnyanls, otherwise called The Haugh of
Tannadice, whose castle of Barnziiird, as it is termed in Monipennie's Briefe
I^escription of Scotland, stood about two miles north of the castle of Finhaven
(Laml of the Lindmys, 2nd edition, p. 208). Jervise states tliut they were
hereditary constables of Finhaven. Patrick Lindsay, * ai)parent ' of Barnyards, is
mentioned in the llegister of the Great Seal in 1590. In 1592 he had a charter
from the crown of the lands of Tannadice, Bamyanls, and GlenquiclL This is
probably the Patrick Lindstiy of Barnyards who possessed the Bible.
24. The Holy Bi])le. (Bishops' version.) London, by assignment of
Chr. Barker. 1578. Folio.
This edition called the Dotted Bible is printed page for page with that of
1574. This copy wants the title-page. At the commencement of each Gospel
there is a woodcut of the Evangelist represented as writing his Gospel with his
symbol beside him ; but for the woodcut of Matthew is substituted that of
Mark, which is also repeated in its proper place at the commencement of
Mark's Gospel.
25. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by
Christopher Barker. 1579. 4to.
This copy wants the first title but has all the text, with Tables and supputa-
tion of years.
26. The Bible. (Genevan version.) London, Christopher Barker (?).
1580. 4to.
Tliis copy having no titles had to l^ exauiined closely to find that it corre-
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
sponds to the edition of 1580 in Lea Wilson'tj Catalogue. Tlie supputation gives
1580. The date 1578 in the address to the Christian Reader continues to be
given in much later copies and is therefore no criterion.
27. The Bibk'. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by Chris-
topher I^irker. 1581. 4 to.
This copy has all the text and the title to the New Testament, with Tables',
and John Day's Metrical Psalms, and- i>art of the Prayer Book.
28. The Bible. ((Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by Chris-
topher Barker. 1582. 4t().
This couy is slightly imiKjrfect and wants the first title but has the title to
the New Testament, and John Day's Metrical Psalms of 1581.
29. The Bible. (Genevan vei*sion.) Imprinted at London by Cliris-
toi)her Biirker. 1583. 4to.
This copy is imperfect at the beginning, but has at the end " Two right
profitable and fruitfull concordances, or large and ample Tables Alphabetical!" ;
and John Daye's Metrical Psalms, 1583.
30. The Bible. (Genevan vei-siou.) Imprinted at London by Chris-
topher Barker. 1583. Large folio.
This is the largest Genevan or * Breeches ' Bible ever its<ue<l. Curiously it
has Cranmer's prologue. This copy is not quite complete, but is otherwise in
very good condition.
31. The Bible. (Uisboj)^' version.) Imprinted at lA)nd«ni by Chris-
topher Barker. 1584. 4t<).
This copy wants the preliminaries, but the text is complete and it is other-
wise in good onler. it is a rather rare edition in the black-letter, with
numerous mai-ginal references and note's. The title-pa^e of the New Testament
has the aymlwls of the four Evangelistrf and figures of Faith and Humility.
32. The Bible, ((tenevan versinn.) Imprinted at Lnii«lnn by Chris-
tojiher Barker. 1585. 4to.
The first title is wanting, but the text is c<»mplete. and the coi)y in g<HKl con-
dition. It has no Metrical Psalms, but at the end the two Tables of Concordance
of extraordinary length.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 25
33. Holie Bible. (Bishops' version.) Imprinted at Londuii by Cliris-
topher Biirker. 1585. Folio.
This is the fourteenth edition of the Bishop^ Bible, and the most beaiitiful
[ them all, the typos
by Koberger, Nuremtj
of them all, the typoffrai)hy being only excelled by that of the Vulgate printed
nberg.
34. The Bible. (Cjlcnevan version.) Imi)rinted at London by Chris-
topher Barker. 1586. 4to.
A gorxl copy but .somewhat smoked. It lias not the Metrical Psalms, but at
the end two Tables of Concordance of great length.
35. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by Chris-
topher l^rker. 1587. 4to.
Tliis is Tomson's revision of the Geneva text. On the fly-leaf l^etween the
Old and New Testaments there is pasted a small Sabbath School ticket bearing
a woodcut representation of Joseph's brethren dining with him, and the
following memorandum in Mr Haxton's hand : — " This S;iy)bath School ticket
was inserted by me between the beading of the lxx»klK)ard of our seat in l^rk-
liead Establif^hed Church in the year 1828, and found and taken out by me 64
years afterwards, on 20th August 1892."
36. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
1 )eputies of Christoi>her Barker. 1589. 4to.
Tliis copy seems t<j be a gathering, as, while the title to the Old Testament
bears the date 1589, that of the New Testament is dated 1592. The Metrical
Psalms, also, printed by John Windet, are dated 1592. The Book of Common
Prayer inserted before tlie Psalms api)ear8 to be of later date. An elaborate
Table of Genealogies by J. S. inserted at the Ix'ginning ai)pear8 to be also of later
date.
37. The Bible. ((Jenevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
Deputies of Christopher Barker. 1593. 4to.
This is Toms<.>n's revision of the (Jeneva Bible. The first title is wanting.
The New Testament bears the daUt 1593 and at the end of the tables is
the date 1594. Bound in with the P>i})le is an interesting copy of ** The CL
Psalms of David in Scots Meter ; after the forme that they are to bee sung in
the Kirke of Scotland. Edinlmrgh. Printed ])y the Heires of Andro Hart.
Anno Dom. 1632." On the back of the title of the New Testament is tlie
following inscription : — " Ex Libris Alexanderi Nai>er. Alexander Naper est
mihi nomen. Scriptum per me Alexanderum Naper apud Biichaple nono
calendas Maij millesimo sexcentesimo nonagesimo tertio."
26 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
38. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London l)y the
Deputies of Christoplier Barker. 1593. 8vo.
This copy of a very rare edition was got at Sir George W. Dasent's sale. By
a note on tne fly-leaf with his autograph it appears that ne bought it in Hohn in
1844 for tw^elve skil lings or alx)ut fivepence English. So far as I know this is a
perfect copy but is rebound with the old boards and edges as they were. Save
an imperfect coj^y in the British Museum from which the real date was ascer-
tainea I have never heard of another. It closely resembles a Bil)le printed
at Cambridge by John Legate, 1591, only this edition is paged, and Legate's
was not
39. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
Deputies of Christopher Barker. 1594. 4to.
This copy wants the first title but has the title to the New Testament. Tlie
text is in black-letter as most of the Genevans are, but the head-lines and
marginal notes are in Roman letter. Tlie New Testament has a large numljer
of iflustrative plates inserted.
40. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
Deimties of Christopher Barker. 1594. 4to.
This is a rather poor copy of a Bible that has given rise to much si)eculation,
as the New Testament is wrongly dated 1495.
41. The Bible. (Genevan version.) London, Printed by John Windet,
for the Assignes of Richard Day. 1594. 4t().
This is Tomsc^u's revision and a beautiful copy, clean and perfect, with both
titles. It has no Psalms.
42. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imi)rinted at London l)y the
Dei>uties of Cliristopher Barker. 1596. 4to.
This copy lias all the text but wants the first title and the other preliminary
matter, it has at the end the two Tables of Concordance and a description of
Canaan and the bordering countries.
43. The Holy Bible. (Bishops* version.) Imprinted at London by
the Deputies of Christopher Barker. 1595. Folio.
This is a line copy with all the titles and Ijeautifully bound. It came from
the collection of Mr Fry, one of our greatest collectors.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 27
44. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
Deputies of Christopher Barker. 1597. Small folio.
This ia Tomson's revision, and is somewhat like the edition of 1562 in
general appearance. It is in Roman letters and wants the first title, but is
otherwise a good copy.
45. Tlie Bi]>le. (Clenevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
Deputies of Christopher Barker. 1599. 4t(),
This is a very curious edition of the Geneva Bible in black-letter. Lea
Wilson does not seem to have had a copy of it, as it differs from all the copies
of 1599 which he had in his possession, except No. 77 of his Catalogue. It is
distin^iished as the *Hee' Bible, Ijecause Ruth iii. 15 reads, "and hee went
into the citie," where all previous editions have either "and shee went into
the citie," or " and went into the citie."
46. Tlie Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
Deputies of Christopher Barker. 1599. 4to.
This is Tomson's revision and a beautiful copy, liaving a black line printed
round the i>age, and a number of woodcuts in the text. In the doggerel verses
at the beginning there is a curious substitution of * de ' for * the,' which suggests
tliat it may have been printed abroad : —
" Here is de tree where truth doth grow
To leade our lives therein ;
Here is de judge that stints the strife
\VTien mens' devices faile."
liev. XX. 12 also reads : "I saw the death, both great and small, stand before
God." The Metrical Psfidms of Sternhold and Hopkhis at the end are preceded
by the hymns Veni Creator, The Humble Suit of a Sinner, Venite Exultemus,
The Song of St Ambrose called Te Deum, The Song of the Three Children,
The Song of Zacharias, The Son^ of the Blessed Mary called Magnificat, Tlie
Song of Simeon called Nimc Dimittis, The Symbole or Creed of Athanasius
called Quicunciue Vult, The Lamentation of a Sinner, The Lord's Prayer or
Pater Noeter, and The Ten Commandments, with the music for each.
47. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Iuiprint<Ml at London l)y the
Deputies of Christopher Barker. 1599. 4t(>.
This is one of the many editions of Tomson's revision of the Geneva Bible
printed with this date. It has two first titles, one with the border containing
woodcuts of the four Evangelists surromided by the twelve tribes of Israel ana
the twelve Apostles, and the other with a small woodcut of the hraelites cross-
ing the Red Sea.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
48. The Bible. (Cienevau version.) Tmpriuted at I^ndou by the
Deputies of Christoplier Barker. 1599. 4to.
This is another of Tomson's revision. Matthew vii. 17 reads: *'So euery
good three bringeth foorth good fruite, and a coonipt tree bringeth foorth euill
fruite." At the end there is bound in with the volume a copy of the Book of
Common Prayer printed by the printers to the University of Cambridge, 1635.
49. The Bible, (Cieuevan vei*sion.) Titles wanting, but evidently
Tomson's revision. 1599. 4 to.
This is an imi)erfect copy, but it has the curious map showing the forty years'
wandering of the Israelites in the book of Numbers, and the curious woodcut
of Ezekiel's vision at the beginning of Ezekiel.
50. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at Ix)ndon by the
Deputies of Cliristoi>her Barker. 1599. 4to.
This is another of the 1599 editions of Tomson's revision. Zechariah iii. 2
reads : " Is not this a brain taken out of the fire " for Is not this a brand. It has
on the fly-leaf: "Edinburgh, 21st July 1778. Gifted by the Miss Falls to
Simon Eraser."
51. The Bible. ((Jenevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
Deputies of Chnstoi)lier Barker. 1599. 4to.
A good copy, comi)lete and well bound. It is No. G of Lea Wilson's Catalogue.
In Ruth iii. 15 the reading is : "She went into the citie," and in Zecliariah iii.
2, " Is not this a brain taken out of the fire."
52. The Bible, ((lenevan version.) lnii)nnted at London by the
Deimties of Cliristoi>lier Barker. 1599. 4 to.
This is also a good copy, complete and well bound. Matthew vi. 2 reads :
" Therefore when thou giuest thme almes, thow shalt make a trumi)et to be
blowen before thee as the hypocrites do."
53. Tlie I)iMe. (Genevan version.) Imi»rinte(l at London by the
Dejnities of Christopher Barker. 1598. 4to.
This is a ])lack-letter copy, the New Tcstiment l)eiiig dati*d 1581. It is
slightly damaged at tlie beginning, but is otherwise in fair condition and well
lx)und.
54. The Bible, ((lenevan version.) Imprinted at London by the
Deputies of Christo}»her r>arker. 1599. 4to.
The imprint of the Deputies of Christopher Barker, 1599, is given on the
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 29
titles both of the Old and Xew Testaments, in this copy, and it has the omission
of the word *not' in Matthew vi. 2, like other copies of the same date. But
the colophon at the end of the Tables has : " Imprinted at Amsterdam for
Tlioraas Crafoorth, by John Fredericksz 8tam, dwelling by the South Church
at the Signe of the Hope, 1633." The Metrical Pwdnis are "Imprinted by I. L.
for the Company of Stationers, London, 1633."
55. The Bible. (Cienoviui version.) Imi)riiited at lA>ndon by R()])ert
Barker. 1600. 4t(».
This is a black-letter copy and is apparently the first Bible printed by Robert
Barker, son of Christopher Barker. Ruth iii. 15 reads as in the 1599 black-
letter copy : " Hee went into the citie," most of the others reading " Shee," or
" And went into the citie."
56. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Tonison^s revision. 1600. 4to.
This copy is iu Roman letter and without date or printer's name. It is
commonly called the Goose Bible, from the figure of a goose on the title-page of
the Metrical Psialms, and from which it is supposed to have been printed at
Dort. The last two leavei* of the Tables Ixjaring the imprint of the Deputies of
Chri}*tr>pher Barker, I^fjiidon, 1599, appear to be an insertion.
57. The Bible, ((lenevan version.) Tonison\s revision. Imprintcnl
at I^:>nd()n by Robert Barker. 1602. Folio.
Tliis is a l.)eautiful copy in fine binding. It has the two titles and colophon
dated 1602, but the Metrical Psalms at the end have the imprint of John
Windet for the Assignesof Richard Day, 1595. At the })eginning is a fine copy
of the Book of Common Prayer without date, but with a pronision of orna-
mental initial letters, many of which are evidently representations of classical
scenes proba])lv from Ovid's Metamorphoses as in tlie Bishoi^s' Bible of 1572.
The Psalter, wliich also precedes the Bible, l>ears the imprint of Robert Barker,
1600.
58. The Holy Bible. (Bishops' version.) Imprinted at London by
Robert Ikrkcr. 1602. Folio.
A black-letter copy with ornamental initial letters. It lias some curious
readings : Psalm xxvii. 29, " The righteous shal \ye punished " ; Ecclesiastes
xi. 1, " Lay thy bread upon wet faces, and so slialt thou find it after many
days" ; Jeremiah viii. 22, "Is there not Triacle at Oilead?" This copy lias
the old cliain attachttd to the wooden Inxirds by which it had been fastened to a
reading-desk.
59. The Bible. ((Icnevan version.) Imprinted at London by Robert
Barker. 1603. 4to.
This must be a rather rare edition, and is a nice copy, excellently printed in
30 FKOCEEWXG-S OP THE S0C7CTY, DECEMBER 11, 1399L
H/>fnu) letter aiyl ral*H in i^l rr/oud lli*r pa^««. In il»e dr^scripdoo of the
w'\rk(A fDftn in Job xv. ^ u a cnrioa^ n^syWiij. : *^ h^cAJue he hath covered his
f^te with hi* Catri«»,and liath cr/lloi«s in hi> liinke.* Alao the woid "world" ia
omitUsf] in Luke ii. J. At tlie Ijeginnin^ a black-letter copy of the Book of
r>/fnni<>n I'ravfrr, 163^;, L^ lio»ind in with the T«»lTime. The Sletrical Psalms at
the end liave the date 1 fSV>.
60. The iJible. (Genevan version.) Iniprinle*! at London by Robert
Il^irker. 1005. 4 to.
Thij! in a very gorjd cony in black-letter of the i»ure CJenevan Bible of 1560.
It W the Iarg»-' Table? of CV^nrordance, but no Metrical Psalms. On a fly-leaf
at tlie Ix^nniiitf of the New Testament it is iuBcribed : ** Marie GrifUi her
booke 1016," and " Roger Weever and Rebeckha Weever there booke 1647."
01. The Bible. ((Genevan version.) Tomson's revision. Imprinted
at lyjndon by Koljert Barker. 1600. 4to.
Tliis is a nicely bound copy, wanting the first title, which is a facsimile, but
having the original title of the New Testament, which is dated 1606, though the
ot^lophon at the end lias 1605. It has the Metrical Psalms A 1606, and a copy
of the Book of Common Prayer of 1680 is bound in at the commencement of
the volume.
62. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinteil at London by Robert
Barker. 1608. 4 to.
This is a i)Oor copy. It wants the title to the Xew Testament, which is
8U])plied in facsimile. It has no Metrical Psahus. On the first title is the
inscription : " Charles Woolnough is y<^ true owner of this Booke."
63. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by Robert
Barker. 1608. 8vo.
Tliis, though rather a poor copy of a somewhat rare edition, is complete. At-
the beginning is a quaint woodcut of the Temptation in the Garden of Eden witls.
all the beasts roaming around.
64. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by Robert
Barker. 1609. 4 to.
This is a fair copy with red lines round the page, and has inserted a portraJ.'iK
of its former possessor, Rev. .loseph lviiii(;y, PortK*a, being a gift to him from \Si'^
Chamberlain, an eminent IVijitist missionary.
05. The Holie Biblo faithfully translated into English out of ttmM
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 31
Authentical Latin <fcc. by the Englisli College of Doway. Printed at
Doway by Laurence Kellam, at tlio Signe of the Holie Lambe. 1609.
2 vols. 4to.
This copy is in fine condition and well bound. This translation of the Old
Testament is the first English version printed for the use of the Roman
Catholics The English translation of the New Testament which goes with it
was first ])rinted at Ilhemes in 1 582.
66. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Tonison's revision. At Edin-
burgh, Printed by Andro Hurt, and are to bo sold at his Buith, on the
north side of the gate, a little beneiitli the Crosse. Anno. Doni. 1610.
Folio.
This is the second edition of the Bible printed in Scotland and was highly
thought of, many subsequent impressions making a merit of beins " conform to
the ^ition printed by Andro Hart." Yet it is by no means absolutely correct.
In Exodus XXX. 12 a whole line, or clause, " that there be no plague among
tbem," has been missed out. Similarly in Deuteronomy xiii. 9 the words " ami
then the hands of all the people " are likewise wanting. A number of Dutch
maps inserted in this copy have very quaint and curious vignettes at top and
bottom.
67. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Tonison's revision. Imprinted
at London by Robert Barker. 1610. 4to.
This copy wants the first title, which is supplied by a facsimile of 1599. It
has the New Testament title of 1610 and the colophon is dated 1611. At the
end are The Psalmss of David in Meeter, with the tunes, printed by Andro Hart.
On the fly-leaf at the begirming is a memorandum : " Robert Watson lx)ught
this Bible at Berwick in 1670, price 2s. 7d."
68. The Bi])le. (Genevan version.) Imprinted at London by Robert
Ikrker. 1611. 4to.
Tliis copy wants both title-pages, but the colophon gives the date 1611.
Bound in with it are the Metrical Psalms of Stemhold and Hopkins, printed at
London for the Company of Stationers, 1610.
69. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Imprinted at
Ix)ndon by Robert Barker. 1611. Folio.
This is the second of two impressions of the Authorised version issued in
1611, as is indicated by the absence of the large woodcut of the Arms of King
James, and the presence in its place of the letterpress title to the Genealogies.
The text is in black-letter with ornamental initials. This copy wants the first
^ ,,:." "•''>^-'"
""W <■"•■■''• ■"^'■
0 -^^ '•
. *«<^
, ,.v .VV! '»••'■ "■'■"
. ••» •-i.i -jaKi "'*'
•. --it'.
.i»--^-
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 33
75. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Imprinte<l at
London by Bonham Norton and John Bill. 1619. 4to.
This copy of the Authorised version in Roman letter is not in first-rate
condition, but the text is complete, and it has prefixed the curious map and
description of Canaan, which is very often wanting. In 1st John v. 13 there is
a curious misprint of " the Sion of God " for " the Sonne of God."
76. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Imprinted at
London by Bonham Norton and John Bill. 1620. 4to.
This copy of the Authorised version in black-letter is complete. The
colophon has the date 1621, and the Tables of Concordance, which *^ will serve
as well for the translation called Geneva,'' are dated 1622.
77. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Imprinted at
London by Bonham Norton and John Bill. 1622. 8vo.
This is a nice copy of the Royal version in Roman letter, and has the edges
gilt and finely ornamented, and the text and preliminaries, and the Metrical
Psalms of Stemhold and Hopkins, all complete. Between the fly-leaves at the
end is inserted part of a leaf of a manuscript Book of Hours of apparently
about fourteenth century date.
78. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Imprinted at
Loudon by Bonham Norton and John Bill. 1625. 4to.
A fairlv good copy of this edition of the Royal version in black-letter, with
Speed's (Genealogies and the map and description of Canaan prefixed, and the
Metrical Psalms of Stemhold and Hopkins, dated 1626, boimd in at the end.
79. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Printed at
London by Robert Barker. 1632. Svo.
A fine copy of this rather rare edition, in the original stamped Morocco bind-
ing, but without the clasps. It has all the titles and the Metrical Psalms
complete. The Book of Common Prayer prefixed wants the title and following
leaf. A woodcut of the Royal Arms occupies the reverse of the general title.
No copy of this edition was exhibited at the Caxton Celebration in 1877. It is
not in Lea Wilson's Catalogue, and only one copy is mentioned by Lowndes.
80. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Printed by the
Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majestic. Edinburgh, 1633.
Svo.
This is the first edition of the Royal or Authorised version of the Bible
VOL. xxxiv. c
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
Srinted in Scotland. It has no Metrical Psalms, but at the end is A Briefe
'oncordance, printed by the Assises of Clement Cotton. The first title is set
in an elaborate border woodcut with the four Evangelists each with his proper
s3rmbol in the four comers. On the page preceding the title is a quaint wood-
cut of the Temptation and Fall.
81. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Edinburgh,
1633.
This copy wants the ilrst title, but has the engraved frontispiece of Adam
and Eve in the Garden. It also has prefixed a copv of the Book of Common
Prayer of the same date, and at the end the Metrical Psalms of 1637.
82. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authoriseii version. Imprinted at
London by Rolxjrt Barker and the Assignes of John Bill. 1634.
Folio.
Another edition of the Authorised version in black-letter with ornamental
initials. This copy is not in the b^t condition, and wants the first title-page
and some leaves at the end.
83. The Holy Bible; faithfully translated into English out of the
Authentical Latin, &c., with Arguments, Annotations &c. by the English
CoUedge of Doway. Printed by John Cousturier. 1635. 2 vols.
4to.
This edition of the Douay version of the Bible, printed in Rouen, is in
Roman letter with ornamental initials. It has only the Old Testament and
Apocrypha.
84. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Printed at Lon-
don by Robert Barker and the Assignes of John Bill. 1637. 8vo.
This copy has prefixed the Book of Common Prayer (the title of which is
wanting) and the Genealogies with the description and map of Canaan. At
the end is a copy of the Metrical Psalms of 1638.
85. The Bible. (Genevan version.) Tomson's revision. Printed
by Thomas Staifortl, And are to be sold at his liouse at the signe of the
flight of Brabant u\Hm the ^lilk Market, over iigiiiiist the Deventer
Wood-Market. Anistenlam, 1640. Folio.
This edition is said on the title-page to be "according to the copy printed at
Edinburgh by Andro Hart, in the year 1610," but it is by no means free from
/
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 35
printers' blunders. In the text are inserted a number of woodcut maps, among
w-Iiicli IB one at Numbers xxxiii showing the forty years' wanderings of the
Israelites, with very curious pictorial representations of the more important
ev^Gixtim during the ioumey from Egypt to Canaan. At the end are the Metrical
I*8alEi3s of Stemhold and Hopkins of 1638, without the music.
36. The Holy Bible. Koyal or Authorised version. Printed at Lon-
*^^i^ \)y Robert Barker and the Assignee of John Bill. 1642. 8vo.
Tti-ia copy is complete, but has been very closely cut. It has both the en-
^.'^'v-^sd titles. At the bc^nning of Genesis there is a vignette of the Tempta-
^^?*^ in the Garden of Eden, and at the bc^nnin^ of the New Testament a
7!^S^^x^tte representing the four Evangelists with their symbols. At the end is
^'^? Oncordance, 1642, followed by the Metrical Psalms of 1643. In Matthew
^iJ*^- 23 the word "not" is omitted, so that it reads, "Is this the Son of
^^"v-id?"
^7. Tlie Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Printed by
^^ger Dainel, printer to the University of Cambridge. 1648. ISmo.
. * his copy has the engraved title with Moses and Aaron on either side, and
^^o-w the Koyal Arms a picture of London with old London Bridge in the
^^^^round. A peculiarity of the text is that in Genesis xix. 4 it reads " y"
^«n of Sodom," and " y« people," but everywhere else the word * the ' is given
^ the modern spelling.
88. The Holy Bible. Printed by John Field, printer to the Parlia-
ment. London, 1653. 24mo.
This copy has the engraved title with Moses and King David on either side
and the four Evangelists with their symbob below. It has no Metrical Psalms.
The peculiarity of the text is that Ist Timothy iv. 16 has " the doctrine " instead
of " thy doctrine."
89. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Printed by
John Field, printer to the Universitie, Cambridge. 1668. 4to.
This edition, in very small but clear tyjHj printed on thin paper, has been
called the Flat Bible or the Preachers' Bible. This copy has the stamp of a
former possessor, Bindon Blood, with his crest and the date 1795 on the back
of the first title.
90. The Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Printed by
John Baskett, Oxford. 1717. Folio.
This is the Vinc^r Bible, so-called from an error in the running title at
Luke XX., where it reads, " The parable of the vinegar," instead of " The j^arable
of the vineyard."
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
91. Tlie Holy Bible. Royal or Authorised version. Printed at the
Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1801. 4 to.
This impression has been called " The Murderers' Bible," from the reading in
Jude, verse 16, " These are murderers," instead of " These are murraurerB." There
are several other gross printers' blunders in the text.
92. The Newe Testament translated by M. Wil. Tyndall. 1549.
18mo.
A good copy carefully repaired at the beginnuig and wanting two leaves in
Coruithians. There is no place given in the title, but it is supposed to have
been printed in Antwerp. In 2nd Corinthians x. 11 there is a curious reading :
"Let hym that is soche thinke on his wyfe"; and in 1st Peter ii. 13 the
words " Unto the king as the chief head " are omitted.
93. The New Testament. Excusum Londini in Officina Thomae
Gualtier pro J. C. 1550. Bvo.
A complete copy : the title-page in red and black with engraved border,
having the monogram of Grafton and AVTiitechurch at the foot. The text is
in Latin and English in parallel columns, the Latin in Roman letter and the
English in black-letter. In Romans vi. the present verse 6 is omitted in the
English though rendered in the Latin opposite.
94. The Newe Testament. Imprinted at London by Richard Jugge.
1552. 4to.
This is Tyndale's vereion, revised, and finely printed in black-letter with
many woodcuts inserted in the text. The title-page has a portrait of Edward
VI., and on the reverse is a copy of the " byll " autnorising the printing of the
edition and the sale of copies at the reasonable and convenient price of " twenty
and two pens for every boke in papers and unbounde," In the woodcut
illustration to Matthew xiii. the devil is pictured with a wooden leg, sowing tares
among the wheat.
95. The Newe Testament. Printed at Geneva by Conrad Radius.
1557. 12mo.
This is the first Testament in English in which the text is divided into
ninnbered verses. The translation is W illiain Whittingham's, and the version
differs entirely from the (Genevan. It is printed in Roman type with marginal
notes and ornamental initial letters at the iHigimiings of the l)ooks. On the last
leaf is a list of " Fautes conmiitted in the printing.''
96. The Newe Testament. London, Richard Jugge. 1566. 4to.
DONATIONS TO THK MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 37
This edition has the text of that of 1552, and the same woodcuts are used in
the gospels though differently placed. The woodcuts in the Apocalypse and
the initial letters are different The headlines of this impression are in Koman
type, while those of the 1552 edition are Italic.
97. The Newe Testament. Printed at Geneva by John Crespin.
1568. 4to.
This edition lias been supposed to l)e part of the Bible of this date. This
copy wants the title, but nas a title of the Whole Booke of Psalmes with the
imprint of 1569 at the end of the volume, though the Psalms themselves are
wanting.
98. Tlie Newe Testament. Printed at London by Christopher Barker.
1575. 12mo.
This is a good copy of a rather rare edition of the (Genevan version. It bears
a memorandum : " This was sometime the booke of Abigail, one of the
daughters of Humfrey Hales esquier, first maried to Captaine Sampson and
after his decease to Luke Sprakeling gent." On another ]>age is the signature of
Robert Sprakeling, 1604.
99. The ^ew Testament. Englished by L. Tomson. Imprinted at
London by Christopher Barker dwelling in Ponies Churchyeard at the
signe of the Tigre's Head. 1576. 8vo.
This is the first edition of Tomson's revision of Beza's translation. The title-
page has a woodcut of the angel appearing to the shepherds. A copy of the
Metrical Psalms of 1638 is bound in with the volume.
100. The New Testament, translated out of the Authentical Latin in
the English College of Kliemes. Printed at Rhemes by John Fogny.
1582. 4to.
This IB the first edition of a translation from the Vulgate, which created some
controversy. Tlie notes contain many Eastern, Greek and I^atin words, so that
Fuller called it a translation which needed to be translated.
101. The Newe Testament. Tomson*s revision of the Geneva
version. Imprinted at London by Christopher Barker. 1583. 4 to.
This is the handsomest edition of Beza's version of the New Testament,
printed in a bold black-letter type, with large ornamental initials at the com-
mencement of the different books, and smaller ones at the beginnings of the
chapters.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
102. Tlie Newe Testament. Tomson's revision. Imprinted at Lon-
don by the Deputies of Christopher Barker. 1596. 4to.
This is another black-letter copy of Tomaon's revision of Beza's version, very
similar to the last. On the fly-leaf at the end is inscribed in a contemporary
hand the couplet : —
Eyther be as thou semes
Or seme as thou art.
Tliis is followed by another stanza in the same hand : — •
When I lend I am a f rend
But when I aske I am unkynde
So oft my f rend I make a fooe
"Where fore I will no more doe soe.
103. The New Testament. Translated out of Greke by Theod. Beza
and Englished by I^ T. Imprinted at London by Robert Barker. 1604.
24mo.
A very well used copy of this tuiy edition, almost complete.
104. The New Testament. Tomson's revision of Beza's translation.
Imprinted at London by Robert Barker. 1610. 8vo.
A much used copy, almost complete, and considerably cut down in the
binding.
105. The New Testament. Royal or Authorised version. Imprinted
at London by Robert Barker. Anno Doni. 1612. 4 to.
This edition of the Royal version is printed in long lines in a bold black-
letter type. It follows the text of the Bible of 1611, and in 2nd Timothy iv.
13 the words " and the books " are omitted. Bound up with it is a copy of the
Metrical Psalms with the times of 1()21.
106. The New Testament, faithfully translated into English out of the
Authentical Latin, with Annotiitiona, in the English College of Rhemes.
Printed at Antwerp by James Seldenach. 1G21. 12mo.
This is the third edition of the Rhemish version. The Annotations follow
the text and exceed it in bulk, the text extending to 285 pages and the Annota-
tions to 350 pages.
107. The New Testament. Royal or Authorised version. Printed at
Cambridge by the Printers to the University. 1628. 32mo.
A fairly good copy wanting the last leaf. It has been supposed to be the
I)0NATI0N8 TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBUARY. 39
first New Testaiuent printed at Cambridge, but tbere were Bibles and Testa-
ments printed there as early as 1591, though this is probably the first edition
of the Authorised version issued from Cambridge.
108. The New Testament. Royal or Authorised version. Imprinted
at London by Bonham Norton and John Bill. 1628. 32mo.
This copy is much like the last, but has been more used, and is quite
complete.
109. The New Testament. Royal or Authorised version. London,
printeii by Rol)ert Barker, and by the Assignes of John Bill. 1631.
ito.
Til is edition is printed in black-letter in long lines with the headings of the
chapters and the marginal notes in Roman letter. The title has an engraved
Ijorder, and is disfigured by a misprint, " Chist " for " Christ"
110. The New Testament, faithfully translated into English out of
the Authentical I^tin. The Fourth E<lition, enriched with Pictures.
Printed by John Costurier. [Rouen] 1633. 4to.
This edition is printed in Roman letter in long lines. The pictures are those
of the four Evangelists with their symbols, each at the beginnmg of his Gos])el,
and the Pentecost at the beginning of the Acts of the Apostles. St Paul is at
the beginning of the Ei)istles, ana St John in Patmos at the beginning of the
Revelations.
111. The New Testament. Royal or Authorised version. Eilinburgh,
l*rinted by the printers to the King's Most Excellent Majestic. Anno
l)om. 1633. 8vo.
Tliere were two editions of 1633 printed at Edinburgh, one " printed by
Robert Young," the other as above. Tliis last impression seems to have been
very limited and copies are seldom met with. Tliis is an interleaved copy and
quite perfect.
112. Reprint of Tyudale's edition of the New Testament, first
published in 1526. Ix)ndon,'5^aniuel Rigster. 1836. 8vo.
113. The New Testament in English translated ])y John Wycliffe
circa 1380, now first printed from a contempomry manuscript in the
Monastery of Sion, Middlesex. Printed at Chiswick by Charles
Whittingham for William lackering, Picadilly, London. 1848. 4 to.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
114. Reprint of The First New Testament printed in the English
I>{ingiiage (1525 or 1526), translated from the Greek by William
Tyndale, reproduced in facsimile with an Introduction hy Francis Fry,
F.S.A. Bristol, 1862. 8vo.
115. The New Testament. A Facsimile Reprint of the Genevan
Testament printed by Conrad Badius, 1557, with the initial and other
woodcuts. London, Samuel Bagster <fe Sons. 1842. 8vo.
116. The Psalmcs of Dauid. Trvely opened and explaned by
Paraphrasis, set foorth in Latine by that excellent learned man Theodore
Beza and faithfully translated into English by Anthonie Gilbie. At
London, Printed by John Harrison and Henrie Middleton. 1580.
12mo.
117. The whole Booke of Psalmss collected into English meeter, by T.
Sternhold, I. Hopkins and others, conferred with the Hebrue, with apte
notes to sing them withal. Imprinted at London by Johne Days.
1581. 8vo.
118. The Whole Booke of Psahnes, collected into English Metre by
Thomas Sternhold, John Hopkins, and others, with apt notes to sing
them withall. London, Printed by John Windet for the assignes of
Richard Day. 1601. 12mo.
119. The Whole Booke of Psalmes, collected into English Meeter by
Thomas Sternhold and John Hopkins and others, &c. Ix)ndon, Printed
for the Companie of Stationers. 1617. 12mo.
120. The Epistles and Gospels, with a brief Postyll upon the same
from Trinitie sonday tyll Advent, drawen forthe by divers learned men
for the singuler conmioditie of al good christians and namely of Prestes
and Curates. Imprinted in London by Rychard Bankes. [1541.] 8vo.
121. The Paraphrases of Erasmus on the New Testament. Printed at
London ])y Edwarde Whitchurch. Folio. 1548.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 41
122. A IMaine Discovery of tlie Whole Revelation of Saint John.
Set foorth by John Nni>eir L. of Marchistoun younger. Edinburgh,
Printed })y K«]>ert Waldegrave. 1593. 4to.
A good wpy of this rare trwitise by John Napier of Merchiston, afterwards
known as tiie famous mathematician, and the inventor of calculation by
logarithms. The book is interesting as containing the earliest notice of the
discovery of a Roman Altar at Musselburgh, which gives the words of the
inacription : — "and even at Musselburgh, amonff oumlves in Scotland, a
foundation of a Romane monument lately found (now utterlie demolished)
bearing this inscription dedicatorie — Apollini Granno Quintiu L%iciu8
Saiinvinm Proconsul A\ig"
123. The (Jospel according to Saint Matthew and part of the first
chapter of the Go8i>el according to Saint Mark translated into English
from the Greek, with original notes. By Sir John Cheke, Knight,
Secretary of State to King Edwanl VI. With an Introductory Account,
by James Goodwin, B.D. Cambridge, 1843. 8vo.
124. The Prophete Jonas. With an Introduction. By William
Tyndale. Repro<iuced in Facsimile; to which is added Coverdale's
version of Jonah. With an Introduction by Francis Fry, F.S.A.
London, 1863. 8vo.
Tliere was also Exhibited : —
(1) By the Right Hon. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., M.P.,
F.S.A. Scot.
A wooden effigy of an Ecclesiastic 2 feet 8^ inches in height, found
in a moss near the Priory of Whithorn. The wood seems to be oak
blackened by long immersion in peat. The figure is vested in ceremonial
vestments. The arms, which have not been carved out of the block but
inserted, are gone. The mitre is of the later shape, indicating a period
probably not earlier than fifteenth century. The effigy is shown in the
accompanying illustration to a scale of one-fifth.
Tlie following Communications were retid : —
Ptoceedin^s of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
I
FORTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 43
I.
PHE FORTS, * CAMPS,' AND OTHER FIELD-WORKS OF PERTH, FORFAR,
AND KINCARDINE. By D. CHRISTISON, M.D., Secretary.
Having at various times visited and made rough plans of nearly all
forts in this large district, and being privileged to use the plans and
iptions of the few that I have not seen, but which have already been
iblished in our Proceedings by Mr Alex. Hutcheson,^ I am thus able
give a tolerably exhaustive account of the whole.
The course of my investigations naturally led me to see also a good
ly of the * Roman Camps ' of the district, and of the obscure field-
rorks, the precise nature of which cannot be ascertained without ex-
■rating them — if then. Of the latter, I have attempted to give some
ecount, and I have referred briefly to others of the same kind that I
»ve not seen, classing them all in a group by themselves ; but I have
lofc descril>ed the * Roman Camps,' because the sulvject is so large as to
Bquire separate treatment.
The map (Plato I.) shows the general elevation of the land by the
Ontour lines of 500 and 1000 feet above the sea, and the principal
beams. To avoid overcrowding with names, the only inhabited places
ntered are the larger towns and such of the villages, generally of great
ntiquity, as are near the forts and serve as guides to their position,
hsides the forts and the obscure field-works noticed in the text, the
Eoman Camps,' although undescribed for the reason just given, have
>een introduced on the map to give some additional value to it as a
ecord of the fortified works of the district. All the works either have
heir special designation attached, when they have one, or are named
tfter the hill on which tliey stand, or the nearest inhabited place. Tlie
iifierent classes are distinguished by tlie marks explained on the map,
I * " Notes on the Stone Circle near Kenmore, and of some Hill Forts in the neigh-
Wurhood of Aberfeldy, Perthshire," by Alexander Hutcheson, F.S.A., Architect,
fBroughty Ferry, /Vo^*. S. A, Hcot., xxiii. 356.
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER II, 1899.
and lus the objects in each class are taken in the text from the south and
west north wanl and eastward, their place on the map should be the
more easily found. Certain oliscure works in Glenlyon, which lie l^eyond
the map, are given from the Onhiance Survey on a separate little chart
(tig. 55).
My plans are orientetl with the north to the top of the Figures, and
they are on the scale of 120 ft to the inch, unless when otherwise
stite*i. The protile** are usually on twice that scale. All heights of
ramparts, etc., are perpendicular heights.
A few contractions of words that occur frequently are used in the
text Most of these are easily enough understood, and all that seem to
require explanation are O.M. for Ordnance Map ; O.S.A. and N.S.A. for
the Old and Xew Statistii*al Accounts of Scothuid.
General Description of the District.
The district dealt with nearly corresponds with the South Pictland
of Skene, including the vaguely defined Fortrenn, but without Fife,
which is reluctantly excludeii, as I have no personal knowledge of its
forts. It is a district well defineii by nature as well as by the isolation
of its forts from other groujvs. On the east it is bounded by tlie North
Sea, On the north, a wide elevated tract destitute of forts divides it
fn>m the AWnleenshire gnnip. On the west, the Gnunpians, also
entirely without forts, limit the unit^nl grouj^s of Angus and the
Meiirns, and if in Perthshire the fort.** do creep up tlie Highland glens it
is only to find tluMusclves cut oflf by a vast sivice from gix^uj^s further west.
Finally, on the s*nith, a tongue of high tableland pn>jecting from the
Highland!^ towanU the Ochils op|M»sito (Uoncagles, and the Ochils running
thence to the Firth of Tay, ft^rni a well markcii Knindary.
Beside.*? towns oi iniiH^rtance al the present day, or in some instances
long Wfore it the district contains AUTnithy. Foru»viot, and Sci>ne, the
now decaye^l capit^ils of tlie l^ct^Ss lvside> Ihnidurn. the proliable chief
stn^nghold of Fortrenn, als<^ m.vny villai^es wlioso great antiquity is testified
FORTS, * CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 45
by the carved stones still existing at them, and although the number of
forts is comparatively small, there is no other district in Scotland that
contains so great a proportion of large and im|)ortant examples.
The country people, particularly of Angus and Mearns, although
allocated in our military system to Highland regiments, appeared to me
to be of a marked Liowland type in character, manners, and appearance ;
and the very small proportion of Highland names on the tombstones in
the churchyards, even those on the Higldand border, indicates a small
admixture of blood with the neighbouring Celts. I have been furnished
by my friend Dr Beddoe with the following note on this sulyect : —
" Surnames in Laurencekirk Kirkyard, — Every tombstone was counted
separately, but four or five identical surnames on one tombstone were
reckoned as only one.
Percent
Surnames: Highland,.
20
8-5
„ Border or Lothian,
10
4-2
Doubtful, .
14
6-
„ Others,
. 192
81-3
Some of those stated to be of doubtful origin may have been really
Highland ones ; the * others ' were of various Lowland Scotch tyj^s, or
common to England and the Scotch Lowlands. The inference I draw
is that there has not been much immigration from the Highlands since
this part of the country was Saxonised,
In illustration, I may add the following facts extracted from the
Parish Registers of Muthill in Perthshire : —
Out of 200 entries of names in the years 1697 to 1700, 83, or 41*5
per cent, were of Highland type. But in 200 names taken from the
Registers of the period between 1845 and 1886, only 32, or 16 per cent.,
-were distinctly Highland. In this case the change of i>optdation seems
to have been due to a current setting in from the Ix)wlands, or perhaps
partly from the Highland families moving into the large towns."
The distinction of race is also strongly brought out by the difference
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
in tlie colour of hair and eyes, as ascertained by Dr Beddoe in observa-
tions made in 1898, but not yet published.
Classification.
A strictly scientilic or accurate classification of objects that have
suliered so much from gradual decay, and so much more from the
ruthless hand of man, and which are often so ovei-grown with turf and
weeds that without excavation we cannot even he sure whether they
are of earth or stone, is obviously impossible. The best I can make of it
is to divide the o])jects under the following chief heads : —
I. p]arth works and prokable Earthworks.
II. Stone Forts and probable Stone Forts.
III. .Sites of Forts with little or no remains.
IV. Dubious works or sites, marked Fort or Camp on the O.^F.
V. Dubious works or sit(^s, possil)ly miliUiry, not marked Fort
or Camp tm the O.^I.
I. EARTHWORKS AND PROBABLE EARTHWORKS.
(a) Earthwork Resembling a Typical Mote.
1. If division of our .subject be difficult, subdivision is still more so, but it
may l>e said that only one work can be structurally classed without doubt na
a SloU*. Tliis is the Cairn Beth of the O.M., the Cairn Ikddie, Caer Bed,
Ciwr Beth or Macbeth^s Castle of the N.S.A. Tlie true local name appeiirs
to have l>een Cairn Jieddie, and the Caer Bed or Beth are probably interpreta-
tions to leiul up to Macbeth's Castle, a title which I cannot trace to an earlier
source than the N.S.A. Tlie site is 5 m. N.E. of Perth, 7(X) yds. N.W.
of St Martin's Churcli at the bottom of a gentle hollow, clase to a small rill,
and 2.")0 ft. alx)ve the s(M. Hie work is niueh ploughed down, but still shows
the ]>lan (fig. 1) of a typical mote with a squarish 1){1.«h' court snrrouudi»d by a
trench, the moti^ or mound descending on one side into the trencli. The niotii is
now only 8 or 10 ft. liigli and tlie trench almost tilled up, but the writ<T in the
N.S.A. siys that twenty-fourye^ars In-fore he wrote, a great ([uantity (^f eart,h wa.**
removed, and even after his time the O.M. rejiresents it as well ]>re.si'rve<l, the
mote having a tlat toj* 50 ft. in diameter, the base court measuring 230 by
200 ft. insith', and the trench 40 to 45 ft. in width.
FORTS, 'CA^fPS/ ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 47
(h) Earthworks with somk Structural Rf>semblanck to Military MoTEii,
OR WITH Mote or Moat Marked at them ox the O.M.
I have placed together all the works with tlie term Moat or Mote attached to
them on tne O.M. Unfortunately the term is there used in various senses, but
by favour of Colonel D. A. Johnston, R.E., Director of the Survey, I am enabled
to state in the following paragraphs in which ca.se8 it designates a mound, and
in which merely a trencii connectwl with a fort. The information, however,
came too late to enable me to recast this unsatisfactory subdivision. In the
present revision of the ma|)8, the distinction between Motr, a military, generally
circular eminence, and iV/oa/, a trench, is to Ijo observed, and neither term is to
be used for an ordinary mound. It is questionable whether in any case in the
district the term is traditional and looal, or whether any of these works have
been military motes. Most of them, as far aw structure goes, have nearly an
ecjual claim to the title of mote or fort.
2. Inchbrakii*. — On a level field 2i m. E. of (•rieff, in the gi-ounds of
Abercaimey, 150 ft. above the sea, is* this puzzling structure. Moiit marked
on it on the O.M., as shown in fig. 2, signifies the surrounding trench, which
with its appurtenances is s(» drawn there as to Ik* not quite intelligible ; I
have therefore, while adopting the form and dimensions of the Ordnance Plan,
represented the enclosing trench, etc., so as to corres})ond with my section A B,
which is given on a larger scale.
In fonu the work is a long, pretty regular oval, rather broader at the E.
tlian the W. end, and the dimensions over all are nearly 900 by 360 ft. The
structure rises gradually into a much-flattened dome, not more than 25 ft.
above the level of the surrounding ])ark, but it is j»retty steeply scarped for a
perpendicular height of 6 to 8 ft. down to the trench, which is only 3 ft. wide
ana is l>ounded outside by a mound 18 ft. across and 3 to 4 ft. high above
both the trench and the field, so that the trench is not a dug out trench as far
as appearances go. An entrance, much modernised, 30 ft wide, comes in from
the N. near the W. end, and at that i»art there seems to have l)een some
levelling of the interior. H(»re and then* a slight indication of a jMirajKit may
be seen at the top of the scarp.
Of the * Castle of InchbraKie ' not a trace is to Ixj st^en, but the neglected fine
old trees and dense imdergi-owth make a i)roi>er examination difficult. On the
whole it seems not unlikely that this may have been a Mote of unusual form
and size, on which a mediaeval castle was afterwards l)uilt.
3. Moiit^ the Law, are the names given on the O.M. to a mound, Ij m.
S.E. of Dunnichen Church and 600 yds. S. of Idvies House. It is situated
464 ft. alx)ve the sea, on the summit of a broad flat elevation or ridge, com-
manding an extensive view. The mound rises 12 to 15 ft. alx)ve the
field, and is very conspicuous with its steep green sides crowned with trees. It
has a slightly domed toj> only 18 ft. in diametiT, green like the slopes, but with
a aniall Yieap of stones on the toj*. The slope falls tm a retaining stone wall 4
ft. high which girths the foot with a circumference of 280 ft. There is no
sign of a trench, and the term Mont {nwtt^ was adopted on the Ordnance Plan
for the very unsatisfactory reason that criminals were said to have been executed
on it. The small rounded top seems ill adapted to the use of the work as a
Mote. 300 yds. N.E. of it is the " site of Idvies Church," with no remains.
y >>"" Sire of
■7
Inchbrakle Cairlc
"•**?%?>,..
• • • -^*^\n.v,;i;;%fcfsM-,%nwvr;"
,^
Cairn ..<';'"'•-.., 1
/ .5."
Callows Law.Garayrte 3
5^
Scalf forallrhfPlan^ i<fe-
Figs. 1 to 11. Earthworks in Perth, ADgus, and Mcarns.
fr'OKTS, * (AMI'S/ KTC, OF PKIJTII, FOHFAH, ANP KINCAHI»INE. 40
4. Af'Mit, Gallmrn Ltuv (lig. 3), is the next i'xainnlf, 3 iii. E.N.E. from
lilt* lajst, \ 111. N. of (Iiuilyiie Castle, J m. S.S.K. ot (lUthrie Church, and
alK>iit :2U<J ft. aljove the W*a. It is conr^jiicuoiisly jilaatl at the very W.
ciul of a siiigiiliir, narrow, artilicial-lookiiig lnit natural ridge which runs K.
and W. on a field Hloi>ing gently from S. to N. This mound rises
j^^mcltially from the E., with a gently-rounded crest and Bteep sides, 15 to 2ri
ft. lii^li on the S. and 30 U* 45 on the N. On nearing the W, end, aft4M'
Fig. 12. Castlchill, Insbewau.
a tiourse of 70 yds., a trench cuts off the mote, which risi's H ft. above
the trench, lias a fiat top, 27 hy 18 ft., and falls steeply about 20 feet to the
S. and 40 to the N., upon the field. The W. fac«* is (luarriinl away (at
6 on the plan and section) and shows nothing but sand and rollwl i)ebbles from
U>p to iHjtttnii. Tlie name Gallmcs Law seems n<»t inappnipriatt*, from the
following abbreviated reference in the O.S. account : " Two artiti(rial conical
mounds called laxcn exist at Id vie and (iardyne. An old man told Tliomas
VOL. XXXIV. l>
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
Lyel that he saw two Highlanders taken with stolen cattle, judged, condemned,
and hanged on the Law of Gardyne" (early in the eighteenth century), but this
is no reason for calling it also a Moat (Mote),
5. Passing now to the high tableland upon which the high road from Forfar
to Brechin runs, we come on the Mote of Melgund of the O.M., the only
instance, within our review, of the spelling mote in place of moat. The site is
1| m. N.E. of Aberlemno Church on the broad summit of Angus Hill,
451 ft. above the sea. It is represented on the O.M. as a very small, shapeless
mound, and >>tis prol>ably then undergoing a gradual destniction, which seems
to be now complete, as I could find no trace of it on the site in a field then under
turnips.
6. Scarcely 2^ m. E. of this, J m. S.S.E. of Aldhar Castle, and 2 m.
S.W. of Brechin, Mont is marked on the O.M. on a gently sloping field 316
ft. above the sea, at a place called Chapel. The term here means a trench,
but it must have disappeared, and I coula see nothing but a cottage and garden
beside a square enclosure, fenced by a low mound, on the top of which was a "
ruined wall, of which the N. side, 104 ft. long, and part of the E. and W.
sides, 84 and 48 ft., remained. The site seems to have been of some import-
ance formerly, as on the O.M., besides the names fJhapely and Priest Shed
(apparently the name of a field close to Moat), there is a Court Law 200 yds. to
the S. ana Sit^ of Clmrch Barns 400 yds. S.W. I have retained this and the
preceding No. 5 in this class, l^ecause they are marked * Moat* on the O.M. But
strictly they should have been relegated to the chiss with no existing remains.
7. The last occurrence of the word Moat (here signifying trench) on the
O.M. is at Castlehillj Inshewan (fig. 12), which is situated on the N. kink
of the South Esk, about 300 ft. above the sea, 2 m. W.S.W. of Tannadice
Churcli, and 500 yds. W.N.W. of Inshewan House. The river here flows
l>etween perpendicular clitfs, and the fortress is formed by cutting a deep trench
landward, where there i.s a bend of the river, the land side of the long oval
being protected by the trench, and the river side by the cliflf 30 or 40 ft. in
height, and the foaming river rushing along in its rocky bed below. The
trench is remarkably deep and steep, and from the configuration of the ground
the counterscarp is higher than the scarp in the proportion of 25 to 15 ft.,
where highest, about tho middle. Eastward, however, from the natural fall in
the landward ground, the height of the counterscarp diminislies rapidly as it
curves towards the river, and the entrance, C, is here, close to the stream. The
nearly level and pretty regularly oval interior measures alx)ut 150 by 100 ft.
A slight banking up of the landward edge may be remains of a ramixxrt. There
are no signs of stone work and no stones lie about.
(c) Earthworks with Some Resemblance to Military Motes,
BUT NOT Marked Mote oh Moat on the O.M.
8. The only earthwork resembling a mote in the Highlands of Perth is on
the T(yrr UiU,\ m. S.S.W. of Aherfeldy, on the left bank of Moness Bum, 400
ft. above the sea, within 50 yds. of the i)ublic rojul to Crieflf. Mr Hutcheson,
from whose mper I take the plan (fig. 13), calls it a very distinct and well-
marked eartlien fort, measuring internally 154 by 124 ft., rectangular in form.
FOKTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 51
^vith. tiv-o trenches ou the slojie, varying from 24 to 36 ft. in width, and rising
40 to 45 ft. above the surrounding ground. He also states that, on the ascend-
^"'f
./«^-
5?
y. '
I
^tcTionoymil rfi-^
Fig. 13. Earthwork, Torr Hill, Aberfeldy. (Mr Hutchesoii.)
ing s^op® ®^ ^^® ^^ ^^ ^^® ^' °^ ^^ ^^'**'» *'^cre are several otlier wcll-mnrked
trenches, which may have been thrown up as outworks tr) protect the foit on
that the most vulnerable side.
52
PKOCEEOINCiS OF THK SOCIETY, DEf'EMHEIJ 11, 1899.
Tliis work seems to Iw altogether of ratlier a Qiiique kind. Tt in so in the
first place hecause earthen forts are exceedingly rare in the S«'0ttish Highlands ;
but it is also reniarkahle for its recUingidar form. It will l)e observed from
Mr Hutcheson's plan that, although the interior is rectangular with rounded
angles, the trenches assume a more circular form. In these respects it resembles
the * Roman Post' of Kaim^ Castle between Ardoch and Strageath, and no
other work with which I am acquainted. On paper the Torhill work is some-
what su^estive of a terraced mote, and what with that and its position so near
to a low lying inhabited site, it seems not unlikely that it may ne a work of the
mote period.
9. Dundee Law. — This conspicuous green eminence rises on the N.W. side of
the town of Dundee to a height of 572 ft. above the sea, the last 100 ft being
d ^
3 ; s
c
■JMni... .^
/
>. a 1 :*
B
very steep
Fig. 14. Dundee Law.
very steep all round, but particularly on the X. The summit is nearly level
but with a gentle incline to the S. and E., and the fort (fig. 14), measuring
'2()i) by 170 ft. over all, occuj^ies the whole of it. The work is peculiar for a
hill site, l)eing striclly rectilmear, except for a rounded annex at the N. end,
which is outside the main rami)art and follows the contour of the hill top there.
The inner area mejisuros about 140 by 80 ft. ; and the northern jmrt. A, for a
bre^idth of 30 ft, is very slightly raised al)ove the southern i>art, B, and ha«» a
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
11. 1| 111. S.E. of Glamis Church, | m. N.W. of Arniefoul hamlet, in
Hayston wood (now much cut down), fully 700 ft. above the sea, on the
top of a lofty ridge commanding a fine view, is this circular little work
(fig. 5), consisting of a flat-topped mound not more than 5 or 6 ft high,
i^O ft. in diameter on the toi>, sloping gently to a slight rampjart, if it may
be so-called, 12 ft. broad ana only a foot or two in height, which environs it
all round, the over-all diameter being alx)ut 120 ft. Many rounded pebbles
of considerable size show in chance breaks of the mound, but no stones suitable
for building. The ground for a great distance round alx)ut has been surface-
quarried for slate.
12. At Canterla7id, J m. N.N.W. of the farm of that name, Ij m. E. of
Marykirk, 4j m. N. of Montrose, 406 ft. above the sea, on the level summit
of a ridge at the very S.W. end of Garvock Hill, with a commanding view
to the S. and W., stands a work (fig. 6) closely resembling the last, being
nearly circular, and having a central mound 6 ft. high but only 20 ft. in
diameter on the flat top, with sides sloping gently to an encircling mound
not 2 ft. liigh, which differs from that at Arniefoul in being double with some
compartments, perliaps changes due to digging. The central mound has also
been much dug into, revealing the same composition as at Arniefoul.
(d) Apparent Earthworks that ark probably Forts and not Motes.
13. Beginning from the south and west, as under the previous head, the
first in this class is the Fort of the O.M. and Pod of Roy on the Grinnan Hill
of Keir, — The site is less than J m. S.W. of Ardoch camp, 420 ft above the
sea, on the edge of a steep descent, 40 to 50 ft high, to Keir Burn, but only
slightly elevated above the field towards Braco village. It has apparently been
an earthwork with a scmioval triple line of defence (fig. 15), j)artly ram-
parted and trenched, jwirtly terraced, the l)road oval being rudely completed by
the unfortified edge of the steej) Imiik. The entrance, a, is along the narrow
crest of a ridge, h, from the E., and it in likewise approached by a rude i-oad-
wav, c, from the burnside lx*low.
Ro/s i)lan makes the work neiirly complete, but t\w middle half of the lines
no longer exists. He siiys that it may have lK?en a work of the natives before
the arrival of the Romans, but calls it a (Roman ?) * post.' There can be no
doubt that it belongs to a common tyi>e of native fortresses. Its extreme length
is about 320 ft, and the interior may liave been about 200 by 170.
14. Uni. E.N.E.of Blackford Church, 180 ydn. N.W. of the ci-oss-rotuls at
Loaninyhead, opposite the mouth of Gleiieagles, the easiest pass through the
Ochils from Perth to P'ife, is another Fort (hg. 16), 5i m. nearly due E. of the
last, which it closely resembles, and marked * Konian (lamp ' on the O.M. The
site, i m. W.S.W. of Criett' Junction, occupies the whole of an oval eminence,
620 ft above the sea, rising alM)ut 25 ft above a field on the N.E. side, and only
8 or 10 al>ove one on tlu* S.W. side. This eminence forms the central jwirt of a
little ridge, but is a^jpnached from it at each eiul by narr(>\v necks, B and D.
The entrance, I K, is not from either neck, but from the field U) the S.E. The
defences at the ends, AB and CD, consist of a steej) scar[> from the interior,
falling on a trench, beyond which is a i-ami«irt and second trench. The scarp
and rampart are in some i)laces 9 ft. above the bottom of the ti-enches in their
FOKTS, 'CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 55
.■oSSiS
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
fiDiit. Oil the N.E. face, E, F, the trenches jiass into terraces which have no
iwii-ai>et*5. On the S.W. face, where they are most i^equired, the defences are
entirt^ly gone. The dimensions of this oval fort are al)OUt 380 hy 200 ft. over
all, the interior l)eing alxmt 230 by 120.*
15. On the tnlge of a j*t<K»j) wooded Ivank, (50 ft. high, which falls on a liau^h
enclosed to the S.E. and W. hy a looj) of the River Almond, 2 m. from its
mouth, 1 0() ft. above the sea, at JHUairiiffirtni, is this semicircular work (fig. 7),
the base l>eing formed by the straight and unfortified edge of the bank. To the
X. the semicircular lines face neiirly level ploughed land and have been a
good deal destroyed. Whert^ most perfect, in a plantation at the W. end, they
consist of a scarp 6 ft. high, with two momids 5 and 3 ft. high beyond, on
a pretty steep sIoih* ; but in the ctiiitre towards the N. there is a terrace 10 ft.
wide in rear of the outer mound. The inner scai*p is parapetted only at the
entrance, which is from the N.W. Tlie length of the base over all is 270 ft.,
and the width of the interior, which contains a ixictangular foundation, from N.
to S. 135. Apparently it is a pure earthwork.
16. The next on the list, witliin the gi*ounds of Cidtoquey, clo^ to the high
i-oad, 2 m. N.E. of Crietf, i m. E. of Gilmeiixjn Church, 370 ft. above tlie
sea, is marked * Roman OutposJ, ' on the O.M., but there can hardly
Ije a doubt tliat it belongs to a common class of native works, in whicn
the extn^mity of a ridge or tongue of land, whether on the coast or inland, is
converted into a fortre&s simply by drawing an intrenchment across the top of
the ridge, the enceinte elsewhere showing in general no fortification, and having
iKJcn prolttbly defended by a jwdisade wherever the natural strength was
insutticient. In this instance the ridge, al)OUt 30 ft. high, rises steeply on the
N. side, l)Ut the ascent is generally gentler from the S. Tlie intrenclmient
runs nearly stmight for alwmt 120 Ft. acjross the t<3p of the ridge, and is
carried j)artially down its slows. It consit^ts of two ramimila or mounds and
two titmches covering a wiclth of about 60 ft., and is peculiar in this respect,
that it is apj»arently designed to defend, not the small extivmity of the ridge t<»
the E., but the main ridge, 2(X) yds. in length, t^) the AV. The easterly mound
in ])articular is massive, and at one i)oint ris<\*< 9 ft. alcove the trench to the E.
The straight coui-se of the intrenchment is pn^lwibly the only reason why it
has l^een ascribed to the Romans.
17. R'lssing to the north and efist side of the Tay we encounter two
earthworks on the Sid law Hills. The first is at Erdick, 500 yds. W.S.W. of
the ruined castle of that name, and 1| m. W. of Kilspindie Church. It is
reared 2CK) ft. above tlu* old Ccistle and 890 ft. above the seii, on one
of sevond little rather liat-toi>i>ed eminences which form the tiibleland
summit of Pole Hill, the highest of which attains 940 ft. The green height
on which the fort stands is conspicuous from l)elow and looks down upon the
castle, but the fort is invisible till the hill is climlied, as the works face ^.E. and
X.W. to the tableland, wheine they ai-e easily accessil)le. In strong contrast to
the accressibility on that side, the ground falls directly from the fort with
extreme st^-epness l'CX) ft. U) the S.E., 5(K) It. to the' S., to the ebasm of
' hy an uulortuiiiite error in the tigurcs of the scale, li«^. 3«^, j). yr>, ol my work on
fCt/rlt/ Furlijirn Units ill HcofltnKf, this fort and the preceding one, as well as idl tlie
othei-s in the said ligure, are given only half their proj)er size.
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 57
Pitroilie Burn, and to the S.W. fonuH a deep and steep cleft in the liill, like a
natural trench. As the position is a cliaracteristic one I have given a general
]>]an of it (fig. 17), while the fortitications are shown on the UAiial scale in fig.
1 8. A slight mound at the edge of the steep descents is sufficient protection for the
:>ides that are so well defended by nature ; but towanls the E., where the ground
is weakest, a scarj) 7 ft. high falls on a ten-ace, and tliat again upon a second
''*'''""^^^"4«'am2i& '^"""'■"■'"'"i
Fig. 17. Position of Evelick Foit on Pole Hill.
terrace, with a wide Irench and two slight ramixarts or mounds l^yond. To the
VV. there is a mu(-h longer sciirp 10 ft. high, a single tvrrace 9 ft. wide and a
trench and ningle mound iH'yond. The change fiom one system to the other
takes yhu'Xi at what seems to havt* l>een the chief entrance, which passes obliquely
thniugh the lines, but there wa.s prolwibly another where the lines end ciistward
at the steep face. The broad i>e;ir-slifii)ed interior mwisures 350 by an avenige
of 200 ft. on the O.M. and the dimensions over all 460 by :J80.
18. The eecond of the Sidlaw Hill earthen forts is at the E. end of the little
58
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
hamlet of Rait, § m. N.E. of Kilspindie Cliurch, about 100 ft. above the
aea, and at the very foot of the Braes of Carse (of Gowrie). This
fortress (fig. 8) is of the same type as No. 16. A narrow, steep-sided spit of
land, a sudden contraction of a gently rounded little ridge that nms down to the
Carse from the steep braes, is cut off by three slighUy curved and massive
very steep dcsceaC,^
C
Fig. 18. Earthwork, Evelick.
mounds, 30 to 40 ft. wide and rising 7 to 8 ft. a])0ve the two intervening
trenches. A ramp-entrance crosses the lines obliquely. The length of the cut-
off spit is alx)ut .500 ft., its height 25 to 30 ft., and it ends uy an abrupt
descent to the highway at the very edge of the Carse. Its naturally scanty
width has been much narrowed by the quarrying of sand and gravel from
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 59
its western face, so that in some places the top is now a mere crest a few
feet wide.
19. Pastsing into the county of Forfar, we do not meet with any unequivoiiil
earthen fort in the interior, but on the coast there are thn»e which are little
rock fastnesses, so strong by nature as to require but little aid from art. They
ai^ all of the 'cut-off promontory' type. The first is Maiden Castle (fig. 0
and sketcli, fig. 19), IJ m. E.N.E. of Arbroath at the S. end of Carling-
heugh Bay. A Hat-U)pi)ed, narrow point al)out 80 ft. high is protected by a
mural precipia* all round, except where it approaches the land on the N.
Fi<;. 19. Maiden Ca.stle, near Arbroath.
(where the precipice is reulaced by a very steep grassy slope), and on the land
side itself, from which it nas been cut off Ijy a deep trench, alx)ve which towers
a lofty, massive ram]>art of earth, rising about 21 ft. above the trench and 14
above* the interior. This mound, as shown in the sketch, fig. 19, taken from
the S., is very conspicuous on a coast where the land seems as if it had Ijeen
close-shaven by the wind.
20. IJ m. to the N.E., further along the coast, and h m. S. of Auch-
iiiithie, is IauI Castle (tig. 10 and sketch, fig. 20), forniing the S. point
of Castlesea Bay, 100 ft. high, girt with red pi-ecipices, excejjt towards
the land, where it has a broad, straight gnissy front, whidi, falling steeply 40 or
50 ft, contracts to a narrow neck joniing it to the mainland. This neck is pre-
cipitous on the N. side, and slopes steeply to the rocky sea, so that the
access to the fort is difficult and even dangerous. Not content with this, the
defenders have reared a massive mound, 5 ft. in height aljove the interior, from
precipice to precipice at the top of the 8lopt\ The present jvith skirts oblicpiely
up the sloiKi to the S. end of the rami>art. Prolwibly this was the original
access, as there are some signs of a passage cut through the rampart here. The
interior is at first of full breadth in rear of the rampart, but (piickly contracts
to a narrow passage leading to a small level s<piare at the far end, the highest
60
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
point. The sketch (tig. 20) shows the precjipitoiis N. side of the neck, and the
perfectly inaccessible N". side of the fortress.
Fig. 20. Lud Castle, Auchmithie.
21. Facing the pictiircs<[ue but decaying fishing vilhige of Auchmithie
(the Mussclcraig of The Antiqiuiry), from a distance of a few hundred yards,
is 6W^ ii^ocA; (fig. 11), a level- topi^ed, square i)rojection, measuring about 100
ft. each side, and about 100 ft. high. 1 hree sides are of i)eri>endicular riick,
and the fourth is cut otl* from the mainland 1)y a curved double mound with
two trenches. The profile of tliose is very slight, but they stretch from edge to
edge of the precipice and their combined width is 00 ft., so that there can be
little doubt that tlie place has l>een a fortress.
22. In the interior of the Mearns there is no certain example of a coast rock-
fortress, although BomJum^ near Stonehaven, may lay some claim to the title,
and in the interior there are but two forts of the earthen type, one of which
is now Ijarely recognisable. This is Castle IHkeSj of the O.M., h ni. E. of Arbuth-
not Church, 150 ft. al>ove the sea, on a flat promontory in the angle of junction
of the steep little Chapel Den with the Bervie Water, raised about 60 ft. alK)Ve
the latter, with jiretty steep slojxjs to the E., N., and S. A distinct enough,
wide and straight undulation ot the ground, 350 ft. long, croj>sing the flat and
cutting oil the promontory, is all that can Ije seen, but it corresponds in jKwition
with the rampart, 30 ft. wide, and trench on its W. side marked on the O.M. ;
and reasoning from analogy, there can Ikj little doul:>t that this was a * cut-oil''
fort with an earthen ramj>art now nearly i)louglied down, the interior space
iHiing about 350 by 250 ft.
23. The (►tlicr Mearns fort of the earthen class is 2 m. N.N.E. of Fetterc-airn
Church, jl 111. N.W. of Pliesdu ll()ns<», and alnnit a mile from the site of
ancient Kincardine Utwn and the remains of the castle. It is the remarkably
strong (rrcen Castle (tig. 21) of the O.M. (although I could not find that it was
known by that name locidly). The site is a strong one, 400 ft. above the sea,
VC>UT«, 'camps/ etc., of PEKTII, FORKAK, ANT) KINC^ARPINE. 61
,j^^ j^ liig^^ lH>iiit of laud overlf>okiiig tlie Ferdun Water, and it in fortified by a
rtiTig^*^ r5Uui)art of earth 8 or J) ft. }»ro;ul on the top, rising a8 much a])ove the
iiitAfTior, and falling stet'ply 20 to 30 ft. in iK'rr)endi(Uilar height niion a wide
t,reno\\ >vith a coimtei'8oar]> 3 to 8 ft. high. The height of the rani|>iirt al)Ove
../"'^L
*'-.rjTr-*'''
SO o so looyf
Fig. 21. Green Castle, nenr Kincarrlino Castlo, Fettercairn.
the interior is a peculiar character, and bIiows that it must luive lx;en defended
from the broad top, prolwibly from behind a ywilisade. The dimensions over
all on the O.M. plan are about 400 ft. by 3(K) at the bi-oad and :200 at the
narrow end of the iwar-shaiHKl structure. Tlie interior within the rami)art i.s
220 by 120 and 50 ft
62 PROCEEDINGS OF TITE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
JI. STONE FORTS AND PROBABLE STONE FORTS.
The Stone Forts of the district iiumlx;r twenty-two ; not many for so large an
area, but several of them are among the largest and most interesting in Scot-
land. They are so distributed as to be conveniently divisible into groui>8,
situated in certain mountainous or hilly districts.
(a) Stone Forts in the Highlands of Perth.
Tlie stone forts in the Higlilands of Perth are seven in numl)er, of which six
are in the basin of the Tay. The solitary one in the west of the county, or in
the Ixasin of the Forth, was prol)ably outside the Pictish kingdom, but it is
noticed here, as it completes the list of Perthshire forts.
24. Diimnore on Ben Ledi, a two miles* walk from Callander, 1100 yards W.
by S. of Bochastle Farm, and 350 N. of Tnmndoun, lurched upon a prominent
knoll alx)ut 400 ft. al)Ove the high road and Loch Venachar, and 600 above the
sea, is a fine example of the type in which a semioval front of fortification
defends the accessible side of a fort, the other side or Ijase resting on the edge of
a precipitous bank (fig. 22). In this case the bank, which is on the east side,
is about 150 ft. high, and is broken by rocky faces, and, although it can Ik*
climl)ed, is impracticable to an attacking force. To the west and north the
ground falls pretty steeply from the interior for al)out a height of 25 ft., below
which there is on the north a small enclosed but not fortihed plateau, and on
the west a quite gentle descent. On the steep part four parallel abrupt green
mounds circle round, but large stones are everywhere eml)edded in them, and
there can l)e no doubt, as Miss Maclagan ^ points out, that they are really stom*
walls overgrown with turf. These walls l)emg built on a steep slope were much
higher on the outt»r than the inner side, and must have had much the character
of revetements with .stone toi)s or ixaraiKits. The top of the inner wall is now
only faintly indicated. The height ot the mounds varies from 6 or 7 to 10 ft.
on an average, but in one place is a.s much as 13 ft. The second and the third
mounds unite as they circle to the north, and there the front of fortification
Incomes straight. The flank of the wall here is the wefikest part of the fort,
as the ends of the lower walls are raisetl only a few feet alx>ve the moderately
easy ascent from the east, and their front rises from the level plateau.
At the south end there is a smaller plateau before the entrance, which passes
only through the fii-st mound, and is continued by a footpath \vhich jwvsses over
rather than through the other mounds, and is proUibly modern.
The entrance to the north platiyui, at the S. end of its W. side, is api)roached
by something like a roivdway in front of the fortitied lines. The inner area
iiieasures alx>ut 180 ft. froniN. to S. by 150 from E. to W., but a part of the
latter measurement, 60 feet wide at the broadest part, is a rather awkward dope
to the precipitous edge. A deep hollow in the inU'rior, moist at the bottom,
pi-obably marks a partially filled in well or cistern.
The ground plan is foimded on that of the O.M., with which my tape-
measurements of some of the chief dimensions substantially agreed.
• ///// Forts (did SUmr Circhs of Scothnid^ Miss ('hristiiia Maclagan, p. .'iS ; and
Proc. .S. A. Srot., ix. 3G.
FORTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 63
':> PI
S ^ '^th
^f^au
^ ^ the r
^^1^^
o
.^'•^
v-*
<^V
f'"'
Fig. 22. Danniore, Bochastle, Ben Ledi.
64
I'lior-EEDINOS f)F THE SOCIETV, DECEMKEI! 11, 1899.
.i!|.
i3
3
^^JB ^
,r^
!
f:
/
/111 u
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AXD KINCARDINE. 65
Explanation of the Plan, Fio. 23.
North Sif/e of thr Fort,
A Ci'ivered way. ascending from the plain.
B X Earthen (?) mound.
K First plateau, with levelled space, 1).
F G First wall entirely thrown down, like all the rest, with entrance at F.
H Advanced mound, at foot of rocky ridge on which F G stood.
I Second plateau, a rough hollow.
K L Its nortn wall continued, rising abruj)tly fmm L, to the third plateau.
N Its south wall, near the f K)t of the precipice, cutting off a possible but
difficult ascent to the top.
O Third plateau, 50 ft. above the second.
M Its west wall, the second line of defence.
P End of its north wall at edge of southern precipice.
Q Third wall of defence, running from south ])recipice edge up a steep slo]>e
and above a rocky bluff to foot of a cliff near the top.
T Level top 60 to 70 ft diameter, defended by little cliffs joined by walls.
Wed Side of III,' Fort,
S First wall, about half-way up, drawn along ed;<e of a steep rocky sloiie from
top of south to top of north preci])ice. A narrow passage runs in its
rear, from which rises the rocky ascent to the second wall. Near
the north end is an entrance, approached by a path u}) the hill from
the plain.
R Second wall, on edge of steep rocky slope, drawn from precipice to preci-
pice, and very near the top.
25. Dundum, — Elsewhere ^ I have given a full dej?criptioii of this interesting
hill-fortress, and I shall quote here merely the chief points, elucidating them
by a plan and two views taken from photographs (figs. 23, 24, 25). The name
of the hill on the O.M. is Dunifillan, and it i^ not marked as having a fort.
But I found that the recognised name of the hill on the spot is Dunum, and
that it was occupied by an undou])ted fort. It is therefore in all probability
the Duitiduim, identifie<l by Skene'- as the priucipil stronghold of Fortrenn,
althoa^h he does not seem to have l^een aware that any remains of a fortress
still existed on the hill. Tliat distinguished authority points out that Dundiiru
is twice mentioned by the early annalists as the seat of historic events : — (1 )
A.D. 6d3, Obsessio Dninatt et Duinduirn ; (2) a.d. 878-9, when mrrrtuiLS est in
Duwleorn is recorded of King Girig ; and Dr Skene holds that the identity of
the place is proved by the lines of St IJerchan (Uth century) —
" By him shall be attacked the powerful house.
Ah, my heart ! on the Umks of the Earn
Red sliall be the colour of the house Ijefore him,
He shall fall by the men of Fortrenn."
The site is on an abrupt, craggy, isolated hill, rLsiiig almost to a point, and the
walls of the fort have l^een built from crag to crag, or along the edges of precijiices
^ Efirlif Fo^rtifiw^ivns in HcoHnnd, 1898.
'^ CrZtic Scotland, i. pp. 261, 330.
VOL. XXXIV. E
66
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SO*riETV, DECEMBEB 11, 1899.
' i
Sfif
>
>£
I ^
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 67
and steep descents, just as the nature of the ground dictated. The hill rise8 to a
height ot 500 ft. above the sea, and 200 above the haugli of the Earn, a mile
below its exit from Locheam, in the midst of one of the most charming scenes
in Scotland. Its form is somewhat triangular (fig. 23), the southern side rising
by a nearly inaccessible precipitous face from the Alt logain, the western by a
very abrupt ascent, bi-oken by steeply sloping ice-smoothed rock-faces and little
cliffs, while the northern, rising abruptly at first, eases off suddenly into three
rough irregular plateaux, E, 1, O, raiseii one above the other from W. to E.,
and lioimded on the S. by a mural j>recipice, X N, which rises to the toj) of
the hill, completely cutting off the two lower plateaux from the top, but
leaving a difficult access from the third along the edge of the southern precipice.
The view from the N.W. (fig. 24) shows the defences on the nortnem
side. Above the group of trees on the left is the outer moimd (B X on the plan).
Above the next three trees is the mound, H, in Jidvan(!e of the first wall of de-
fence. Tlie next two trees stand on the debris from the N. wall of the second
plateau. Then comes the continuation of this wall up the sloj)e to the third
plateau. This plateau lies too high to show much, but its N. wall is seen
running above the steep tree-covered slope to the sky-line, and the great debris
mass ofits W. wall, the second wall of defence, is conspicuous running to the
foot of a rock, above which is the third wall of defence, with a tree and bush
on the sky-line. Highest of all is the debris from the wall round the summit.
Strictly speaking, the building of the walls is only inferred, as none is visible,
but there can hardly be a doubt that the masses of debris conceal the bases of
regular walls.
All these ijoints can be made out in fig. 25, taken from the W. (some trees
are omitted), the N. ends of the two walls of the western side being also
visible.
The fort is about 600 ft. in length by an average width of 450, without
reckoning the first plateau, E, which perlia{)6 was not intended to be seriously
defended. The contained area, therefore, is very large for a Highland fort, but
the liabitable sj^ace is limited to the hollow of tlie second plateau, to the third
plateau (much curtailed by rocks), and to the summit, with some tolerably level
ground at the foot of its little cliffs on the E. and S.
26. Two * Forta ' are marked on the O.M. in Glenalmond before it ojxins up
on the lowlands of Pertli, both of which I liave seen. One of these, however,
at South TtUchan does not seem to me to bear any resemblance to a fort, and
I have placed it in the class of dubious remains. The other is Ihin Marcy 6 m.
N.N.E. of Crieff. On the N. side of * the Sma* Glen,' on the top of a heathery
hill, 1520 ft. above the sea, with a steep descent of 850 ft. to the Almond River
on the S.W., and with short, steep, rocky descents elsewhere, except eastwards,
where the approach is nearly level, but by a narrow neck. The enclosed, irregu-
larly oval top is almost level, and is girdled by an overthrown stone wall,
resting with its inner side on the very edge of the slope and the outer one
several feet lower, with rudely built portions still standing, but no well-
built face remaining. Many of the stones are large. Tlie cross diameters
cjf tbe interior are 150 and 90 ft, and the thickness of the wall was prob-
ably 8 to 10 ft. Annexed t^) tbe E. and most accessible side is a crescentic
\\ork with a greatest inttM-ior width of 30 ft. and enclosed l>y a wall 300 ft.
long, similar in size and condition to that of the main work. I have given no
68
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 18»P.
■:M ■:
^ &•.,:.. .^:,.v:.
\«?';
1 :••%:'
if^:
.•■\^^
FORTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 69
plan of this work, as Mr Hutchesoii's plan of Caisteal I>ubh^ No. 30, might
aJmoet stand for it, although the latter is niucli larger.
27. Passing now to the valley of the Tay and its upper trilmtaries, the most
remote work is Dun Gedl, on Creag a' Chabteal, 90() f r. above the sea, ^ ni. N.E.
of Fortingall, Qlenlyon. It has been well noticed by Mies Maclagan, as well as
by Mr Hutcheson, who describes it as standing on the summit of a hill with a
considerable extent of easy sloping ground around it ; circular in form, 58
Fig. 26. Dun Mac Tual. (Mr Hutcheson.)
ft. in diameter within the wall, which averages 10 ft. in thickness, showing
the outside and inside faces intact in several places ; the masonry very massive,
being erected almost wholly of stones separated either naturally or by art from
the hill, and splitting easily into cubes.
28. The fort highest up the Tay proper is the very intei-esting * Fort' of the
O.M., Caisteal Mac Tuathal of Mr Hutcheson, or hun Mac Tiud, 2J m. E.
70
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
of Fortiiigall, 1000 yds. N.W. of Tayniouth Castle, 900 ft. above the sea, on one
of the eastern spurs of Dniminond Hill. The chief facts in Mr Hiitcheson's
very full and accurate account, which I give, will \ye clearly understood from
his reproduced plan (fig. 26). The fort occupies the summit of a bold projecting
rocky knoll witti precipitous slopes to the S. and E., but descending less steeply
on the other sides. The walls follow the contour of the hill to suit the exigen-
cies of the site, and thus form a very irregular somewhat st^uare figure, the
inner area measuring about 300 by 210 ft A B on the plan is a short wall
branching off to include a natural platform. The curved wall at the N.E.
angle encloses a space about 165 ft. long, where there is a spur rising towards
the summit. On the W., the most vulnerable side, two additional walls have
been thrown up on the side of a hollow, some 25 ft deep, that separates the
fort from the ascending slope of Drummond Hill. At the bottom of this
hollow is a spring of water. The main wall of the fort is nmch broken down, but
in places the outer and inner faces still stand, and I give a sketch (fig. 27), which
#1
ffC-;:^:^-:^^^-,::::
Y\<r. 27. Roiuaiiis of Wall, Dun Mac Tiial.
I took many years ago, of a portion of the outer face, where it is best preserved.
Mr HutchesoH judgt's from the ([uantity of stones lying below this face that the
original heiglit must have Immmi 12 to 15 ft. The width here at the base is
some 9 ft. ; the (»ut<jr face is almost iH!rpendicular, but the inner slopes con-
siderably. Mr Huteheson st'ites that tht^ name is attributed to Tuathal, son
of Ai-gutso, Al>lx)t of l)unk<'l(l, uientioned in the Annals o/ Ulster as having
died in a.d. Hd.').
29. The Don^ Tijiulnn, 1 m. S.S.K. of Al)erfeldy, oecupies the summit
of a commanding height, 1100 ft. al>ove the sea, and is described by Mr
Ilutcheson as being an almost couii)lete circle, 110 ft in diameter inside the
wall, which is from 14 to 15 ft. thick. It is almost entirely destroyed, but
the outside and inside faces am be clearly seen to liave been formed of un-
FORTS, 'CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 71
dressed blocks, from 2 to 4 ft. long, closely set. There are appearances of a
narrow entrance on the W. side. Three trenches or earth worts, 150 ft. long
and 12 to 15 wide, give additional protection to the most vulnerable side,' which
is on the S.W.
30. Cofitle Dow^ most unaccoimtably called " site of a supposed Pictish fort "
on the O.M., and with no remains marked at it, is shown by Mr Hutcheson to
be an undoubted fort (fig. 28). It is situated 2^ m. W. by S. of Logierait
Fig. 28. Calsteal Dubh, near Aherfeldy. (Mr Hutcheson.)
Cliurch, but on the opposite side of tho Tay, 1050 ft. above the fien, on the top of
an isolated height overlooking the valley of the Tay from Al>erfeldy to Dal-
gniae. It is an oval of 300 l)y 213 ft., somewhat sinuous on the E. The
wall is much destroyed, but on the S.W. side there is a length of about 50
ft. tolerably well preserved, showing that the masonry resembled that of Dun
Mac Tual. The wall is thicker, however, ranging from 14 to 16 ft. . It is
faced outside and in with large blocks. A crescentic annex, exactly as at Dun
More (No. 26), strengthens the most vulnerable side : it projects about 80 ft.
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1809.
and is 240 ft. long. This side is further strengthened by a trench. The
entrance to tlie main fort was apparently about the middle of the W. side, and
the lunette contains remains of a circular structure 15 ft. in diameter. In this
fort and in others, as at Dim Mac Tual, Mr Hutcheaon noticed evidence of
banking up \nth earth at the bick of the wall.
(6) Stoxe Forts on the North Slope of the Ochils.
31. For a stretch of 12 m. from the W. end of the Ocliils eastv^'ard the
northeni slojie of the chain is destitute of forts, and the first to occur, errone-
ously marked 'Roman Outi)ost' on the O.M., is 3 m. N.E. of Gleneagles,
on the top of Ogle Hill, 1 j m. E.S.E. of Auchterarder Church, 800 ft. above
the sea, and 600 above the Ruthven Water to the X. A ridge descending
gently northwards from Coul Hill (1006 ft.) and the main chain of the
Ocliils rises but a few yai-ds to form Ogle Hill Ixifoie falling abruptly to the
valley of Ruthven Water. An apparently natural trench-like hollow, 75 ft.
wide (B, fig. 29), sepirates the ridge from the site of the fort, A, which occupies
the whole of the little summit of Ogle Hill, and is defended towards the ridge,
reckoning from the interior, first by a scarp (section A B), 9 ft. high, without
a parapet, but covered with louse stones, probably the remains of a wall fallen
from tlie top ; secondly, by a low rammrt, at the foot of the scarp, falling on
a terrace, which with a "small trencii forms an outer line of defence. The
termce lias a rampart, T) E, at the E. end only. These lines ai-e much nijured,
and the only signs of defence on the flanks of the site is a doubtfid cfouble
terracing. The interior may be alx)ut loO ft. in length.
32. Theiiext, also erroneously called 'Roman Outpost' on the O.M., is 5 m.
E. of the last, on the top oitkn Effenj (1200 ft.). This hill lies between
the deep and steep glen of the Painiey Burn on the AV. and the smaller ravine
of Green's Burn on the E., which at tludr junction are 600 ft Wow its top.
From this direction Ben Effery luis a remarkably l)old, sharp, coniail apixyir-
ance, and the fort on the top is very strong by nature on three sides, pailicu-
larly on the W., where it stands on the edge of a umral precipice (E, ng. 30),
but'the access is easy from the ridge descending ui)on it from the S., and it is
overlooked from the sununit, D, of a little elevation on the ridge, 250 ft.
from the interior of the fort. The S. end, therefore, was defended by three
parallel drystone walls, B C, now cast down, 12 ft. apart, occupying a width
of 00 It., which run straight from the pivcipice euge for 70 ft., and then
curve for alx)Ut 50 ft. more to the angle of the E. face. The entrance is
through this curved jxirt. The steep faces of the E. side and N. end show
traces of three or four terraces in continuation of the defences, till no longer
neede<l on once more touching the jirecipicv. edge.
33. \\ m. further N.M, and 3 m. E. of Auchterarder, is a fort on
liossie Jjitir, 1061 ft. above the si'a and 900 above the valley. A single oval
'Ring,' alx.ut 6<)0 by 50() ft. on the O.M., surrounds the top (fig. 31).
The actual top is a level, dry, grassy, jjleasjuit space. A, of about 270 by 150
ft. The ring appro;iches it on the S. within about 30 ft., and at a lower
level of 10 ft., but separates from it on the X. till it is 300 ft. distant and
about 70 ft. lower. The approaches are long and ditlicidt, usually st^'e^K'st on
reacliing the ring, when they ease off to the top. Fi-oni the W. and S. the
FORTS, 'CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AXD KINCARDINE. 73
N
u.
Ogle HiU
\i
%_%%
U , I ^i^^'
i«r
%^/
^^BenEffeiy'
%^
Figs. 29, 30, 31. Forts on the Ochils, near Aucliterardcr.
7-1 TKiU KKl»INi;s OK TllK sOi'IKTY, l»EOKMBER 11, 1899.
ili'sivui,* ai\' nnkv ;uhl alnuvl iiuuros^iMo. It is i»nlv for a small spicc on the
K \\\.\l I ho .i^'j-iwuh i? i^'iulo. On iho K. rtn«l X. the '.It-iVow remaining is a
k:i;wv\ .imi >;»>n\ ni»'V.ii.l, !."» it. hri\i«l ai ilu- cntnnoe, which is fn-m tlie E.
1 .oul.l mv no msMMin. hiu in ono pviit. tVr .i streli'h i-f aN»ut !>>» IL, there
i!* ,» i\'w oi hj>;\* stoui'-, 1* Xo :\ ft. in hr.cih. ]>I:ic«rd at li.t- lower til je of the
>!on\ uiimii.l. :\vA T 11. U'!.»w it> :.^i» i^iUv.uion and 5ei::ion. D\ ]«rnjiit5 the
I V ».M» \^t . i !\mi ; u- r w ,i 1 1 1 ' ",; i I ! . : i S : lo 5I^^^ >«\ -V w- rv ' \ w -:oce lies 1 1 nco ve nril
\\ \W x'VM.wwv Or. ::;o iv.\. ^vs^iMo S. ir. i W. ji ies :::erv i* no monml •>r wall,
'*u; i\u".v*\ .\ to: vivo V. :*-.o ^^iJ^' of '/iiv usovr.: : .in.i ::.vrv :- no ^iim of an inner
»;»';ov.,v :.r :'..i- *.. \^' :ov.
;i», vV'..:-.r/.;::.j; >:;V. \v. ., V. r:'.-:.w.:*r'> :i:v\::.:: a!.::*: :'.» X. *Iop«* ••£ the
lAvc" tor i ,v.>:/.v,vv * • *» v... \u' :\ »/:•. ■'<■' .■■-.£:... S.S.E. •:■: F->rgandenny,
ov. '.V.o :.;,•: ■. >:>vv #*.,;.* 7 •■ ::. V.\;/.. r...: /•. v.: ;<>■ V. ve ::.e ac-i i«i:^lat«r*l
%'!-. : ' . : .\ : > I . * ' \ s* . : : >: i ■ v " •/ . v .: ; ^ ■"..:? : :: -.v w- ex .■artre- i in 1 >!!•!
Vx '/ , ■ ,:s v.: ;. \\.< :. :W'*, V.-t^j: . •.*::*. :" : -cj*ri:: c ■:: Mr Linlaay-
\X vv. ;.,• yv ■ ::. ur. \:: :..;>:.::•>: V; Mr '. ::. 0:::.:::::,':-^:^. C,E-. :Len the
; vsvv -v. ,*! ,'■/ S.v > ■ S.V.-. ^-.l'r^ if:-. : *-.»r'> '. :*•. ;^c-^i-d ili-e ^ZP.-void
.\!« ." , vt. .. .' , \ •..*;**: >*.'. ri*. :^. :.;'.;< •.. " :.:.u:i-.:s »*rv visilit-. an-l
; >:' * :.•.•.••. '.»v. .' v.- v' • : ^* v - '.'v.: ." :".. : z". w.:'. :_v .jws. ..-'f the
•."". >:.e.*;
.•:1.-. «
rJ
n.
&1I
1 l-r
:•-.. IT
■'. '■iL:':.-
■«•_
' T
1 .
:iVjJ&:
5-iV,
: ■■•t"."
Lii'i : :
T>
*?
-..
rUmLT-.r
- :< ^ i ■-
'.■■•■.
.:r
jj:
L.=*4
IZ.'\
liiT
■-•e .z.:c7: r.
-. s:i.
.:"■»-
¥-L
- :"•!-•
.tii^
*.:
- ••
. laJ.
.-: ir
:\ -.
:
. '■:
: :i
' -C
^llTL
"■-Z-.
1 r-^'.
Z.-f II
■ .? *
iB-
■.-f;^:-:
i 11 :
••-T
'L*<
■•:~lT
'.
-
'.*: "^
-z.:Iv
.
^.v
C'. ::>
:£.' ":.
*• --I
■ ..■*
■'v\ rL
LZ. :
■.v::i-:»*
:
^
.-^>.
laii
FOKT8, * camps/ ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 75
Yr/r.
Plort X Upper Sf chaiv
*^^x XI ■'••'- I „
>«. j«i";^^^. T. *^--" " :
.,„----^
»^R
"^^^
fftfVfVfrmfntfmrv
Sections ABiTD
Fig. 82. Caatle Law, Forgandenny.
70
I'lMUKKIMNtJS OF rilK SfiriETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
hilling Mil II nil I'M iw iiim-ihy h|i;i('(*, V, willi a Kliirlit diM-Hiie \vct«twanl, on the S.
I'hli- III wlih-li riHi-N till* iwit^ nf tli«; 1iil1-r;iii^^. This slight mound is prolong
mplwiinl nil iiM tn iMii'liiM* the irrtaiigular iiiai-shy flat, e, at the foot of the W.
• ikI itl llii' Imi liiiglit. Kri>iii tliu W. lioinufarv of this apparent reservoir
iiiMH I In* |ii'Mliiiigiiiiiiii (if till' raiigc, and from Uu^ N. Itoundary the ground falls
In llii- |iliiiii iiiM» II. U'l»»w. Tin' Hp;u-e8 /and h unite eiistwani in a wide,
iiniily lliil iri|i|aimili*, /, wliich is nnfciictfl, bo tliat the eastern flank of /and h
nil* i|Uilr «t)irii alllioiigh tlio S. I'nmt is ftirlituHl.
i'^^'^'^jiiliir^ '^t^^*^^
FORTS, ' CAMPS,' ETa, OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 77
i^i^.
;*£lA^
s^
^t ^
s.-
s—
R--
»i
o
TS rBO(^EFJiINGS OF THE SOCIETY, I»BCEMBER 11, WWl
""^
/
^ 8
\ i
'"T 5
FOKTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 79
from the W. by a narrow neck. As will be seen from the plana (figs. 34, 35),
a wall lias \yeeu drawn across the neck, connected by a short branch with the
inner and pro[)er wall of the fort, and parting gradually from it as it crosses
the neck and descends towards a daiauied-up little loch and niai*sli in an
elevated flat or recess of the hill-nia.ss (fig. 34). This wall, although com-
pletely concealed before excavation, was still stjinding under the debriit and
earth accumulation to a height of from (5 to 10 ft., and was 18 ft. wide at
the base, faced with excellent masonry.
The wall proper of the fort, also showing no sign of its existence on the level
top of the site oefore excavation, completely enclosed the oval interior, which
Fig. 36. Outer Face of inner wall, west end, Abernetliy Fort. (Mr F. R. Coles.)
measured 136 by 51 ft., and, as in many other Scottish forts, was built with
its inner face at the very edge of the slope, and the outer one some feet, in one
place as much as 9 ft., perjyendicular, down the .slo]>e Ixjlow. The width of
this inner wall was no less than from 18 to :25 ft., and it was still 7 ft. high
in one place. As at Castle Law (Xo. 34), timber had l>een used in the construc-
tion, but to a much larger extent, as wherever both the outer and inner walls
were examined, squared channels, in a double row (wherever the wall still stood
high enough to show the upi)er one), were found running in from the outer face
for about 8 or 10 ft. The regular loop-hole appearance of the openings of
tliese channels and the general character of the masonrv are well shown in the
measured drawing taken by Mr F. R. Coles (fig. 36). On dissecting a part of
the inner wall, longitudinal channels for timber were also found. Full details
of this very interesting fort will Ihj found in Proc, S. A, Scot, 1898-99,
vol. xxxiii. pp. 13-33.
(r) Stoxk Forts on Moncrkiffe Hill, Perth.
3G. The isolated Hill of Monrreiffe, 725 ft. above the sea, 3 m. S.K. of Peith,
rises from the N. with a moderate 8loi>e to the edge of a precipice, from
so PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, PECEMBER 11, 18».
which a veir steep wooded descent, 600 ft. high, falls towards MoncreiffE
House aiid the valley of the Earn. On the edge of this moral precipioe twc
forts have l)een perched, the first of which, coming along the rioge Irom the
^
' '^
1^- T^ '^ '^-^TSr... *••.;••■..,' --^^^'-^v^^A ^—
\V.. ,- »>♦■' i: :iS'\c l-hr y.';i, ajk; -.> *^^'^ ^.-ATwly ns"**viiis:.'''.h . The 0,li
FORTS, * CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 81
37. i m, eastward, about 120 ft. higlier, and on the very summit of the
liill, is a comparatively well-preserved fort, marked Carruic on the O.M., which
gived tlie title of Moredun Top to the summit of the hill. Perhaps this is
an error suggested by the fort, i.e., * big Fort,' l)ecau8e J m. N.E. there is a house
marked not Moredun but Mai-eden. The fort (fig. 37), perched on the precipice
edge, is quite inaccessible on the S., and on the N. has the protection of a long
descent, but from the E. and W. is approjiched by short slopes.
The remains are so dilapidated and overgrown that it is difficult to plan
them. The main wall is apiwrently double, except towards the precipice, wnere
it is single, and built not on the edge, but retired about 20 it. at the top of
a dangeroiLs slope" down to it. The toUil width of the wall-mass is about
40 ft., and it stands up nowhere more than 3 or 4 ft. No building was
visible in the wall, but at a point on the W. four carefully laid stones in a row
look like the Uise of the outer face. At the W. end, another strong wall
.*iprings from the fort close to the precipice edge, and circles at a somewhat
lower level three-fourths of the way round the inner wall, nearly enclosing a
considerable crescentic space on the W. and X., but no connection with the
inner w.all at the E. end can now be ma<le out. On this wall also there are
traces of a facing. Still further out to the \V., at the edge of a very steep short
slope, I found remains of audther less substantial wall, but it could not be traced
far. Separated from the fort, by a slight hollow to the N.E., is another little
.<4tony, flat-topped eminence, not much lower than the fort, with a steep descent
to the X. ana X.E. Tlie site was much obscured by weeds, but seemed to be
oval, about 220 ft. long, and to be surrounded by the remains of a strong wall.
This is l)eyond my plan.
The fort j)roper measures over all alxnit 210 by 180 ft. On the X. and E.
sides, in direct connection with the wall all along, and extending 40 to 60 ft.
into the interior, is a mass of overgrovni del)ris 3 to 5 ft. high. The
only entrance to the fort is at tlie E. end, piercing the double wall and
mass of ruins obliquely from the N.E. In the raised mass near the entrance
and on the X. side of the fort is a circular 8[)ace, 21 ft. in diameter, sur-
rounded by a moiuid-wall 3 ft. wide. Two others of about the same size are
near it, one of them touching it. Further W. are several small, round, saucer-
bliajjetl hollows. On the S. side of the entrance the raised mass contains
eight or nine similar *. saucers,' in two irregular rows. The rest of the interior
is vacant, except for another circular enclosure, measuring 35 by 20 ft., which
touches the wall on the S. side.
{d) Stone F(jrts on thk Sidl.vw Hillk.
We have seen that on the extensive Sidhw range there are but two earthen
Torts, both on the eastern side ; one, Evelick, on a high site, the other. Rait,
low dovni at the very margin of the Carse of Gowrie. The number of stone
forts on the E. is the name, but there are also i)rol)ably two on the W. side,
although one of the latter is not clearly provtKl to l)e of stone.
38. On the E. side of the Sidlawy, on the gently rounded top of J)ron Hill,
f;S4 ft. al)Ove the sea, h m. W.S.W. of Dron Farm, and IJ m. N.W. of
Loiigforgan Church, is a foit which on the O.M. looks like two ovals inter-
secting each other longitudinally (fig. 38). But on the ground it is pretty
VOL. xxxiv. F
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
evident that it is really an oval work, with one small crescentic annex on the
N. and another large one on the S., springing from the same points of the oval.
The fort proper measures 330 by 250 ft. over all. The greatly dilapidated
waU is generally grass-covered, and only rises a foot or two above the surface.
A wall 1 believe, however, it has been, as on the W. side a row of large
stones, extending about 100 ft. southwara and closely set, can hardly be any-
thing else than the base of an outer casing, and a less complete row shows the
position of the inner face, giving a width for the wall of from 9 to 11 ft.
There are 1)a8al stones, also, here and there along the S. face, where the
.'if'- >^v<s VI' V--.
.v#^- '-^ S>,%
#
^4.V4
»**.'.'•*
'-•>.*,
Fig. 38. Fort on Dron Hill, LoDgforgan.
mound is 27 ft. wide, perhaps from digging operations to remove the stones ;
and some very large stones have been torn from their plac^ and taken a short
distance as if for wirting away. The N. and E. sides have been almost
completely destroyed, and are merely traceable. The enclosing mounds of the
annexes are not defensive ; they are very low, only 6 or 7 ft. wide, and are
probably ruined walls.
39. The Laws, on the Laws Hill^ Drumsturdy, an outlying eminence rather
than a part of the Sidlaws proper, is situated" 1| in. N."^ by W. of Monifieth
Church, 431 ft. above the sea. The site is on a small isolated height, partly
fORTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINK 83
Precipitous, the easiest access being at its E. end, and the fort occupied the
mole of the nearly level top.
rhis fort, not so long ago perhaps the best preserved in Scotland, has been so
ADocked about, and the records of it are so confused and contradictory, that to
«>nn any intelligible idea of it, difficult enough at the best, is impossible with-
2?^ soiiie reference to its modern hirttory. The earliest notice, published in the
jS^^\ -ft. Soc. of Lit. in a j)aper dated 1827, but from observations made about
'90, is \^y j)j. John Jamieson, who described an outer wall, 500 paces in circum-
erence, near the bottom of the hill on the E., slanting gradually up the southern
. ?P^ t.ill half-way between the summit and the brink of the precipice on that
wli ^^^^ continuing to ascend as it circled round till it reached the N.E. comer
l}^^^^ ^^^ entrance was, another being apparently at the W. end. It is strange
ux^ V^^ ^°® ^^ seems to have noticed this low-level outer wall, but perhaps it
jj^5^ ^>^^ve been covered by the operations to be described immediately. The
g^ ^'^ Ai^'all, according to Dr Jamieson, surrounded the summit at a distance of
-yj.^^"^^!. paces from the outer one, but varying according to the nature of the
Qjj^^^^^l. He also mentions two or three other snort walls running from the outer
J ^"^^ the brink of the precipice.
f^^ ^^ X859 Mr Neish, at that time the proprietor, excavated the site, and the
j^^^*-"^^"^ are recorded, with additional notes by John Stuart, in vol. iii. of our
-^ *^*^-> pp. 440-/)4. Mr Neish states that before 1834 great quantities of stones
g^ ^^^ <iarried off for fann purposes, and Mr Stuart estimates, on the authority of
£^^^^^^^1. who took part in the spoliation, that IKiOO cartloads were removed in the
;i^^ AJvinters ending 1818. Tlic author of the ^statistical Ac/:ou7it of the Parish,
X\^ ^ confirms this by the statement that persons then alive remembered when
^J'Vinis were 5 ft. higher than when he wrote.
^e ^- ** Neish also states that in 1834 the whole surface was levelled and portions
1^5^^^^ wall thrown over near the E. end. Finally came his own excavations in
?^^, the discharge of the rublnsh from which seems to have been down the hill
5i^ S.E. comer.
^ liave found it impossible to form a connected idea of the disposition
^ J^^ nature of the fortifications from Mr Neish's account of his excavations and
tu^ very sketchy j>lan.* But for the difliculties and anomalies suggested by
Vj^^se, and if I had trusted to my own observations on the spot alone, I should have
^^ no hesitation in pronouncing the work to liave been an ordinary stone fort
^j^ excellent dry maisonry with a duplication of the wall at each end if not at the
^idesand without reckoning the no longer visible outer wall of Dr Jamieson.
The only part that I hacf time to study and measure with some care was the
-fe. end, where Mr Neish's excavations were either most thorough, or are best
Preserved. As shown in my plan and section (fig. 39), the first tiling met with
from the outside is a terrace, D, 15 ft. wide, at the edge of the descent. Mr
Keish explains that this was formed by the rubbish thrown out in the levelling
operations of 1834 and in his own work. I may add that a pleasant terrace
Walk mns all round outside the wall, and probably is everywhere due to the
Bame cause.
* A main difficulty in understanding Mr Neish's description arises from his treating
the place as an area divided into irregular spaces by wall faces (instead of as a
fortification surrounded by walls.
84
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
Within this terrace, and standing, no doubt, on the edge of the original
descent, comes a wall, C, 8 ft wide, with good facings, exposed for 3 ft. of height
outside and 5 or 6 inside. The rubble, which doubtless exists between the
facings, was jierhaps not laid bare by Mr Neish, and now is hidden by green
turf. Then follows an interval, B, lietween this wall and a second wider one, A,
which has ite outer face, like the inner one of the first, excavated to Uie full
depth, in one place 7 ft., and the inner face only sufficiently cleared to show that it
is there. Tins I take to l^ the wall of the fort, going all round. The outer wall,
on the other hand, diverges from the inner one eastward, so that the interval
between them increases from 8 to 12 ft., and is probably 14 or 15, at the far end.
Thus, as at Al^eniethy, the outer wall is aj)parently detached from the main
A B C D
Fijr. 39. East end of the Laws Fort, Monifieth.
wall of the fort at one end at least, although it may have run down the sloi)e
to join Dr Jamicson's problematical outer wall. It could not be that wall, as
he says that the out<*r wall wa.s at the foot of the hill at this end. The excava-
tion of these walls has l)een a good j)iece of work, and they are still well seen, C
for U)() and A for 180 ft. of lenj.'th.
Tlie wall of enceinte, A. as I took it to Ik*, is exposed at intervals all round,
and the W. end, nioi-e lully oi^ned up, .seeiiiKl U) have an additional wall,
although not distinctly shown.
In Mr Xeish's excavations givat quiintities of rubbish testified to the fonner ex-
istence of extensive building in the interior, but the only structure of consHjuence
remaining was the foundation of a cinular tower with a wall a few feet high and
18 ft. thick and a jwived area .3G ft. in diameter, according to the plan. It
was of broch dimensions, therefore, but there was no oi)ening in the wall, save
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 85
'«e narrow entrance, and no evidence of a stair, so that it cannot be proved to be
« ^roch.
J'^ttrijadum. — There is the usual too common contradictory evidence on this
P^int. Jamieson makes the startling stfitements that " This fort consists of two
^Ms of vitrified matter, whicli surround tlie hill " ; and " all the buildings are
n. '^^^^''^y vitrified as the walls " ; also " the vitrifaction is as jnirfect as that of
^oe Fort of Finhaven." Mr Neish, on the other han<l, declares that vitrified
'"**5ses -were indeed found all through the ruins, and often as if used for backing
op tbe walls (and here I may explain that what he calls the walls are really
^^"^11 faces, so tliat he ap^Kiars to mean that the vitrified masses were used
jn tlxe rubble Ijetween the faces), but never as if the walls (i.e., wall faces) had
i«eix vitrified. There can l)e little doubt that we should prefer Mr Neish's state-
mentw^ as they resulted from a careful excavation, while Dr Jamieson relied on
8urfa<i^ observations ; and we need have the less hesitation, as it seems extremely
^"^^^^ly that anyone would remove 9600 cartloads of such useless building
™^^^^ial as vitrified masses must be. Moreover, I saw no vitrifaction on the
^^ixsive wall faces now visible, and as far as my observations go, vitrifaction
^ i^^>r«r foimd uniting the blocks of a handsomely built wall face. It is
P?f®^^le, however, that a vitrified fort existed here previously, from which the
V^'^^^ed masses used in the rul)ble work of the present ruins may have Ijeen
c,.**^» Ih^ndnvaUy the first of the two stone forts on the N.W. side of the
v>^ ^^ seems to be one of the very few primitive Scottish fortresses mentioned
y ^l:ie early annalists ; at least there is no other existing claimant for the
^^c^xir of Ixjing the Dunsinoen of the tragedy which led to the murder of
^^txxi€th. King of Allmn, in 995,> at Fettercaim.
-. ^*^ modem times the first to notice the place was Sir John Sinclair, who in
-li ,^> when he can liave been only eighteen years of age, gathered its local tra-
^^^iotM.2 These were of little consequence, but at the very end of that
^^tury, James Playfair, D.D., then minister of Meigle, afterwards Princi-
^^ of St Andrews University, made some excavations, which were recorded
*^^«t in a work not generally accessible,^ and again (very briefly in both in-
^taixces) in a work of his own,* twenty years later. Chalmers^ makes some
^^if«ible remarks about the place, and James Knox sums up the information
^own about it down to 1831, besides giving his own impressions from a per-
^al visit.^^
^ A.D. 995. ** Cinaeth MacMalcolaim Ri Alban a suis occisus est. Tigh. (per
<ioIiim, Ann. Ult)." ** Interfectus est a suis homiiiibus in Fotherken per perfidium
Finyelae filiae Cunchar comitis de Engus, cujus Finvelae unicum filium predictus
Kyneth interfecit apud DuusinoeD.'* Cknm. Fids and Scots, 175, 287 (Skene's
CeUic Scotland).
^ Beauties of Scotland, Forsyth, iv. 319-21.
^ General View of the Afp'ieulturc of the County of Perth, James Robertson, D.D.,
1799, i. 880.
* Dencriptiott of Scotland, 1819, i. 488, James Playfair, D.D.
* Caledonia, i. 503.
* 77m: Tojxxfraphi/ of ilyc Basin of the Tay, 192-202, 1831.
.: y!!V N ';rrrV. DErEMBKR 11, 1S09.
- wiif I MH-oini aru'iiij»t w;ls math' U) reveal the n-.4f:rr
:rri.li'rt.ikoiJ l-y Mr Xainn-, tlie ]>r«>jnieUir at :Li:
V . nnf'iiifii l»yl)r 'J'. A. \Vi>e.' l.'nfuituuattly, :..■
•■^iihj n?it u.» tlie wfjiks, ??'» llmt he was Inl in:o
-. ./iM- I" '.'ornM.-t from my nwn ol>si!rvaii<'U aiii
-ii./'i' MS. n.-'unl rif ilui excavations, kept l»y the
■:-»!-;i. '."'■•lla'i-, wlio tof.»k jxjirt in tin- rxravati-iiL-,
■ :.;iri: U' lii.-s lieirs, tlimugh the kiiidiies.s of the
. . » T.-r (linnh Minister of ( ^irgill. Tlu- la*:
">^-.,
'"""••^...,
'ti»i^'\n\»n'(i».'>- ^ ^.v
I :-. 4'\ OuiiMnniui. ,Mi' iliit*lu»s..ii.
rhe Rev. Tlio:n;u^ l»n.»wn, (\.IIkv, whiJi, huwevor, ^
.-It -iriitige.
^ ;iA-.'iint I shall in.ik.- ii<<- • { i!! ih^... <,.urvV--; of irii.>r:i^ .. .,
.,,, rr:v serious niu^. : a ;•::.•::> t.' u'ni.li s. nii' ..f th.ni
> .;;-.:>! rating the i\-. ■^>"' ■
.^ ; i-lortaken ti^» »'-^:" -^ : ■ t'
,. s I. the place \w.v • > -.
i:;.«'iniuet«^r
S. J. Sr-f.. 11. •' ' >»■
.;.'ix. ;^7^. i>-o "-. -
'•■■ ' oi I ■:•■■% iiii; j.-v.
^ Mr
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 87
Baxter, who assisted me in taking a roii^li plan, corrected afterwards by aid of
Mr Hitcbie, factor on the estate ; but this has l>een 8U})er8eded by the plan and
sections (figs. 39 and 40) placed at my disposal by the kindness of Mr Alexander
Mutcheaon, architect, F.S.A.Scot., who generously waived his intention of
writing a special article on Dunsinnan, when he heard that I wjis engaged on
the present work.
18' 28'
30'
10
-N^
\-
04
N
^r
{^
A-A
V_
J
k
3\'
(8'
E>E
V
::-,.
>s^ "m
CH
K
■
c><
C'C
\J
^
30' 6'
IS'
27'
/J-'
k
V
NO
H-H
k
Fig. 41. Profiles of Dunsinnan. (Mr Hutcheson.)
The Site.— The hill on which Dunsinnan stands, 7^ m. N.E. of Perth, is
part of a ridge of the Sidlaws, running parallel with, and on the N.W. side
of, the main chain, but not inferior to it in height, and is well isolated from the
other summits on the continuation of the ridge to the X.E. and S.W. The
ascent from the N.W. is gradual, but is steep and difficult in other directions,
and the flat-topped fort is perched, 1012 ft. above the sea level, on a little green
knoll which crowns the narrow summit.
88
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
The name, therefore, corresponds well with the site, if we accept the deriva-
tion from Dun and «n«, 'nipple,' as the fort stands on *the nipple' of a swell-
ing hill top ; but those who aesire a more romantic origin will no doubt prefer
the derivation, which has also l:>oen suggested, from shanqan, *ants,* because
" Macbeth's men swarmed up and down like ants when buildling the castle."
Present Aspect of the Fortifications, — Tlie nearly level top dishes down
about 3 fr.. to the middle, as ascertained for me by Mr Baxter, and the only
suggestion of fortification round the area is a slight ridging at the edge, 6 to 12
ft. wide, not always perceptible to the eye, but made out by measurement.
On the steep short slopes of * the nipple ' are a series of narrow terraces, some-
times level, sometimes higher towaras the outer edge, sometimes becoming veri-
tiible trenches, as shown in Mr Hutcheson's plan ana sections (figs. 40, 41). The
trenched character is most marked on the >*., i)articularly on the line A A, but
Fig. 42. Duiisiiinan. (TIk* late Mr A. Stewart, Collace.)
even there the depth of the deejxist and lowest trench is only 3 ft. The numln^r
of these terraces and trenches varies from three on the X.K. to one on the S.,
where, however, another may have di^iiUH-ared owing to the steepness of the
Bloj)e. At the extreme E. end, the slojHi ends so soon on a jjrecipice that there
is little room for terraces, and 1 coiil<l not make out more tlian one. Mr
Stewart's plan (tig. 42) gives a very <Tami>ed representation of them and names
them * Ramjjarts,' ])ut this seems a very inai)pro[)riate title for them. Neither
is there the slightest sign of a lower wall hinted at by him.
Plateaux hdow the Fort. — Innnediately in front of the lowest trench on the
N. there is a little level sjvice, )»ut a much larger plateau, oiH) by 200 ft. on
the O.M., internipts the steep soutliern <lescent, about luo ft. below the fort,
and if there was a town as well as a (Ja.stle of Dunsinnan, the site would
naturally be on these plateaux and some neighlx)uring e«'isy s1ojk*s. The track
r
FORTS, * CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINF^ 89
of an ancient wall round the edge of the large plateau is marked on the O.M.,
l)ut I could see no sign of it, looKing down from the fort.
General IHmeimons, — Tlie upper area, from crest to crest of the slight ridging
at the edge, measures about 185 ft. in length by 105 in greatest breadth,
^hich is towards the W. end of the oval sjiace. At the corresponding jMirt of
the E. end the width narrows to 65 ft. Measured over all, *the nipple'
^th its terraced or trenched sides comes out 325 l)y 240 ft. on the plan.
Hie Fortifications as revealM by Excnmtion. — As we have sliown, the green
top and sides give no clear indication of a rampart, but shortly before 1799,
Dr Playfair, digging in from the outer slope horizontally through 21 ft. of ruins,
came upon a part of what he, without hesitation, calls "Macbeth's strong
rampart of stone," " cemented with red mortar"; "as entire as when it was
originally constructed, founded on the rock, and neatly built of large stones."
Passing to the excavation by Mr Nairne about sixty years later, it is amaz-
ing, after Dr Playfair's experiences, to find Dr Wise describing and figuring the
fortification of the top as an earthen vallum, 20 ft. broad at the base and
tapering to a height of 10 or 12 ft. (fig. 43).
Fig. 43. Sectional View of Dnnsinnan. (Dr Wise.)
But however this error arose, it may be confidently asserted that no such
rampart ever existed, and Mr Stewart's MS. account of the 1854 excavations
amply confirms Dr Playfair's description in all resi>ects but one. Mr Stewart
relates that the workmen, going in from the outside, cut through a mass 21 ft.
thick, finding a wall "strongly built of large stones, ix)th inside and out, while
the filling in is a mass of loose stones, entirely without manipulation or mortar."
We may dismiss as fanciful, therefore, the * red mortar ' ot Playfair, who was
probably misled, as will afterwards appear, by finding red clay among the ruins.
Thus the wall of Dunsinnan falls into line with the well ascertained walls of
the other Scottish stone forts that have been proj)erly investigated. Mr Stewart
gives no section along with his plan (given in outline, fig. 42), but I have con-
Btnicted a section (fig. 44) from his very clear description which will aid the
reader, as we proceed, in understanding the j)ositi()n of the wall antl interior
buildings. I need only point out just now the position of ihe wall at E.
EiUrance. — At present there is a very distinct entrance at the N.E. corner,
penetrating oblic^uely through the defences to the central area, and this entrance is
distinctly mentioned in the <M StdJidicitl Account of 1798. It must have
existed, therefore, at the time of Naime's excavation, and a statement by Mr
Stewart that the wall was traced all round without finding an entrance, must Ikj
intended to apply only to the stone wall. This is cjuite likely, as there was
certainlv no entrance through the inner stone walls, at least near their base, at
Forgandenny and Abemethy forts.
Interior BniUlimjs. — Dr Playfair states that, " having diligently explored the
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEB 11, 1899.
area, now 3 ft. below the surface, and cut a deep trench across it," he found
no vestige of building, but he cannot have gone deep enough, as the excava-
tions of 1854 revealed much building at the E. ena of the area.
Here again Dr Wise, misled by his imaginary vallum, regarded the chambers
found as underground, i.e., beneath the original floor of the fort ; but Mr Stewart
shows in the clearest manner that they stood on the floor. Reverting to my
section (fig. 44), constructed from his description, the rock floor, D D, is seen slop-
ing up gradually to the centre of the fort : on this stands the wall of fortification,
E, ana within it the chambers, F F, and a passage, H, between them and the wall,
besides the " Queni Chamber," G, the whole enveloped in a mass of ruins and
covered by accumulated earth, etc., under the grassy surface, ABC. Unfortu-
nately, the construction of these chambers remains quite doubtful. The plans
(figs. 42 and 43) of Dr Wise and Mr Stewart are utterly irreconcilable, and equally
so are their descriptions, Dr Wise giving them a roimded figure with converg-
ing walls and no mortar, while ^ir Stewart declares that they are all square,
with perpendicular walls, and that, although the fort wall had no mortar, "yet
all the square buildings contain considerable quantities of red mortar." His
Fig. 44. Excavated Wall and Builtliiigs, Duiisiunaii (from Mr Stewart's description).
expressions on this point are rather obscure, as if he had not seen this mortar
actually joining the stones, but only lying about, and he probably really means
clay, as he uses the term mortar very loosely, in another sentence speaking of
" an adniLxture of decomposed bones and charcoal of wood "as "a compound
mortar."
It will be observed that Mr Stewart gives on his plan several remains of build-
ings not noticed in Dr Wise's accoimt. A mass of ruin on the S. he considered
on very slender grounds to have l>een a tower, and two passages leading to it he
regarded as the only e^rly British works, because they alone had converj^ng
walls. He also says that " within one-half of a large circular opening towards
the west of the area, which seems to have been an open court," foundation walls
still stood a foot high, but that the other lialf contained none.
Vitrifaction. — Dr Playfair makers no mention of vitrifaction, and Williams,
the original discoverer of vitrified forts, and Knox declare there was none ; but
Wise found some deej) in the excavations of the chambers ; Laing also dug out
several pieces, and Stewart asserts, not only tliat the whole ruins on the top
were full of vitrified stones, but that many stones of the wall were fused with
trap rock, sandstone, and quartz into one lump. This reads as if vitrified blocks
FORTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 91
rere used in the masonry, and not as meaning that the wall was vitrified. On
tie whole there can hardly be a doubt that the wall was not vitrified, although
itrified blocks, either brought from a distance or taken from an older fort on
lie same site, may have been used as building material.
JVater Hupply. — The excavators found no trace of any within the fort, but
priiigs exist not far off down the hill, and Stewart speaks of a *Flatt' im-
lediately below the rampart wall to the S., covered by a " body of red mortar "
jlay ?) " which may have been a water tank."
77j^ Finds consisted of (1) a quern in a fixed position in one of the chambers.
2) A spiral bronze finger ring, described by the Rev. Thomas Brown as of most
erfect workmanship, m the form of a serpent, the eyes and scales on the back
arved regularly and very minutely. It was kept by Mr Naime, but in a year
ras lost. (3) And, on the authority of Mr Robert Chambers, two round taolets
f metal resembling brass, one of them engraved with the legend : " The sconce
f kingdom come until sylphs in air carry me again to Bethel" ^
Corndimons. — It is much to be regretted that the excavations were so imper-
3ct and so unscientifically conducted and reported ; but on the whole we may
onclude that Dimsiiman was defended round the top by a dry stone wall of the
rdinary fort type and on the slopes by additional works, now assuming the aspect
f slightly trenched or level terraces, the true character of which has still to be
scertained. Also, that it contained much building, the ruins of which, with
tie accumulated soil of centuries, favoured by burnt timber, of which many
races remained, brought the top to a nearly uniform level, completely burying
oth wall and l^uiidings : that trie evidence as to the form and structure of the
uildings is contradictory and cjuite unreliable : that the same may be said as
) the presence of mortar, by which probably clay was meant : that the few relics
1st no clear light on the origin of the building : and finally that there is
othing to separate Dunsinnan from the class of ordinary Scottish forts of dry
lasonry.
41. Denoan Late. — The work here is a somewliat questionable example of a
»ne fort, as I could only see faint evidence of rubble work rather than building
1 the very few breaks in the massive green rampart. But Dr Playfair and Mr
Inox both state distinctly that the wall was built of stone without cement, and
le absence of trenches, trie presence of a stone threshold at the entrance, as well
i the whole aspect of the enceinte, is that of a stone rather than an earthen
>rt.
The position is on tlie VV. side of Denoon Glen, here a broad open valley,
ut at some distance from the stream, 2^ m. S.W. of Glamis Church, and
39 ft. above the sea.
The Law stands up conspicuously from every near point of view, being quite
olated and 100 ft. in heiglit. The sides are steep, and the south-eastern ascent
ids in a line of precipice, on the edge of which the fort stands (fig. 45). The
rea of the fort occupies the whole of the level top, and hence has a squarish
ral form, and is girt by a single mound, massive and lofty at the N.fi. end
id on the N.W. face, where for a considerable stretch it is no less than 10 to
i ft. high inside, a very unusual elevation, the base here, however, being
robably natural. But even ^^teyorecipice edge on the S.E. the rampart is
1 Picture of Ji^^^Mfc rt Chambers, 1828.
92
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
6 to 7 ft high. Near the S.W. angle, however, the moimcl seems to liave been
altogether removed, and at the S.W. end it is only 4 ft. high, although the
%/tt^^M^i'^'
^i$^M
Fif^. 45. Denoon Law Fort, Glamis.
necessity for defence is greater there, and it is almost gone at the N.W. angle.
Thus it would seem to have been much injured at the S.W. end of the fort.
There seems to have been an entrance at the much injured N.W. angle, but
FORTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 93
the only difltinct entrance now is near the S. angle of the N.E. end. It is
7 ft. wide, has a stone threshold, and passes l^etween the massive ends of the ram-
partj of which that on the N. side has a broad platform in its rear, while the
other has a short terrace, an arrangement which flanks and defends the entrance
inside. The top of the rampart is a mere crest on the N.W. face, is somewhat
broader, and has two or three little *eaucer' hollows on the top on the S.E.
face, but is as much as 6 to 10 ft. broad at the N.E. end, the short part on the
S. side of the entrance l)eing pitted with several * saucer ' cavities.
In the area of the interior there are some inequalities of the surface, particu-
larly a wide shallow circular hollow at the N. side, and a large irregular mound,
perhaps a rubbish heap, near where the rampart is wanting at the S.W. angle ;
these are probably modem interferences.
The dimensions of the interior from crest to crest are about 380 by an average
of 230 ft. It is difficult to give the measurement over all, as the position
where the rampart merges in the sloi>e is unknown, but it must be about 430 by
280 ft.
On the outer slope at the N. angle and thence to near the entrance in one
direction, and half-way along the N.W. face in the other, are two terraces, with
a third below them for a short distance near the entrance ; the middle one and
the short one are subdivided by compartments, hi a manner difficult to describe,
but shown in the plan. Possibly these sjmces were levelled and subdivided
as sites for houses. Three shoi-t parallel terraces are also faintly visible on the
S. side of the entrance. The terraces at Denoon Law are noticed by Alex-
ander Gordon, who compares them to those of Romanno. They are also noticed
but not described by Knox.^ In planning these difficult objects and the fort
generally I had the benefit of help from the Rev. Dr John Stevenson of Glamis,
and my nephew Mr Arthur Cassels Brown.
(c) Isolated Fort near Alytii.
42. Barra Hill (or Barryhill) Fort is situated 1^ m. N.E. of Alyth Church, on
a spur of Alyth Hill. Tins long ridge, after rising from the W. to two summits,
966 and 871 ft. above the sea, falls on the E. to a neck about 500 ft. above the
sea, over which passes the high road up Gleniala, and to the E. of the road the
ridge again rises abruptlv 150 ft. to a little eminence, 680 ft. above the sea,
conspicuous from l>einc thus thrust into the valley of the Isla. Here stands
the fort with steep rocky descents on all sides.
The earliest notice of Barra Hill is by Dr Playfair, who saw it probably at
the end of the eighteenth century,^ and it has also been descril)ed by Sir George
Mackenzie, whose visit must have been early in the nineteenth century.^
The fortress consists of a regular oval work (fig. 46), measuring on the O.M.
200 by 120 ft., occupying the level summit, and various appurtenances, which
can only be understood by reference to the plan, founded on that of the O.M.,
but with considerable additions, and with sections by myself. Approaching,
as a visitor would naturally do, Sfroni the W., we first meet a trifhng moiuid-
* Topography of the Basin of th'. Taij, p. 172, James Knox, 1831.
^ Description of Scotland, i. 485, James Playfair, D.D., 1819.
^ ArduBol. Scot,j iv. 184.
94
PROCEEDINGS OF TOE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
•'-b>,^
'*v...
-— ^<*'"'
^^
/ "/
FORTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 95
fence, A A, at the edge of the steep ascent, bounding a plateau at the foot of
the fort on which is the *well,' B, a circular grassy hollow, stony at the
bottom, 3 ft deep, about 50 diameter, and quite dry at my visit.
Looking up from this plateau to the N. we see a steep ascent to another
plateau, C, 25 ft. higher, partially enclosed by a low mound, D D, and domi-
nated by the main work ; looking now from the first plateau to the E., another
ascent, E E, is seen, at first gentle, then steeper, interrupted by the wide
terrace, F, and leading directly to the rampart of the fort proper.
Q is another rough plateau, unfencea, higher than C, and very slightly
dominated by the main work. At H the hill descends direct from the rampart
of the fort, but beyond that a terrace, I, runs round eastward and southward as
far as J, where there is a fall of 2 or 3 ft. to the trench, N.
Tlie mound, K, about 50 ft wide on the top, is probably natural, but
carved into shape. It bears a little mound. A:, at the N\ end, and southward
l^radually narrows to join the very regular, evidently artificial, mound, L, the
crest of which is 5 or 6 ft. wide, and which has in it« rear a wide terrace, M
Fig. 47. Profile at Barra Hill. (Sir G. Mackenzie.)
(which may be regarded as continuous with the terrace, IJ), rising only a
couple of feet above the 6 ft. wide trench, N, from which it is fenced oflp by a
low moimd only at the E. end, 0. Beyond L there is a little, perhaps
natural, sharp-cut trench, T, shown only in my section, having on the further
side a narrow, rou^h ridge, U, beyond which is the steep descent of the hill.
This ridge would torm a good natural first line of defence on the S. side of
the fort
Finally, with a bold command all round, except towards the plateau, G, and
mound-head, K, where it is but slight, is the rampart, P Q R S, of the fort
proper. Dr Playfair describes this as a mound of earth 6 to 8 ft. high, on
which a wall of freestone was built without cement, of which the foundation of
rough granite remained, 10 to 12 ft wide, the same width as the top of the
moimd. I cannot help thinking, however, that he was mistaken, as there is no
evidence now of such a wall, and the aspect of the mound is exactly that of the
ordinary ruined and partially grass-grown walls of Scottish forts. Neither do
I know any example amone them of a wall constructed on the top of an arti-
ficial moimd. Sir George Mackenzie tells us that the stones of the rampart are
a red conglomerate from the hill, but does not mention any masonry, and I
could see none.
Vitrifaction. — Dr Playfair and Sir G. Mackenzie saw only a few vitrified
masses in the ruins of the rampart, and I noticed none amidst the great masses
of stones that Ue on its outer and inner slopes. Dr Playfair, however, describes
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
a thoroughly vitrified * bridge,' 18 ft. long, only 2 broad in the middle, but
widening to both ends, and covered with gravel, as crossing the trench (at the
point J in my plan). But Sir G. Mackenzie, while confirminj^ the vitrifaction,
says and shows by a section (fig. 47) that this bears no resemblance to a bridge,
and I can amply confirm him, in regard to its present state, as there is now
nothing but a slight descent at J to the trench, N. Possibly a rough and pitted
irregularity of the terrace or flat-bottomed trench, I, near J, now visible, may
have suggested the idea of a northern side to this * bridge,' which, unless it was
purposely greatly reduced between Dr Plav fair's and Sir George Mackenzie's
visits, was so low that it cannot have been of any use as a bridge.
Dr Play fair calls this the only vitrified mrt of the fort, but Sir Gteorge,
having found more vitrifaction at the ]>oint, 1, makes the extraordinary sugges-
tion, that if the turf were removtHl, a vitrified wall would be found all the way
round from I to X. At the same time he confesses that he caimot account for
a vitrified wall being found in so extraordinary a situation as the bottom of a
trench.
No entrance through the ramj)art is marked on the O.M., although Dr Play-
fair sj)eak8 of one, apjwinmtly at the E. end, secured by a bulwark of stona I
could see neither the one nor the other.
(/) Forts on High Ridges between Forfar and Brechin.
A few miles N.E. of Forfar two narrow j)arallel ridges, their crests from a
mile to a mile and a half apart, run north-eastward, between the broad fertile
valley of the South Esk on the one side, and llescobie Loch and the paFS through
which road and rail escape fi-om Strathmore en route for the Meams on the
other. These ridges rise l>oldly to a height of 750 ft. al)Ove the sea, and 500
above the low ground to N. and S., but the hollow l)etween them is only
300 ft. deep, and is continuous with the table-land which carries one of the
roads from Forfar to Brechin. Where the hollow debouches on the table-land
is Alxirlemno, celebrat^jd for its large assemblage of early Christian monu-
ments. The furthest north of these ridges is 5 m. long, beginning at Carse
Gray on the W. and ending at Finavon Hill. Tlie other, beginning near
Luilanhead and Pitscandlie, is 3 m. long, and imds at Turin Hill. A large
fort occupies each of these ridges at or near their highest points, and there is
also a small work of a doubtful character towards the W. end of the Turin
Hill ridge.
43. Turhi J fill Fori^ the iAunp or Kemp CaMlc of the Statistical Accounts
and of Mr A. J. Wardens Aiujus^ is a very remarkable work of almost
uni(|ue character and extent, and has hitherto escajx»d description, beyond the
brief notices in the authorities mentioned above. It is 1| ni. S.S.W. of Aber-
lemno Church and 8(K) ft. above the s<.*a. Tlie summit of Turin Hill is a
pculiarly narrow level ridge which runs E. and W. and is HKX) ft. in length
by only about 100 in breadth. The foi t with its apjiurtenanccs occupies all this
space, and runs besides some distance down the gentle descent to the N., so that
the total occui)ied area is about IfJoo )>y 400 ft. The descents from the narrow
K. and W. points of the .summit are stiej), and to the S. the fort looks down
from the edge of a low but nmral clitr on a steei) descent to Rescobie Loch 500
ft. below. As it is on the dominatiug point of the two ridges, which, as I have
FORT8, * camps/ ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE, 97
exi»laiutsd, are interpoeed here between the Qrampions and the low coast range,
it commands a most extensive and Ijeautifiil view, and has a position of strat-
egical importance. Its proximity to the very ancient Aherlemno may also Ije
noticed.
The works will Ixi best de8cril)ed from the west, whence the visitor is led by a
farm roar] gradually skirting up the hill side from Clocksbriggs Station nearly
to tlie summit^ when it turns northwards through a little pass to the Al^erlemno
road. A short but steep ascent from this jioss leads to the sharp-jiointid W.
r D
B
H %
m
.y
.<<"
^J^% \ %,^^^^^'
%:;^^^^^^
Scale for the Plan (Sections double)
I. ...I..
100 50 0 100 zoo 300 600 500 F^
Fig. 48. Fort on Turin Hill.
end of the summit. Here (A, fig. 48) is a double row of cup or saucer shapetl
hollows, possibly foundations for hut circles.
Fifty vards further on is an oval work, B, 130 by 108 ft. over all, covering
the whole width of the ton, and environed by a mound 24 ft. wide and 2 or 3
l^ig^' grassy but With small stones visibl(\ it \\i\A eiitranceH from the K. and
W., and the whole interior is irregularly cupixxl and mounded.
Nearly 100 yds. further, after crossing a wide mound, C, which we disi-egard in
tlie meantime, we come to another mound, D, encircling the long oval space £,
VOL. XXXIV. 0
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEK 11, 1899.
rtl)ont 500 by 180 ft. over all, the sides Uring not far from straight, the ends
rounded. The enclosing mound is grass-grown, but shows small stones, and is no
less than 35 ft. broad and G high on tlu* outer side at the W. entrance. On the
X. side it is nearly gone, but is distinct, though much ruined, on the precipice
edge on tlie S. side, and is again well ])n*Herved at the E. end, where the
entrance has tho |)eculiar form shown in the plan, and lias behind the ramjiart
on the S. side a smce. of about 70 by 35 ft., enclo8e<l by a low straight mound,
and divided into lour or live compartments.
Within the o\'al, much nearer the W. tlian the E. end, and touching the
N. side, is the nearly circular * citadel,' F. A mass of rubble all round,
with many fine facing stones at the l)ase, proves it to have l)een alwut 90 ft.
diameter, inside a wall from 12 to 14 ft. thick, and the fine quality of the drv
masonry is testified by a j^art of the outer face, 8 ft. long and Sh high, stifl
standing (fig. 49). Many of the facing stones are 2^ to 3 ft. long.
Fig. 49. Masonry of Turin Hill Fort.
Fifty yards further E. is another nearly circular work, G, 140 by 130 ft.
over ail, the low grassy and stony encircling mound being alwut 15 ft. wide,
with an entrance to the S.W. Within it is a second encircling mound 10 ft.
wide, the inner area of all being about 50 ft. in diameter.
Al>out 100 yds. further we come to a massive mound, H, alx)ut 30 to 40 ft.
wide, at the edge of the eastern descent. On the S. side of the entrance it
mnidly diminishes in bulk, and soon reaches the precipitous edge, but on the
other side it continues for a considerable distance curving round the N. side
down the hill, and can l)e traced, more often as a ternice, all the way till it j<»ins
the mound, (.', near the W. end of the site, where it runs out on the prticipice
cKlge ; a very large semi-oval sjjace (if alnnit 11 (Kj l>y 370 ft., enclosing the
inner oval and citiidel, is thus shut i]i. On the S. side of the entrance a
second mound, 1, 7(> ft. outside the tirst and lower down the hill, circles round
with it. At first it is 30 ft. wifle, but soon becomes a terrace, and I ci^dtl not
trace it more tlian half way rouncl.
44. Finaron. — The ridge of Fimtron, Fiiunm, or Fttulhacen, ruiming
I^arallel with the last, after attaining its full height of 751 ft. above the sea,
FOKTS, * CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FOHFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 99
gradually falls north-eastward to the 500 contour line, where a winding road
passes over it from N. to S. The ridge then rises acain steeply 100 ft almost
uuinediately to a little level summit^ on which stanos the fort, a mile due W.
of Aberlemno Church in the plain below. This summit is approached by a
long moderate ascent from the N., and by a short but narrow one from the E.,
but it has a very steep fall to the S., beginning at a well-defined precipitous
II
./(:
■ 'I ': >h?
1^.
r^^^v..,.,.,
Fig. 50. Finavon, near Aberlemno.
edge. The fort^ curiously enough, is not at this edge, butjis withdrawn from 50
to 100 ft. from it, and it is also slightly withdrawn from the steep ascent at the
'rhe plan (fig. 50) is very simple. Two long straight sides face N. and S., and
tlie two ends are well rounder. According to the O.M. the dimensions from
crest to crest are 500 ft. by 125 near the W. end, contractinc to 110 at the
E. end. It is therefore a peculiarly narrow fort. The mound rampart, even
100 IMKX'KKDINtlS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEU 11, 1899.
on tho Hide towards tlie steep descent, is in some places as much as 7 ft. high
and 30 bnxul, and on the N., where its outer Ibnit is not so easily made out,
it is at least 40 ft. wide where my section was taken. At the W. end, on the
other hand, which is not naturally strontr, it is singidarly weak^ being narrow
and only 3 ft. above a little plateau which comes right up to it At the K end
it is coniuvUKl by an earthen mnip, F, with a ])erluips natural mound nmning
jvirallel with that end, but exUmding in an irrogidar manner to within 40 ft.
of the steep (k»8cent on the S. and Honie 100 ft down the slope to the N.
Ascending from the N. the visitor i» deceived into the belief tnat the space
Wtween tiiis mound and the minpart must lead to the entrance, but finds him-
A'lf in a i'lil ih- mc. At i>re8ent a cart road, A, winds up the hill from the N.,
]vismi«s close lH*ni*ath the rain])art from K. to W., crosses the fort obliquely, and
goes down the vXA'^i^y dem^'nt to the S. 'I1ius the only two existing entrances
an' formeil. it is nomewhat i*emarkable that the flat space on the S., which
is aUnit (K» ft. wide at tbe W. end and 100 at the K end, and is on the same
lowl as the inti^rior, is neither fortified at the edgi» nor on its flanks.
The interior, k\» nhown in my section, ha$, near the K. end, a shallow^ pit,
If, 45 ft. wide, and at the extreme W. end a very deep one, H, shaped like an
invorteil iiuie, with grassy sidi*s, desivnding directly from the slight rampart
iherv to a depth of 30 ft '
Accimliug t<> Williams, Or J. Jamie^ku, the Statistical Account^andthe O.M.
this fv>rt is vitritletl. .lamiestni^ liad the opportimity of investigating it when
the tenant was eU«aring away jvirt of the wall, but unfortunately his descrip-
tion ut alnuv^t inoompreheiuiible. He says tluit after piercing throosh 8 or 10
tt of rubbish the vilritiiil wall was found regularly built ami stanaing from
10 to I ( tt in height and :!0 to 3i) brvxul at tlK' base. But the wall was not
.ill vlt^itu^l« a.« he sap that )virt« fnnn top to U^tom afforded no vefltiges of
tire, although v^thew wen* innupleloly bumevl. Apparently, also, it was not the
built wall lirnt wjis vitritunl, lor he siU->? "ihe irregidar ciMicrete mass formed a
bultr\>ss \»u «xuh sUle <" fAr i-c'.'iir c- r- . -''ui.*'- "m//.' He al$o says that the
'iUMiv^ weiv bi\mght li\MU various oiurtors : in one small heap he found seven or
eighl vbtteivut kuuls ot sti^ie : ana iIva: a great viuontity of ashes of burnt wood
\\:is uu\v\l with the suuies, The ramp&rc is now mucfi overgrown, but a oon-
^^l^'r:4Me |vui ot it> nIojhxji axv Iviiw At.vl wberv\-er that was tbe case I found the ^
>iouv> unu h Unvuvl uyvsUer with a vlul^ Ctv,^. J^h-like suUstance,so that the fort -3
xvMu lo bavv AS o^^f * title to ;hv tuv.iw ' v'.:ritleLi* as meet «.<her9. The onlyv
•,iv:e *;l.iv<\ ousy \ pK m\1 y,v was '>:v^ vr. :h.e surface inside the fort, ajod ha2^
";vUkl»l\ Ivor, vl.;^ uv Av.vi tx'.^ *\ >«.*r.;< rcvvr:: explorer.
^ ^ S-v^W t\*';^.N .'\ ■ :. ;:. : vN " vN ' .. '■^-.AW- F*. SL-ESt oK AXOC^
' ^ ^' ' \ '"^ '•T'sv" 'h: c.-rns ct :hie Grampia^i::^
'. \*-.:.' .•:•. i . \. • i x \ ^•■.' ! ^TLiC'" '>"<:r«e ^.T •> m.
>" A - • -> ' - V ■ .• L- -.>e ^^^iphrie Bmi
" \^ ' ^^ ^- -i ■ •• :->-.. .w<erly coci
V t * « . *v.> i . '■;*'< -iVscwuid I
\,
FOUTS, * camps/ etc., OF PEKTIf, FOPFAH, ANI» KIXOAKinNE. 101
^^'v.
t .! : X
o
o
NC"
-■
O
-■
o
--
o
-■
o-
-;
S
-■
^,-
60
''''•'•»■,.,. Ill I'VW"
'•/,••'. '••'.I.J... ».» •< -/ .xOV*^
>U>500'
■ . :, 1
XI
;;;;a;
.,...••••>•
^.- J '•'•t-i...., '/••
/'V'/'K.,./.,,, .•""•«. 1.'
*'.; .
1
1 '^i
H x-nr
>.».!"
"./ ''''""... "' •■..,
V'<
''f'./.
^^
-\">
■>/...,.
' '^ c;-'.-.r"''
V
%'t
•»•»•,, ''♦./„ ,^
."M., "'•'^''•.
-/'<.
■/■^
^^^'
'"•i,,.i
'.. "•'.. '•■•.
^'^,
^^^k
\
\ \ \
^,.,;->C:;;^;:;;;;;;:;:;;;;<,
■2 C
O^'a"
'v<,,,jF >»»'•'•»
VlMM'V'""''''**^*
> ^A'*^'
/.'•
,^'7^
..x>''':1'm-^'''''\\ .x>:JI^^' ^..rVr"
V^g- *'^* , r^ramP^fl^^^ . Q^8 and ^^
104 PR0CKE1)IN(JS OK THE SOCIETY. DECEMBER 11, 18W.
tr-
/ ;
N -
/
rf4
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PEKTII, FOKFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 105
work," and proV>ably he is not responsible for tlie extraordinary development
and fomi given to it in the engraving (section C).
On conii>aring section D with E, taken respectively on the N.K. and
S.W. faces of the work, differences come out, ]>robably due to the compara-
tive gentleness* of the sloi)e on the N.E. face, llere it is neither so long nor
so high as in D ;'it is interrupted al^out the middle by a level space, g, 7 ft.
wide, and the whole surface is thickly covered with debris, instead of having
the grassy interval of the S.£. section. The trench is again quite distinct,
but it has no outer mound.
It is impossible from these surface characteristics to understand the original
structure, but I V)elieve that excavation would reveal remains of masonry re-
presenting a wall poesiblv 30 to 40 ft. thick. Whether the pitting on the ton
IS due to mere searching for stones, or had a structural origin, is a question whicn
also could only l)e solved by excavation. Poe8il)ly there were really two con-
centric walls, the intersj^ace ijeing filled up with cellular Imilding of some kind
or another ; and there may have been another and slighter wall situated at the
foot of the slope on the edge of the trench. The division of the debris on the
alope into an ui)|jer and lower strip, as shown in section D, favours this supposi-
tion.
It remains to s])eak of the outer line of defence. Roy calls it '*a double in-
trenchment," ana his section C, fig. 100, represents two mounds, /i, », with a
trench between. Where my section (D) was taken, however, I found nothing
but a trench, k, with a 15-ft.-wide level terrace, I, in its rear, and this con-
tinued to l)e the case along a great part of the N.E. face, although towards
the two ends there was a slight mounding liotli inside and outside the trench.
The total dimensions of the White Caterthun are 1300 V)y 840 ft. and the area
of the citadel is 470 by 210 ft.
It seems as if there had been but one entrance, situated at the E. end, where
now a mere footj>ath passes over a hollow in the stony debris. At the opposite
end are two similar paths, and it is possible that one of them indicates the
position of a second entrance, but neither of them |>aBses through a well-marked
nollow like the path at the E. end.
46. The Brown Caterthun (fig. 52), j m. N.E. of the last, is descril)ed l)y
Roy as lieing " fortified by several sliglit earthen intrenchments." Their present
slight character may be partly due to the lx>ggy nature of a gn»at portion of the
ground. The inner ring (fig. 52, and m, section B, fig. 53), now scarcely trace-
able in some jarta, is so trifling where preserved tluit it is questionable if it was
intended for defence. It encloses the level Hummit, a sjmce of al)Out 280 by
190 ft ; but a little way down is a second much stronger ring, n, a mound 8
or 9 ft high outside, which proltfibly, as Miss Maclagan thinks, conceals a stone
wall, and appears to have been the main defence. It encloses a sj^ace of 610 by
480 ft. The next ring is a trench, represented i\8 i)erfect by Roy and the
O.M. ; but I found no remains of it in some stretches, although to the N.E. it
was not only well seen, but liad slight mounds in front and rear. About 120
ft farther down is the fourth riiig, p, a mound measuring about 30 ft across
and 5 or 6 in height to the outside, Al)OUt 30 ft. lower is the fifth or outer
ring, q, consisting of a slighter mound towarrls 20 ft wide and rising only 4 or
5 above a narrow trench, which is bounded outside by a very trifling mound 6
or 8 ft in width. The total dimensions are 1120 by 1010 ft
106 PKOCEEDINOS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11,1899.
The eiitmnces throiigli all these rings are numerous. Perhap some of them
arc modern breaches, but as they are simply ojienings and nothing more, the
\ioiut cannot be determined without excavation. Roy seems to liave thought
most of them genuine, as he says " the second or strongest [ring] has no less
than seven gates."
III. SITES OF FORTS WITH LITTLE OR NO REMAINS.
1. Craig OJmey, 2J m. S. by W. of Dunkeld, 1323 ft above the sea, is marked
l)y a dotted circle, 120 ft. diameter, as the site of a fort. I have no informa-
tion about it.
2. Jackshairs^ li m. E.S.E. of Forteviof, 339 ft. above the sea, on the
highest point of a little wooded ridge on the skirts of the Ochils. The O.M.
represents two, i)erhaps three, concentric rings round an area of 180 by 150
ft. with an inner ring of 80 by 60 ft., the whole measuring 350 by 250 ft.
I could only tind three faintly marked trenches on one side.
3. Auchterhoicse Hill. — This well wooded and finely shaped summit of the
J^ ico'
Fig. 54 Piotiles of site of Fort, Auchterhouse II ill.
Sidlaws, G m. X.X.W. of Dundee, 1400 ft. above the sea, U m. N.E. of the
Parish Church of Auchterhouse, has 'site of fort ' marked on the O.M. on
its very top. A century ago, Dr Playfair saw only faint traces of a fort. All
that I found were a few stones suitable for building at the edce of a steep
sloix* of 30 ft., on which were two concentric, low, artificial looKing mounds
which could not be traced far. This was the natural boundary to the S.E.
On the N.W. the hill slope from the blunt conical site is continuous, and offers
no natural limit. To the S.W. the descent is very abrupt, and to the N.E. it
falls on a considerable plateiiu. The general nature of the site will be under-
stood from the rough sections (fig. 54). The interior of the fort was probal)ly
circular, and may have mea.sured about 200 ft. diameter.
4. DumlHirrov\ at Kirkton Fanii, 2 J m. E. by S. of Dunnichen Church.
A single oval ring of 120 by 100 ft. is"marked on the O.M. on the top of a
knoll 544 ft. above the sea, rising but little above the high and pretty level land
to the S., but with a descent of 300 ft. to the low country on the N. The sit^
is nuich overgrown with brushwood, and I could see nothing but a few large
stones lying about.
f
FOJJTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FOllFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 107
IV. DUBIOUS WORKS OR SITES MARKED FORT
OR CAMP ON THE O.M.
^ i- /^outh Tulchan. — A fort is marked here on the O.M., 2 m. N.N.E. of
^OMrlis Wester, 1 m. S. of the Almond, 60() ft. above the sea, in a field sloping
^oi-tli'^^a^ to a small burn. The green elevation, 5 to 9 ft. high ana 80
^fx>e», shows natuFGd rock cropping out on the top. Breaks reveal quantities
.V ^^r^e and small stones, and tnere is something like a circle of stones under
d V? ^^^ ^ about a foot high, round the foot of the mound. This puzzling place
^^ ^i^ot seem to me to fiear any resemblance to a fort.
j\^^ ^Juncan^s Campj on Bimam Hill, 600 ft. above the sea, and 2 m. S.S.E. of
, ***^fc:^ld Church, is drawn on the O.M. as a low, flat-topped elevation, triangu-
^» '^^ith rounded angles, measuring al>out 180 by 1(K) ft. I have not
^?^ i t and have no information about it.
g^^^ ^ZJaledonian Camp, — This pretentious name is given on the O.M. to an
j^£^^^*==^-^ive enclosure, 3 m. W.N.W. of Blairgowrie, on Lornty Bum, Qomiack
jj-^^?K^« An irregular rectangular space of about 4000 by 2000 ft. is enclosed
I fe^?^^^ * Buzzart Dykes,' described to Dr Joseph Anderson by some natives as
nj^^^^ ^ikes.' It is on irregular ground, 600 to 850 ft. above the sea, and a great
^T^^^^ cairns are marked on the O.M. lx)th inside and on the muir beyond.
nj^^;^^--3ider8on saw some of them, and thought they were not sepulchral, but
,^?*^^^ be remains of shielings.
th^ "^ ^-fiofe'g Reed, — This is the peculiar title of a work also marked * fort ' on
of ^fc-^^^-^.M., but which seems to me to be a dubious fort. It is 1 J m. W. by N.
ri^3i^^r^^«5ot)ie Church on an irregular plateau not quite on the summit of the
vr^-^^^^ here about 550 ft. above the sea, that runs on to Turin Hill fort. The
vrVi^^'^ has no natural strength, and has an inner circular area 65 ft. diameter,
lO^^^^^li falls from 3 to 5 ft. below the level of the exterior, except to the W.
ai^ ^^^ enclosed by a low mound, 18 ft. wide and only Ij high, of small stones,
i^^^^^P^^T as can be seen, with a few large flat ones not of the kind commonly used
es.«^«rt wall-faces.
Vx^~^^ Druid! 8 Camvy dte ofy is marked on the O.M. 3 J m. S.S.W. of Stone-
^-^^^•^n on high table-land 480 ft. above the sea. There seem to be no remains,
^ ^^ I could get no information alx)ut the place or the origin of the name, but
^ V^d not go to the spot
^, Campj MontgoUirum. — Near the farm-house of that name, on the top of the
T^^ gentle yet prominent * Camp Hill ' of the O.M., 450 ft. above the sea, 2 m.
^.«^. of Arbuthnott Church, is an irregularly circular mass of stones about 60 ft.
^^meter, the outer edge of which is marked iri-egularly by some large rough
^^nes not suitable for building. One huge block, apparently pulled from ite
'place and blown up, must have been 6 ft. square when entire. But the mass
insists of smallish water-worn stones, such as are abundantly ploughed up in
the adjoining field. Mr F. R. Coles, after making a careful examination and
taking a plan, l)elieves that this is a ruined (aim. A number of large stones lie
scattered to the N.E., which he thinks are the remains of a second cairD.
7. BlacUll Camp.—Th& site indicated on the O.M., J in. N.N.W. of Dun-
nottar Ca«<tle, \ m. S. of Stonehaven harlK)ur, I found to Ije a space enclosed
on the S.E. by a precipice rising from the head of Strathlethan Bay, on the
108 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
N.W. by a atraight mound only 2 ft. high and 6 wide, on tlie S.W. l)y a
branch at right angles to the last ; and it is not enclosed on the N.£. Tlie first-
named mound is on the summit., 250 ft above the sea, of the enclosed area, which
slopes so steeply to the precipice tliat the work cannot have lieen a fortress of
any kind, more particularly an the moimd is so trifling.
V. DUBIOUS WORKS OR SITES, POSSIBLY MILITARY,
NOT MARKED *FORT' OR *CAMP' ON THE O.M.
1. Dunnichen, — On the top of this detached height 764 ft. above the sea, ^ m.
N. of Dunnichen Church, overlooking the supxKwed scene of Ecgfrid, King of
Northumbrians defeat in 685, the remains of a fort were visible according to
Knox, op, nt.y p. 118. I have not Ijeen there, but nothing is marked on the
O.M.
2. Green CairUy Ij m. W.S.W. of Fettercairn, 2CH) yds. S. of Caimton
cottage on the high it>ad, is the name of a little eminence, measuring about 200
by 140 ft. on the O.M. My notes of it have been lost, but my recollection is
that it was raised about 20 ft. alx)ve a level field, tliat it liad an irregularly fiat
top, rough with many closely aggregated indefinite little mounds and frag-
mentary hut circles (?), but with no clear signs of fortification.
3. Intrenchment is the name on the O.M. of a straight mound about 450 ft.
long in Dnmisleed Wood, I m. S.E. of Fordoun, 300 ft. above the sea, running
parallel with and a little withdrawn from the edge of a steep descent, on an
elevated flat. The mrisli minister, the Rev. J. Menzies, pointed out to me that
st^veral other mounds run oflf at right angles from the main one, but they are
little more tlian broad undulations of the ground, whereas the *Intrenchment'
is substantial in height and width. The remains arc puzzling but not sugi^-
tive to me of fortifications Knox says that the country people call the place
* The Scotch Camp.'
4. The LaWy Tumulus, are the titles given on the O.M. to a mound 1^ m.
W.N.W. of Kinneff Church, and 300 yds. N. of Largie Castle site. An ex-
tensive cutting on the W. side shows sandv soil and a few rounded stones. The
flat top measures 75 by 33 ft. Tt may fiave served as a simple mote or for-
tress, but it is, I should think, of natural formation, tis is a similar mound, with
its long axis in the opjK)site direction, however, about 100 yds. to the N.
5. Cdstle Hilly 1000 yds. S. by W. of Kinneflf Church, on the edge of a sea
cliff, is represented as a strongly marked artificial mound on the O.M. I found
it, however, to l)e quite inconspicuous an<l entirely without remains of building
or fortification.
0. Malcohn's Moinity 2 m. W.N.W. of Stonehaven, ^ m. N.E. of Fetter-
e&so Church, 150 ft. alx)ve the sea. (Growing crops prevented me from getting up
to it, but it looked on a near view as if a natural mound rose to an artificial
one. Taking the enclosed and nlantiid top as the artificial part, it is a regular
circle KX) ft. diameter as marked on the O.M.
7. lieinains of Ram part is the title on the O.M. of a mound, only a foot or two
high and G wide, that cuts oft* the i>romontory called Th^ lUwdunHy ^ m. S.E.
of Stonehaven liarlx)ur, on the N. side of the Castle Bay of Dunnottar. This
precipice-girt point consists on the landwanl side of a squarish flat of 500 ft.
f
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAK, AND KINCARDINE. 109
*00 fx^ above the sea, and of another flat beyond it at the extreme point about
^ ftw lower, of about half the extent At the neck a narrow gto cuts in from
J^ ^•^ and at its head, nearly on a level with the Hat, a ravine begins which
p'^^^'t^^ly descends to the sea on the N.E. The artificial mound also starts
o/^*?^ tihe head of the gto and^runs down ih^ hottam of the ravine to the rocks
^^^wduns at the sea. Thus, although it cuts across the neck, from its
^^*^\•^i^5n and trilling dimensions it can hardly be considered defensive. A
^S^^^^r mound in its rear courses along the top of the ravine, but this, like the
'^^ *^^ seemed to me to be &fefice rather than a defence.
jj^ ^ Oircular Stone Structures in Upper Gleiilyon. — In this remote locality, 16
^y^V^ "^^twve the sufficiently remote Fortincall with its sauare fort in the flat
jg^^'^ ^HlDim Qcal overlooking it from the hill, it is remarkable to find, within the
^^.^J^ t^ of a mile, the poor remains of four circular stnietures, too large for
- ^^-•-'^^^ary hut circles, but apparently not sufficiently strong or well built to have
»- fortified towers, l^esiaes being on indefensible sites in the level l)Ottoni of
Chart of Rums 'n Upper Ctrnlyon
C«rsrr«) 4
Fig. 66. Chart of ruined ••Towers," Upiier Glenlyon.
^^^f2 valley. Towers, however, they are called on the O.M., and the (Jaels call
y«icm "Caisteal," as shown in the chart (fig. 55) reduced from the f»-inch
^.M. These names are also recognised by Mr Duncan Campbell in his Uook of
^^nrth and Fortinyall. Miss Maclagan, Tlie Hill Fortx, <Cr., of Ancient Scotlandy
P» 85, calls them circular buildings, and describes and figures three of them,
One of which seems to have a single row of stones, set on end, and therefore
Hot very suitable for the foundations of the outer and inner facing of a broad
t^ibble wall.
Mr Cimpl)ell alw finds no less than seven MotrJu'Us in (Jlenlyon, l>ut they do
not seem to U' known as such by the people, and the O.M. does not notice them
either by name or drawing, excej)t the Sithmn (\imslai, 17 m. above Fortin-
gall, which is drawn on the O.M. as a triangular, flat topped, low mound
with a tower on it, but is not marked MoUhill. The t<^>wer apiHiars to be a mis-
take, as Dr Joseph Anderson informs me it is a small green mound. One
might wish, however, to know more of the Tom na Ciuiirteig^ "directly above the
110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
Kemiclacli round fort, which, Mr Campbell says, *put« the Tinwald of Man to
ojwn shame/ "
Circular Stone Structures in Strathardle,— A large number of *hut circles'
and other circular structures of larger size in a veir ruinous state have been de-
scribed by Dr John Stuart at J>alnal)othj and by Miss Maclagan, who also gives
plans of them, as well as of others at GUnderhy^ Strathardle, and I have seen
similar remains near the 'Roman Camp' of Raedykes, near Stonehaven.
Doubtless they occur elsewhere in our district. They are always of an obscare,
little understood character, and fall very doubtfully if at all under the head
of fortifications.
GENERAL REMARKS.
I. Class op Kauth works.
(a) Possible Motes.
Nuuilkcr, — About hiilf of the twenty-live earthworks (including two
in the 1 Postscript) have some claim, on structural grounds, although
generally a feeble one, to the title of Mote, With one exception, the
most that can be said is that they are, on the whole, more like motes
than forts.
Heitjht above the Sea. — Like the other earthworks, they contrast
stn)ngly with the stone forU in this resi>ect, as their elevation is quite
motlerate. The only two that climb abive the 500 contour line arc
Anu'c/uJ, 700 ft., and Dundee Lair, 572 ft., and only four others
reach the 600 contour.
Sifrs. As a rule thev are not on positions of natural strength — the
exceptions being No. 8, the Torr , No. 9, Dundee Laic — the last ofZl
which lias perhaps tin* feebh'st claim of all to 1h? called a mote.
r/(Vfs. N<». 1, Cairn IhlJi, the best claimant, appears to have l)cen «
tyjueal mote with a Inise court. No. 11, Arniefuty,\m\ No. 12, Caniei
laud^ are simple moated moumls on paper, but the resemblance is not f^^
salisfactorv in tht^ liehl. No. 8, The Torr, is by no means unlike
lerraeed mote. .\s {i^ }\i). 'J, In''hbrah'i>\ if not a mote, it is certaiiw. "^
(lillicnli tt» call it anythini; e]s«'. It ha^j the iiitiund, the surroundL -:^^
lieinb. ;»im1 .111 niiiiM" rMiiipait, bill its imu>ua] si/e and tlie feebleness of t ^j
lampMit ;irf loni ra iiulii Mti«»ns. No. 10, Ca^Uftuu, ixwA No. W, Dur^cM^
l.nii\ .lie po-,,iMr examples .«i" tlie s.pKiie type (»f mote, ramparted ^tu/
FORTS, * camps/ etc., OF PEKTH, FOUFAK, AND KINCAKDIXE. Ill
trenched. The four remaining wore possibly motes of the simpk»st type,
mere artificial mounds witliout rampart or trend i, always of necessity an
uncertain class.
T}i£ Nam^ Mote in thn OUtrv-t. — It is very tloubtful if the name has
iKjeu applied locally to any of these works, even to Xos. 3, 4, and 5, and
I failed to get any evi<lence of it in the neighlxmrhood. In tlu* Regitf-
trum Magim t>i(jlllx 1 have only noticed one reference to a mote in
the three counties — a.d. 1546, "lie Moit de Errole." 1 do not know if
there are any remains of it, hut none are marked on the ().!M. Three
' niotehills ' in Perth and two in ^Learns are also mentioned, hut the
signilication is probably different from that of * mote/
(b) KaHlien Forts.
NumJper, — The toUd number of ai>j)arently earthen /c/r/^f in the district
is thirteen, including two described in the po8tscri|)t.
Elecaiion above the Sea, — As with the motes, the elevation is very
moderate, with the exception of No. 17, JCvdirJc, which attiiins 890 ft.,
a very unusual height for an earthwork. It is, however, not a deeply
trenched but rather a terraced fort. The next highest barely passes the
500 contour line, and oidy two others reach the 400 contour.
Sitett, — It is one distinguishing fcMiture between this sulnlivision and
the motes that, whereas all i\m most j»robal)lc mot(»s are on weak sites,
the forts without exception are j>lac(Ml where they derive considerable
strength from the nature of the ground.
Plans. — Where the constructors had a free hand, the form ai>i)roaches
that of the oval, but only in a single instance is the oval enceinte of
fc»rtitication comidete. The position being genc^rally at the straight edg(;
of a steep bank, which was Irft unfortified, compelled the form to
assum<» a somewhat semi-oval figure. In the case <»f f(»rtified promont(>ries,
inland or on the coast, where the fortilieati<ni is confined to the ntu-k, the
fonu of the fort depends entirely (Ui that of the cut-oil' point.
The only comjdete fortified enceinte is at (r/'cen (-axflr^ No. 23. It is
single, consistijig of a rampart and trench, of uniform strength all round,
r
112 PROCEEDINGS OF TUB SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
anil this assimilates it to the stone forts. But T could see no sign of
stone about it, and the fine broad rampart was amply accounted for by
the deep and wide trench from which it was no dou])t taken. In three
instances, all of cut-off pt)ints, the fortified line was only single, but in
the other examples of that type, and in all the ordinary forts with incom-
[>lete semi-oval fortifications, the lines were dou])le or treble. Terraced
fortification seems only to have l)een employed at Evelick, Xo. 17.
Water Supply. — Most of the earthen forts, a,s well as the motes, had
a pretty direct access to streams runnijig close under their sites, but
whether they had springs or cisterns inside is uncertain, as not a single
native earthen fortress in the tlistrict has l)een excavated.
Relics. — For the reason just given, we are equally ignorant of the
relics they may contain.
Import of Uie Distinctions between tJie Eartlien and the Stone Forts, —
Although the earthen differ from the stone fortresses in the lowness of
their situation, their structure, and their generally incomplete enceintes
of . fortification, it would l>e rash to conclude that these distinctions
depend on a difterence of date or of race in the builders. They can all
be explained Ijy the differences natural to sites on the hills or in the
valleys, and l)y the Ciise with which stoneworks can be thrown up on the
former, and Ciirthworks in the latter.
11. Stone Forts.
Numher. — The number of stone forts reckoning as such all that have
the (ritatlel of stone, whatever the nature of the outer defences may be,
is twenty-three — lnit few for so large a district.
Elevation abore tlui Sea. — The great coni|)arative elevation of stone
forts is shown by the facts that only one of the twenty-two comes down to
the 500 eontour, whereas in\\y four of the twenty-fiv(» (earthworks come
up to it ; and lluit n^au* of tht? latter come within 100 ft. of the 1000
contour, while six of the stone forts are above it, and live more within
100 ft. of reaching it. The highest of all, Dun More, Glenalmondy is
no less than 1520 ft. al»ove the sea.
FORTS, * CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAK, AND KINCARDINE. 113
Sites. — With the exception of No. 27, Dun GecUy wliich, although on
a height, is approachable by easy slopes all round, all the stone forts arc
strongly protected on one or more sides l)y precipices, ravines, or steep
8loj)es.
Platis, — The great majority are oval in form, although in some the
oval is so broad as to approach the circle. Only in a few, which are
chiefly tower-like structures, is the form circular or very nearly so.
In seventeen of tlie twenty-three stone forts the artificial zone of
fortification is a complete one of uninterrupted stone wall, often with
little or no diminution of its thickness wliere tlie natural defence is
strong, greatly contrasting in these respects witli the earthen forts. In
one, Xo. 25, Dundurn, the enceinte is also complete, but this is effected
by drawing a series of stone walls irregularly from one inaccessible
precipice to another. In No. 31, Ogle Hill, and No. 33, Rossie Law, the
fortified zone is also complete, l)ut a great part seems to have consisted
not of stone walling, but of terracing. In No. 32, Ben Effery, tlie
same double system appears to have been used, but one side, a straight
precipice edge, was unfortified, and this with No. 24, Dunvwre, which
has a semi-oval front of fortification from edge to edge of an in-
accessible bank, are the only instances of an incomi»lete artificial enceinte
in the twenty-three, with tlie jiossi])le exception of No. 36, which is
so dilapidated that no opinion can be formed al^nit it.
Development of the Fortification, — In four, Nos. 27, 29, 33, and 41, the
enceinte is single and simple. No. 44, Finavon, has in addition a mound
at one end, doubtfully artificial, but connected by an earthen ramp with
the main work. In three, Nos. 26, 30, and 35, there is an annex at one
end. In No. 37, Camac, the annex goes so far round as almost to form
a second enceint<% and in 28, Dun MacTual, a second enceinte is also
nearly completed by an annex at one end, and advanced stone walls at
tlie other. In Dron, No. 38, two large annexes give a false appenirance
of a double enceinte, but they are merely slightly fenced. In the
remaining eleven, excluding the too dilaindated No. 36, the enceinte is
either double or treble, sometinuis i)artially (piadruple.
VOL. XXXIV. II
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEK 11, 1899.
Structure of Hie Walls, — This hiis been determiniMl with or without
excavation in ten of the twenty-two, and in all these it is of the same tyin*,
the faces l)eing of well-built dry masonry, and tlie core of rudely built
rubble work. Two — No. 34, Castle Lawy and No. 35, Abemethy — Imve
had wooden ]>eams in addition. As in all the Scottish stone forts that
have been investig-ated, there appears to Ikj no prejiared foundation, and
when the wall, sis genenilly happens, stands on the edge of a descent,
the outer fjice is lower — sometimes much lower — than the inner, one.
There seems little reason to doubt that the walls of the other stone forts
of the district are simply burie<l under the ruins of their upper part or
under the accumulated overgrowth of soil and vegetation of centuries.
Finavon, No. 44, as a much vitrified work, is a j)08sible exception,
although Dr G. A. Jamieson, who saw sections made through the
enceinte, declares in his rather incomprehensible do^ription that it was
a built wall buttre^ed with vitrifaction.
Water Supply, — From their gcjiieral sites on i^iinted heights at con-
siderable elevations th(i stone forts have not the rwuly access to streams
which the earthen forts often possess. Nt^ither are springs generally
found near them at present on th(» hillsides. Abermthyy No. 35, has
an exceptionally good, ready sui)ply in the dammed-up loch close below
it, and also had a large rock-cut cistern inside. Hollows in the interior
of several, as at Denoon, No. 41, Barra, No. 42, Finavou, No. 44, and
the White Caterthuji^ No 45, may indicate the existence of old wells
or cisterns, but in most of the aretus there is nothing of the kind.
Relics, — The numl)er of relics found has l)een remarkably small, but
only two of the forts have l)eeu scientifically excavatiHl. The result,
as far lus it goes, is that the finals are com])atible with the existence of
the forts al)Out the Roman peri(Ml, but n(»t iHM*pssarily earlier, and th.at
the range is c(»nsid<Tal>ly into UHMlianal tim<'s.
BrocJis, — S('v<'ral circular foundations of liroch size remain, but it is
very doubtful if any really were l^rochs. One that 1 have seen, Robs
Reedy has been included in my class of dubious works, and it is
not constructed of the regular masonry required for a Broch ; the
JST-C^RTS, 'camps/ etc., OF PERTH, FORFAK, AND KINCARDINE. 115
'*vim^* may be said, I think, of the 'Towers' in Glenlyon, as figured
/>V ^IViit4S Maclagan, and described to me by I)r Joseph Anderson.
T/ic3 ^_5ircular work at Tyndun^ No. 29, is too large for a Broch, and
if t>J^i£^ is a less difficulty with Dun Geal, No. 27, the width of
its -%^!^i.xJJ is scarcely sufficient. In all respects the most likely Broch
foimxAc^lxi't^ion is the excavated circular wall 18 ft. broad, with an areii of
36 ±"-f>- enclosed, at The LqwSj No. 39, but in the absence of evidence
of ii. <:s€->iitainQd stair or chambers it cannot bo proved to be the wall
of aj^ ^-3i"<Dcli.
T^^^^-^'^fied Forts.— It cannot be said that the authorities for vitrified
f ort:-€* i x]i. the district have done anything to clear up the obscurities that
havxix-t^ tills class of objects. Rather have they done much to illustrate
tlici €3 :>CL tix^dordinary discrepancies as to mere facts that meet the inquirer
luU^ t>lic3ir history at every turn. Take The Laws, No. 39, and we find
^ *^ ^">1aii Jamieson describing the two walls and all the immense mass
^ -•^-^^^^liiig within as thoroughly vitrified, whereas Mr Neish asserts there
''^^^ vitrification in the wall faces, the absence of which I verified,
^^•^ vitrified masses were only found in the backing or rubble of the
* ." C^iT take Dunsinnan, No. 40, where Playfair makes no mention of
^ ^^^ion, while Stewart asserts that the whole interior buildings were
^ ^ ^> and that it was also used on the wall face.
^^^irt best entitled to be called vitrified is Finavon. No. 44, but only
. , ^^^ond degree. It cannot be compared with Carradaley in Argyle,
,. , ^^ #0 ft. of continuous vitrif action standing up as a wall, still less
-V ^^ *'*i-^ Arisaig fort on EUean nan GobJiar, recently verified by Dr
. ^lunro to be, to a height in one place of 9 ft., a continuous
^^ wall wherever it is visible, and comparatively little of it is
^tro^vn. Finavan rather ranks with Tap o* JVoth, Aberdeen, where
^^ much vitrifaction, l)ut an the late Mr Macdonald, Huntly Farm,
^» ^>earing but a small proportion to the unvitrified stone, and where
I ^^^ ^^ ^>f his two complete sections no vitrifaction was found from top
\ ^ ^^ttom. This was also proved to be the case by sections at Ftnavon.
\^ \ ^^ two forts differ, however, in the position of the vitrifaction, which
116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
was certainly at and near the top at Tap & Nothj whereas, if we may
believe Dr Jamieson, it buttressed a built wall.
Lastly, it may be suggested under this head that the quantities of loose
blocks of vitrifaction apparently found at The Laws and Dunsinnan may
have been got from vitrified walls which preceded, on the same site, the
unvitrified walls now existing.
Distinction bbtwebn the Forts of this and other Districts
IN Scotland.
It would take too long to make a comparison with all the other groups
in Scotland, but confining the comparison to Argyle, the differences are
very marked — perhaps more so than in any other case. One manifest dis-
tinction is that one-half of the forts in our district are of earth, while it
is doubtful if a single earthen fort exists in Argyle. Tliis may be
partially due to the abundance of stone everywhere, in high or low
ground, in Argyle, together with the rarity of deep soil suitable for mak-
ing entrenched works. But more marked distinctions are the large
number and small size of the forts in Argyle, and the small num})er and
large size of the forts in our district. When it is considered that vast
tracts in Argyle are destitute of forts, 171 seems a large numl>er for the
occu[)ied tracts, as compared with the 45 scattered pretty generally over
Pertli, Angus, and Mearns. But the difference in size is even more
striking. Adopting the stjxndards used in my work on Early Fortifica-
tions in Scotland, it conies out that of 164 measurable forts in Argyle, 81
are very small, 72 small, 10 considerable, and only 1 large, whereas in
our tliree counties, of 44 measurable, 5 are very small, 13 small, 19 con-
siderable and 7 large ; or, dividing them into two classes as large and
small, 76 per cent, in the throe counties and only 8 per cent, in Argyle
are large, and 92 per cent, in Argyh^ and only 24 per cent, in the three
counties are small.
These contrasts derive some interest from the fact that tlu^ one set an*
in the land first occupied in Scotland by the Scots, and the other in the
scixt of the chief power of the Picts. If we cannot positively affirm that
ov
tUK
^oots'^'''
X>%G
cotftF
M8
V.*"""'" . „, .. '^t:i:.:''^t.T:'-^'
e\v^f>'^
*\ ^^^^^
.V,C^>
-:S£5.:-i5--"-
avs^*
FORTS, * CAMPS,' ETC., OF PERTH, FORFAR, AND KINCARDINE. 119
the interior has a coinmainl iiDrthwanl of c)uly a few feet, but eastward
the exterior gnmnd falls away, ami the slope from the interior is steej),
-md here only the upper scarj) (1) and its trencdi (2), much reduced in
size, are met with. At the eastern sharply -pointed end of the fort, where
the narrow front could only hold a few defenders, the first mound (3),
^nd its trench (4), again appear, in front of (1) and (2), to strengthen
this weaker point.
< )n continuing the transverse section through the inner area, two small
*ix?nehe^, a and b, about 18 in. deep, were discovered, curving round
l>a.Tallel with the earthworks, one al)out 10 ft. in rear of the top of the
**<^«rp, the other from about 12 to 18 ft, in rear of the first. They con-
"•^ii-ined flat stones or flags, generally disarranged, but in some places still
**t.«ncling on end, so as to line the sides of the trenches, e in the enlarged
*^^5<iti(>n, leaving a space about 8 in. wide, which was filled with earth,
^-ontaining decayed or charred wood in small fragments but in large
^Xviantity. It seems a fair conjecture that these trenches held palisades,
*^ind that the stone linings were intended to assist in supporting and
'^i:>dng them. In some places, the same woody earth was found beneath
^V^e stones, as if the ends of the palisades had been fixed into a founda-
'^i#>n-beam.
No. 48, KempUy Gask. — This fort, much levelled by the plough, so
^^Xosely resembles the last that it is unnecessary to give a plan of it.
I^he position is li m. W. by N. of Findogask Church, 200 ft. above sea,
'^xi Kempy Knoll, from which there is a steep descent eastward to a rill,
^^butary of Cowgask Burn. This naturally stnjng side is unfortified,
^>ut a semi-oval double entrenchuKait, with a single small * i)alisade trench,'
♦Exactly like those on No. 47, protects the N.W. front, which is accessible
^»y a gentle ascent. The S.W, end is ai>proached by a narrow ridge,
nearly on a level with the interior, and here the abrupt end of the
trenches, before reaching the edge of the descent to the rill, shows
where the entrance had l>een. The dimensions over all are 385 by 215
ft., and of the interior 250 by 165 ft. The inner trench is alx)ut 15 ft.
wi«lo and 7 deep, and the outer one 8 ft. wide an<l 3 to 4 deep ; but
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER II, 1899.
these (limi'iisions wonM !>« greater \v\um the ])loughed-duwn ram|)art, now
17 ft. wide on the top, retained its full height. The front of fortification
is 48 ft, broad, including tlie * palisade trench,' but narrows to 34 ft. at
the entrance. The * palisade trench ' is there carried further than the
defensive trenches, and it contains stones set on edge, charred wood, and
bliick mould, like the similar trenches of No. 47.
As palisade trenches have not been previously noticed in Scotland, 1
am fortunate in being able to conclude my account of the forts of South
Pictland with a reconl of so interesting and novel an ol)8ervation ; in
forts, moreover, which have been rediscovered, after escaping notice for
more than a century. No pottery or other relics of any kind were
found in either of them.
II.
NOTES (1) ON AN ANCIENT INTERMENT RECENTLY DISCOVERED AT
THE LEITHIES ; (2) A KITCHEN MIDDEN AT THE RHODES LINKS ;
AND (3) A CIST, WITH AN URN OF DRINKING-CUP TYPE, NEAR THE
WEST LINKS, NORTH BERWICK. By JAMES T. RICHARDSON, M.D.,
TiGHNAMARA, NoHTH BbUWICK.
Anrieiif Interment at The Lettkies, —A high tide? which lately washed
away the lower part of a grassy slope* adjoining the Ixuich in a small Kay
a short distance to tlu; E. of North Berwick exposed a l)ank of water-
worn stones, from wliich, at a distiUico of 4 ft. or thereby from the sur-
face, some liuman bones were observed j)rotruding. On removmg the
sand and stones forming the bank a skeleton was found, placed at
full length on its back, lying somewhat N.E. by S.W., with the
head to tlu^ N. The arms were folded across the chest with the
hands resting on the shoulders. The body had be(*n laid simj)ly among
the stones, and was not encased in anything restanbling a cist. No
articles of any kind were found l>uried along with it. The bones were
in a very brittle condition, and, as far as could ])e judged, from the shape
of the lower jaw and the condition t»f the teetli, were those of an adult
of middle age. The teeth were eomjilete in number, with the excei)tion
NOTES ON AN ANCIENT INTERMENT, ETC. 121
of a caniue tooth which liad l)eeulost during life, and Inith the canine
and incisors were mucli woni down, presenting a Hat surface and exj^os-
ing the dentine. From the jMilvis Iwing hroken up it was impossible to
determine the sex. There was noticeahle a marked flattening of the upper
i>art of the shaft of the femur and a small indented facet on the anterior
edge of the articular surface at the lower end of the tibia, — a condition of
these bono« found among existing races, or members of them, who jirac-
tise a squatting posture. There were no evidences of other interments at
this 8iK>t, whereiis, a^ ^ distance of 4 m. further K, in a liank of sand
similarly situateil, cisted burials arc pretty numerous, also lying N. and
S., but in this case the IxKlies have not Iwen laid at fidl length.
Kitrh£n Mulden at the IViodet* Link^. — In one of the bunkers recently
forme<l in the Rhodes Links, when laid out a few ye^irs ago as a golf
course, several pieces of old pott(»ry were recently i)icked up which had
been exposed by the drifting of the sand. On digging in this bunker
there was found, at a distance of .3 ft. beneiith the surface of the Links,
an area of fine black earth al^out 5 yds. wide by 3 in breadth. This
mould rested on sand, and wivs 2 ft. thick in the centn*, thinning off
gradually to the edges. A well-marked stratum of shells nui through it,
and pieces of ])roken pottery, fmgments of Ixjnes, wcmhI ashes, etc., were
found scattered throughout its suKstance. The whole area was dug over,
and each siKwleful of earth can»fully examined. This re^sulted in secur-
ing a considerable quantity of pieces of earthenware, varying in quality
and colour, including a fine Iniff-coloured ware : a red kind covered with
a greenish glaze ; and a very coarse grey variety. Some of the ware was
glazeil on l)oth sides, some on one side or the other, and many of the
pieces were coated with soot on the outer surface. It wjis found possible
|)artially to reconstruct an oval-shaped vessel (fig. 1)7 ins. in height by
11 ins. in its longe^st diameter. This vessel was ghized internally over
the bottom and hml a well-ilefined rim. Its outer surface was thickly
coated with a layer of soot, and Inire no evidence of having had handles
attached to it. !Much of the iK)ttery was undoubtedly sui)erior t<^ any of
the mediaeval ware hitherto » found in the district There were, at least.
122
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1890.
twenty diirereiit i)atterns of rims. Tlu* l)ed of shells was wiuiK)se<l
mainly of those of the limpet and ^wriwinkle, together with a few oyster
shells and claws of the cnlihle cni]». Tlie l)ones were those of the ox,
sheep, and pig, with some tish and ))inl ]x>nes. There was also the
greater part of a human (»ccipital lK)ne, hut no vestige of any other por-
tion of the skeleton. Two pieces of flint, appearing to have l)een flakeil,
and several goo<l-sized lumps of slag completed the fin<l.
Fig. 1. Oval vessel of glazed jwttery, found in the kitchen midden on
the Rhmles Links.
Cp*t near the Wo4 Linhti. — Whilr digging a drain in a field which
slopes down to tin* golf links at North Berwick, the workmen came \\\\Ci\\
a cist measuring .3 ft. l>y 2 ft. at a distance of U ft. below the sur-
face. This cist contained a skeleton in a bent postin-e, with the skull
lying beside the legs. It was evid(?ntly that t>f a young jieison, as the
NOTES OX AN AscnoiT iximumtT, wc
\n
«>|ii|ihji«e@ \4 die lon^ hcmm w«r^ tiiit in^ifi^Hli mwX l\w tts^ii Im^lli vmifi
very ^liglilly MiinU'^U Tli*^ K*»t»i4 w»*r^ in n (airly Mriii '^liihs A I M^^^uH'
of Um skplvUm whv thi' frihgineut^ nf at) iiru (li^^. d)^ uiifiiihiiuMiU^ih In^vkiHi
when the cist was* oiM?iml The tikb mi wlurli IIh* \m\ \%m IjluiJ lui^l
l>een lUasolvetl away, (nwiuhly hy iln tmutt^utK, whh^ti i*i^i^ihihI, h^m\ i{
doposit, to have }>eeii uf a fatly imttin^ Kutt^nuilly i*u4 hih^iuilly ihw
clay of which the urn \vm mmh hml Iwmmi HiimtitKiHl l*y M*** Itaml nv l\v
soTnn sjkituliite Lnstriimeut,, aiul Uk^ih^ won' lui nuirki +if \Uo |Mttli^r*x whof^li
fW
124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECE\rBER 11, 1899.
TIT.
THE SCOTTISH DE QUENCYS OF FAWSIDE AND LEUCHARS.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. By JOSEPH BAIN, F.S.A.Sooi.
One regretft that the author of the interesting paper on this famil}' ^
did not, besides those he refers to, consult these other authorities below,-
for he would have made it much more complete. As I have had tc»
examine their liistory in editing these calendars, I can say this with
some confidence.
There is no evidence that tlie family came from Nonnandy with Duke
William ; the roll of T^ittle Ab]>ey is of very little authority, and it has
l>een thought by some — the late ^Tr John (Jough Nichols for one* — that
they came from (Jascony, their arms (mascles) representing a kind of flint
found there. Tlie first of them who appears in the English Pipe Rolls is
Saber de Quency, in 1157, in Northamptonshire, receiving a remission
of 25s. on his land. Tlis son Robert, as stated, acquired Leuchars and
other lands in Scotland, by marriage witli tlie daugliter of Nes, son of
William ; but her name was ( )r{d)ilis or Orabla, not P>a, and she herself
(not a sister) was the widow of an Earl of Mar."* This Robert was at
Jerusalem in 1192-93, and died before 1197-98, when his son Saher is
found in possession of lUik])y, liis grand fatlu^r's land in Northampton
(Pipe Rolls). The Ro])ert whose widow Eva granted the ^Telrose charter
is proba])ly the younger lirother of Earl Saher, and man-ied Hawyse or
Havoise, eixsily read " Eva,"^ one of the four co-lieiresses of Chester, who
survived liim. As for the date of Saber's earldom, he is styled by King
* Procei'dimjs, vol. xxxii. pp. 275-94, by W. W. Ireland, M.D.
- Burke's Extimt Vreraqc ; the CompkU' JWragc of **G. E. C"; the CliartuJanj
of St Andrews ; Skene's Cdtic Scot land ; Hid. MSS, Commission^ 4 th Report,
p. 460, on the De Quency Charters in Magdalene College, and the four vols, of
Cnhndars of SmttUih IkH-iivxnits edited by myself.
=* Winchester volume of the Archavlogival Insiifutr^ 1845.
* Celtic Scotland, iii. 68 ; Magd. Coll, Charters ; Chart. St Andrews ; and Mr
Burnett, Lyon Herald, on the Earls of Mar, Ocncalorrisf, Oct. 1887, p. 179.
* Scottish Calendar, No. 555.
SCOTTISH DE QUENCYS OF FAWSIDE AND LEUCHARS. 125
John an "Earl" on 28th April 1209, when giving him leave to bring a
sliip from Leuchars to Lynn.* On 20th Decemljer 1218, he was fitting
out a ship in Galloway to touch at Bristol for arms, etc., for his intended
voyage to Jerusalem,^ so evidently had not yet started. He died on the
Cru«i<lo some time heforo 21st July 1220.^
In treating of his son Roger, second Earl, I)r Ireland has fallen into
some difficulties. He identifies Earl Roger's eldest daughter, Margaret,
second wife of Sir William de Ferrars, afterwards fifth Earl of Derby,
with the lady who was alxiucted ])y Sir William Douglas at Tranent about
January 1288-89 — in other wonls, with her own daughter-in-law ! Sir
William de Ferrars, second son of this fifth Earl of Derby and liis wife
Countess Margaret, received (4roby from his mother,* and died in
January 1287-88 (Hilary Temi),''' leaving by his first wife an only son
William, then aged 18, and his second wife a young widow, iUianora
Lovaine, doubtless well dowered.^ It was this lady, not her mother-in-
law Comitess Margaret (then a woman of mature age), who was ciirried
off by Douglas. Dr Ireland errs in good comi)any, for even Jolin Riddell
confused her with another lady." Douglas ha<l a son by her, named
Hugh, nearly two years old in 1 296,^ and instead of dying in York Castle
in 1302, died in the Tower of London alxDut 20th January 1298-9, where
he had been imprisoned certtiinly during 1297.^ Sir William de Ferrars
(II.), the stepson of the aUlucte^l lady, as the eldcjst De Quency co-heir,
lx)re their chief anus at Falkirk in 1298,^^ and was sunmioned to Parlia-
ment as Lord Ferrars. He also held Leuchars, besides extensive lands
in Galloway and Ayrshire, and flourished till 1325, a conspicuous man,
signing the English barons' letter to the Pope in 1 320. A transaction
is recorded on 19th January 1316-17,^^ by which he and his wife Elena
settle their manor of Groby, failing heirs of their own bodies, on Sir
' ScfMish Calerufar, No. 442. ' Sroftish P^ingc. Law (18.33), p. 176.
* Ihiil, No. 703. '^ Sc/)U/sh Qtltmdar, ii. p. 173.
' Ihui, No. 771. •' Ibid., Nos. 9r)7, 960, 1054-5.
* IhiiL, il No. 175. »» Falkirk Jioll, by H. Gough, F.S.A.
* Ibid,, No. 329. *' Scotf.ish Calaulnr, iii. No. 534.
** Burke's Extinct Peerage.
126 PROCEEDINGS OF TUE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
Murdiic of Mentoth, a Scotsman, formerly estjuire to de Ferrars. As
they hatl a son and heir Henry, then ageil 14, this is singular. This son
Henry succeeiUHl his father as Lonl Ferrars «>f (iroby and died in 1343,
succeeded by his s<»n, a thinl Sir Williiim Lord Ferrars of Groby, also a
man of s<^me n«>te. Though RolH?rt Bruce (as Dr Ireland says) had
swept the land of the De Quency heirs and other liostile families, his son
l>a>'id II. was mindeil, Imd he been able, to rest<»re them. In an indent-
ure alx>ut XovemWr 1363,^ in a list of English nobles who were to
regjiin their lands in Scotland, appears the " Sire de Ferrers," this third
Sir Wilham. Fn>m his grandson, a fourth Sir William Lord Ferrars of
Gn»by, descend the present chief line^d representatives of the De
Quencys, viz., the Earls Ferrars, Townsends, Greys of Gn>by, besides
others less known.
l>r Ireland is ma quite corrvHrt in his iu>tices of the Comyns, Earls of
l>uchan, another branch of the De (Quency co-heirs. Speaking of John,
the last i>f them, he n»peats the story that his wife Issibella was imprisoned
four years in a c^ige on a turret of Berwick Ciistle. Had he said in a turret
he would have lieen nearer the trutli. There is nothing to countenance
the notion that such pris^^ners were hung outside of walls like birdsi and
the king's warrant diH»s nc»t siiy !k». From a contemporary warrant for
the impris<>umeiit of a Welshman i»f note in Bristol Castle,- it is clear
that a c;»g^» was a wiHxlen structun* inside of a castle, and the prisoner
Wiis •>idy shut in at night for security agiiiust escajH?, To sup|>ose tliat a
human KMiig i^^mM survive four years' exjK^ure in a Ciige hung on a
wall in our climate, is to ciwlit the imiK^ssible ; and cruel as the punish-
ment w;ts, it foil sluTt of this KirlKirity. Her huslvuul, Eiirl Ji»hn, did
not survive till 131J: \w tlicil Ivforx- 3r\l lK.H.vml»er 1308;* and was
succeiNlcil by his nitvos, daii^^htors of his br^'thor Alexander, who had pre-
•hvoas^^l liim — Alire, ilio «l,Ur, oarrvinu :lio i irMMin to her huslximl
Ib'ury «!•' rHMVim«»nt, n^•^v ^^n- K»:tl\ ) :i '.>ii -. i.t.-l l»y tlio Stapletf»ns,
rv»n»ii> iKMuni'iit, in wh'^.' l,i\v<ur ;Ko aVtwiMi-- w i> lonniiulol in 1840.^
' ^- .«:;>'. '.' ,V ..'" ' . iv. No. i«-, kherc priiit^i w: :hc ::r^: time. - I'.i.i,. iiL Xo. 16.
/'. .. ill. Nv. ."J?. * •/ .. .\" / / • ^'*' *■ Femrs.**
SCOTTISH DE QUENCY8 OP FAWSIDE AND LEUCUAKS. 127
AVith these otldenda, Dr Iroluiurs jMqKjr will atfonl a good idea of the
career of the great but short-lived houijM* of De Qiiency in Scotland.
They are imule in no pretence of sujHjrior knowledge, Imt simply as facts
witli which I have necessarily l)econie familiar during my ten or more
years* study of the recowk of England l)earing on Scotland. And I hope
l)r Ireland, who has bestowed gn»at jMiins on bin {)jii)er, will accept them
a.s the contribution of a brother anticjuary to a very interesting and little
known subject.
As already ol»8erved, the I)e Quency charters in the Magdalen College
I^ibrary, which numl)er several hundreds, contain some new |>articulars
<»f the family. Mr Macray's rejjort on them shows that Earl Saber,
besides a daughter Loni, wife of William de Valoines, had two nephews,
Sir Boger and Salier de St Andreti, men of stjme note, whom I had
jilre^idy ol)6erve<l in the records of the early jmrt of the 13th century.^
One of them is now representeil l)y the Foljandx? family, as I^ord Hawkes-
hury (then Mr Foljamlie) informed me some ywu's ago. Since then, had
time and opjiortunity served, I have often wished to examine these
Afa^ilalen charters, believing they would reveal much of the De (Juency
connection with Scotland. The annexed jHidigree will make the fore-
going clearer.
* Scottiifh CaUtuiar^ i., Nos. 556, 745, etc.
[table.
128 PR0CSEDINQ8 OF THE SOCIETT, DKCKUBKB 11, WO.
Table of Disoknt.
Roger de QaeD^,
EarlofWindMiUr.
!
(1) w I
Silnlla M«nihds:Sir William de FeRmra= Margaret de Queiioy, ItdroH of Grdfaj
K
5th Earl of Derby
+ 1S5S.
dangbtert.
+ 1894.
I (1) I (8) (9
Robert de Ferrara, Joao — Sir William = AUeBOfm LotraiaesSir William
6th Earl of Derby, Dwpenser. j de FerrarsCI.) liriag 1308. Douglas
forfeited 1S««. I +1S88. +129^-9.
A
The liOitU Ferran of
Chartlej, elo.
Sir WiUiam de Fenan (II.)=1
+ 13tf. I
Sir Uciiiy de Fenmn
+ 13U.
Sir WiUiaai de Femn(IIIO
-^Ijyi-i
Sir llettnr de Femurs
• ite:-*.
Sir WiUiam de F«cnn vIV.)
I
A
THE ANTIQUITY OF THE WHEEL CAUSEWAY. 129
IV.
NOTE OX THE ANTIQUITY OF THE WHEEL CAUSEWAY.
By F. HAVERFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.
On 13th INFay 1895, Dr James Macdonakl rciul to tliis 8oci(;ty a paper
on tlie allegetl Roman road in Roxburghshire, commonly called the
WTieel Causeway. He atlmitted that the Causeway wa^s a real road of
some sort, hut, for reasons which seem to me Siitisfactory, he denied that
it possessed any claim to be considered a Roman road. He did not,
however, go on to discuss its history, and liis silence produced a doubtless
unintentional impression that it might ])e a very modern aftair, first
dignified ])y some over-enthusiastic antiquary with the title Causeway.
I was rash enough, myself, to suggest as nuich in an article which I
wrote two or three years ago on the Maiden Way {Transactions of the
Cumberland and Westmorland Arch, Society^ xiv. 432). A *Wheelrig
Head' and a * Wheel Kirk' are close by, and Wheel Causeway might (1
thought) liave been named after them. This suggestion I find to be
wrong : lx)th road and name can lay claim to a respectal)le antic^uity,
and it may not be amiss to put together a few details about them.
Though the road is not Roman, it was used in the Middle Ages as a pjiss
from the headwaters of the North Tyiie in Northumlx'rland to the head-
wjiters of the Jed and other tributaries of the Teviot.
The facts which concern us may be arranged in order of date, as
follows : —
A.D. 1296. In May 1296 Edward I. of England went from Roxburgh by
way of Gardeford and Wyel (Wiel, Wiell, Wyell) to Castleton and
Imck again, as is testified in his " Itinerary." This " Itinerary," which
exists in two practically identical versions, the one French, tlie other
English, has been printed three times. It was communicated to the
London Society of Antiquaries on Feb. 9th, 1826, and printed in
Ardueologia, xxi. 495, and it was i.ssued l)y the Bannatyne Club in the
first volume of its Miscellany (i. 275) in 1827 and in the Instrumcnta
PMica or Ragman Rolls (p. 178), published by the Sfimeclub in 1834.
The nanu»s throughout the " Ttineniry " are ill-siH'lt, Imt it is i)rol>able
that Gardeford is .Jedlmrgh, and Wyel is Wheel. No canst^way is
mentioned, l>ut the route taken is significant. Edward travelled from
the Jed water along the hne usually assigned to the causeway till he
VOL. XXXIV. I
130 PKOCEKDINGS OF TUB SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1899.
detjceiided into the valley at the top of the North Tyiie, and thence he
went to New CaAtlcton by the route which is followed to-day by ihe
North Tyne branch of the North British Railway.
A.D. 1348. A reference to the Cajwlla of AMiele occurs at this year in the
Rotuli Scotiw (i. 724). I owe the refei*ence to Mr R. B. Arnistrong's
History of Lidihsdale (1883), p. 86.
A.D. 1533. In 1533 an English raid was carried into Scotland by the
Wheel Causeway, and a description of it by the then Earl of Northum-
berland, who was not himselt present, exists among the MSS. of the
British Museum. Tlie (lescri]>tion is quoted by Sir Walter Scott in
his notes to the first canto of the " Ljiy of the Last Minstrel," and I need
not repeat it in full. Tlie material pissages state tliat the English
met " at Wawhope ujwn North T>nie water above Tyndaill, . . . and
so invadet Scotland at the hour of viij of the clok at nvght, at a phure
called AVhele Causay." They proceeded to burn BranxWm and other
neigh1x)uring houses, and retired down Liddesdale. The account adds
tliat " Gedworth {^i,e. Jedburgh) is from the Wheles Cansay vi myles.**
The tojK)graphj' is not quite accurately given, for Wawhope is not in
England, as is unplied, but eight or ten miles north of the Border, and
Jedi^ur^h is more than six miles from tlie Causeway, but these are
simple inaccuracies committed by a narrator who was not present and
did not know the ground. They need not disturb us.
A.D, 1590. A map, dated Dec 1590, now preserved in the British
Museum and published in the London Archaologia (xxii. 161) shows
the * Wlieele Causey ' on the watershed Iwtween the North Tyne and
Liddesdale, close to what is now called Deadwater ; thence it passes
northwards out of the map in the direction generally given it. It is
plainly a route from the top of the North Tyne northwards into
Scotland.
A.D. 1600. The *Quheill in Liddisdale' is mentioned as l^elonging to
Jedburgh Abbey (Armstrong's Liddesdale, p. 86^.
A.D. 1608. Timothy Pont in his map of Liddesdale marks the Wheele
Fell but no Caus<;way.
It appeiirs from these facts that the route of the Wheel Causeway was
in use as early as 1296, and the name familiar in the sixteenth century.
I)r Macilonald has told us that the roadway shows signs of intentional
mending at various points, and we may therefore conclude that we have
in it a luediaBval moorland track. It would Ik; idle to speculate on the
derivation of the name. Obviously it may hav(j been called * WHieel *
because it was comi)aratively aibipted to wheeled traflu! : on the other
hand, * Wheel ' occurs by its(»lf lon<^ before the term * Wheel Causeway,'
and it may be a jjlace name <>f (|uite diirerent significjincc.
CIST CONTAIXL\(J 'UlIiEE UHlHH OF FOOtJ VKSaEL TYPE. 131
-VOTICE OF THK DISCOVERY OF A CIST CONTAINING THKEK UENS
OF FOOD VEHSEL TYPE AT DUNCEA HILL FARM, PENCAITLAND.
By JOSEPH ANDERSON, Assistant Sk^jkiitahv and Kkkpkk or xiiE
J tirst heart! nf this interesting dijscovBiy from ^Ir A. Agnew RalstoUj
/ai*-lu>r t<i the Right Hon, the Kirl of llopetciiuii on \vhmv. prup^rty ihc
fiLTTxi. €yi DuBcra Hill is aitu-ited. Mr Rjjlittrm kintUy fnUcil hertz with one
of t^li^e urns, aiii^esting at thf* ajime time timt I shoulil write to Mr James
^-lij^oti^ thts farmer, R^t^uesting him to bring in the other two that thuy
Fig, 1, Vtu (No, 1) ronnd in a tUt *t Dmiera Hill (|.)
^**ight iifi all exhibited to the Society t<>gotlier mu\ the dcseription of the
^^liscuvery placed on record in the Society's Procmlmgs, ^h Elliot
^^ kind enou^ii tc* comply at once with my reqnest, imd s*> far as he
'^Urw eKjjlaitied the cininniatjinc^is of the (liBcovery,
lite plnre wh<'r** the ci^t wa^ found k a sandy knoll hi one of the
^i«id«^ iiud the eist vva.^ discnvered wlieii ploughing, tlio eover Ijeing njily
11 ins. under the (surface. Unfortnnately I^fr Elliot was not present
wIjru the distMiivery was made, but i\ui urns were recovered eistin* and
cfirofully preserved, Tlie cist wjis of tlie uaual tyix:*, the cover and side*?
i;52
\*fUP:ZZM3r,^ tj¥ THE ftOCierr, DECEMBEB ll, 1899.
ni tijit nwlr^vt^^l otz/fiff**, iihd th<f Ult^>nl uniKive^L There were few indi-
• aUoim of th«r f»iiri;il l«?ft, th*- uiily iKJilioii of the lx)nes recognisable
iMiiig tliif 4hiiftH nf two fi'iiioni. IVniMen the three urns, no other objects
of .III ;irtili«:ijil «:h;ir;u't«rr wow, found in the cist. Tlie cist, though en-
clohin^; tliin iiniiHiial nunilMT of iihik, wiis not of unusual size. It
rinii»uriil 3 ft. 6 Imh. in length, th<* widtli at one end being 2 ft. 11 ins.,
;ind .it thf oth«T «*nd 2 ft. 5 ins., tlie depth })eing a}x)ut 2 ft. Unfortu-
iiiiLfly the relativf jMrnitioiiM of the iniiH were not noted at the time.
Thf hiP^i'Ht of the thnuH urns (fig. 1) is 5 J ins. in height by 6A ins.
• liiuiieter acniss thi* mouth. It has a slight shoulder at 2 ins. below the
rim. Alnne the shoulder there is a very sliglit contraction towards the
-v.;;;;j
^ ^ *■ ^t m m X ^
Ki^. -. liu \..\ : v.y^ni i (:< a: L^uncm Hi
*T
V i-
Thr rim is fiillv ; ' •..
oriuiuioiitcvl >^ 'ti* ''^;" ' -v' I .
r:\v<» ply twiNU*- ->■•'•'- : • .■
♦'Xtcn'or -i •!'•.'■ ■ » • •
^[..11- '( « '• •■ -■
: 'vi.i:
■. >- Ui:;\ t 'viiicli '*i^t
• ' z ■;!»- • I>s. The
. ;. ■:.■..:> r -.'11 pre:; —
CIST r:0?fTALVlNG TFIHRE URN8 OV FOOD VESSEL TYPE. 133
ncsitly cut ofr»*riil roiirMleil ii.s llie tlui end uf ji nuuciJ. Thine uir six of
Lhfiio iMinda imA hIx rows* of the eiRuilar impressions, rind the part next
tlie hstie hius Uie width nf the haml of tluinii: iiri]mmiion.s jmn^a^^etl to
live. The Iwittom in phiin and sHghtly connive exletiuiHy.
Tljc second urn (fig. 2) is similar in character and meji«ure.« 4} ins.
high hy €J ins, in iliameter nernsj* tli*' mouth. It Ir mueh the sunie
iihai>e ai? No, 1, but deeiM?r in [vroixirtion to its widtli, and HlightJy more
curvetl lietween the hp anil the rthonhh^*. Th<i hp, which is bevelled in*
wjtrrlfl, is about Imlf mi ineJi in thickness, and h ornamented witJi a single
fj^y^^
Fig, 3. Urn (Ko, 3) li t at DuuL-ia HHl. (|.)
tow of rather hhnit impre«F;ion,'=* of an irrejjfulariy oval shajtc, which are
n!p*ated round the outer margin of the riiiu The ext<»rior of tiie k>wl
la also orimmented from lip to liiu^e witli horizontal lmnd« of two lines
each^ nlUTuating with two rows of imprt^Hsionn of ii^tmriMh inided punch,
apjiiirpnlly iA w i«>ftis^li material, such m \Xw end of the rttem of a plant.
Tb© lines lie t ween iippear to Imve lieeii scortnl in the awift day and not
jmpres^l They are done in length^?, imperfectly joined, and oceasion-
nllv with a very f^hort length iusorteil Ivetwoen the ends of two longer
h'tigihs that have not joinwl fairly, T)l^^ lx*ttoiu is phiin, 3^ in^. in
diannacri and ftllghUy eoTicjne extoriorly.
134 PROCRRDIKOS OF THK SOCIETY, DECKlfBER 11, 1890.
Tlie tliini imi (fig. 3) i» 5^ iiis. in height by 5^ iiia in diameter acrooB
tho mtnith, widening to a}x)ut 7 ins. at the shoulder, which is about the
mitldlo of its height, so that its sliape is that of a truncated cone both up-
waitls and downwards from the shoulder, with a slight coUar above the
Ytottoni, wliioh is 2^ ins. in diameter and quite flat^ not concave estemally,
as in tlie eases of the two previously described. The omainentatiou also
is tliflferent, hut, as in the other etuu^s, it covers the whole exterior sarfMO.
The lip, whieh is sliglitly l)ovelleil inwards and is g of an inch in thicknen^
is oniamentod by a single row of impressions as if made by a pointed
implement thrust olilitpiely into the soft clay. A similar row of impres-
sions enein'les the exterior of the brim. Underneath them is a horizon-
tal line of impressions as of the teeth of a comb, and bdow that a wide
band of herring-lMine ornament, also made by the teeth of a comb. Im-
me<liately alnn-e, and immediately under the ridge of the shoulder, ia a
nnv <tf oblique impressions stivngly markeil, umlemeath them a wide
liaml of herring-Ktne itmament, ami round the collar of Uie base another
i^f the stn>ngly-markeil ri>W8 of olJique impressions.
Kach of these urns is specially interesting on account of its ornamenta-
tion, and the disc«>ven' of three tif them of this particular form in one
cist is, s<) far as 1 know, a m<^t unusual, if not imique, experience in
Scotland
It is pleasiuit to add that simv this ]m])er was written the three urns
iMUstitxiting this unique find have Ihh'U pivsent4?«l to the National Collec-
tion by the Ejirl of HoiH^t^nni.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 135
^loxDAY, Sfh January 1900.
The Hon. JOHN ABERCROMBY, Vice-President, in the Chair.
A liallot having l>oon taken, tho following Gentlomon wero duly
elected Fellows : —
The Right Hon. The Earl ok Kixtork, (4.C.M.O., LL.D., Keith Hall,
Inverurie.
John Crax, 1 1 Bnuwwick Street, Edinburgh.
Captain George S. C. Swintox, 36 Pont Street, London.
The following Donations to the Muscmuu and Library wen* laid on the
taLle, and thanks voti*d to the Donors: -
(1) By the Right Hon. The Earl of Hopetoux.
Three Unisof food-vessel type, from a cist at Duncra Hill, Pencaitland.
[See the ])revious Coniniunication ]>y Dr .Iosei>h Anderson.]
(2) Wy Rev. John Dicksox, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Emeralds Chased in (J(jld ; or. The Islands of the Forth : Their St(^r>',
Ancient and Mulern. 8vo. 1899.
(3) By Sir Archibald Dunbar, Bart., F.S.A. Seot., the Author.
Scottish Kings -A Revised ChronoLigy of Scottish History. 8vo.
1899.
(4) By Dr Andrew Aitkex.
Large Indian PijK* or Calumet, made of liuifalo horn.
(5) By the Hon. John Abercromhy, Vire-Presidmt.
Irish Gun-Money (»f James II. — Crown, 1690 ; Half-Crown and
Shilling, 1689.
^ledal, in copp(»r, of the Duk«» of Cumln'rland — meliobibvs vtbre
PATis, 1746.
136
rHOCEEDINGS OF TIIK SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
(<)) By Pn»f('s.s()r r»ALi)WiN Spkncbk, M.A., ITiiiversity of Mel-
bourne, tlinmgh Andrew Lang, F.S.A. Scot.
Churinga of slaU*, i)ainte(l witli red oclire (fig. 1), oval iii shape, 6 by
3 J inches, covered on one facewitli spirals incised, and on the other witli
arch-like figures of parallel lines, from the Arunta tribe, Central Australia.
Ihill-roarer of wood, 11 })y If inches, painted with red ochre, and
similarly ornamented, from the Arunta tribe, Central Australia.
Fig. 1. Chiu'inga of Slato, from tho Arunta tribo, Central Australia. (A.)
(7) r>y Kk.skink Bkveiudge, F.S.A. Scot.
Xiiic riiotographs (»f Uroclis, viz., Castle Telve, Glenelg, from the
north (lig. 2) ; Castle Telve, Clenelg, from tli(» south ; Castle Troddan,
(ilenelg, frnin tin; n«»rtli ; Castle Trocldan, Clenelg, from the scmth ; Castle
(■liniiil, Glen<'lg, fr(»m the east; Dun Dornadilla, in Strathmore, parish
of Durness, Sullieiland, from the south ; Dun Dornadilla from the south-
west ; Xyl)st(M' r>ro«'h, Keiss, Caithness, general view; Nybster Ihoch,
interior view, from the south.
tn
I
1
u
138 Pl^OTKEDINGS OF TTIK SOCIETY, .TANXARY 8, 1900.
(8) Hv Sir John Stirling Maxweli,, Bart., F.S.A. Scot.
Soiilptiin^<l Stoin's in thi' Chiiri'hyaix! of Govan. 4to. 1899.
(9) IW Pr KoBERT Mi'NRo, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Prt'liisioiic Sn »tlan«l, ami its rian* in EuMjiean Civilisation : Being a
(itMU^nil IntnHliutinn to tin' Cniinty Histories nf Scotlaml. 8vo. 1899.
(10) \\\ Kov. James Campbell, 1 ).!)., F.S.A. Scot, the Author.
Rilmorino and its AMk^v. NVw Eililion. 1899.
(11) r»y Thomas Smellie, F.S.A. Sii»t.. ih«» Author.
Sketches .>f i »M KilniarntH-k. 4to. 181*9.
(12) r>y (;E«»RtiE Hay, F.S.A. Siot.. ili»- Author.
History of Arl»nmlli lo ihr |»n's«»nl linu*. St»i'ou«l Eilition. iU\ 1899.
TIi»»n* won* als»» F\hi)»it»Hl : —
(1) \\\ A. (;. Keik F.S.A. Si-,»i.
Oriiiinal Lviior of luslrnctious f.ir Sir William Fleming, h\ King
iluirlt's II., .lattMl ar linMli, H^iuX May 1650. [Set* the sulisequent
t^alm^!lii..vt^'!l ^'\ Mi A. T.. K» i-l/
r-M r»v.iAMb> BiuvK, w.s.. Ks.A. s,-,.t.
Tr.i \ t : 1 i : u I ' i -o of Vxhh • K^n f .:: ^ luonts. f ^ ni K iuiiainl, ct^iisist ing of
lU;.:^;\'r i'lrxr. r.i'Ir Kr.ifr a:".l Frk. lw.ss»^rt ami Fruit Knives in
<Mr.i:H^l ItMihr: ^livj.'.lu w!i: ::. ^"^<>i:r■!v. in.iv havr U»longetl to James
v"*; r»\ M'- Wi iiAV Maolvnvii\ M r .y:. wi., luvorness.
A\. : v;xvr.-: n^, : v.' r.'*. * :^;i\ -^ : I :• liivt- Un^n foun«l on
v.^-: •- S- U. /^ -/-'.;•• 0 -'./:::■;:: !: by Mr Thomas
STONE riRCLES ^V^TH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 139
T.
REPORT OX STONE CIRCLES IX KINCARDINESHIRE (NORTH) AND PART
OF ABERDEENSHIRE, WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS,
OBTAINED UNDER THE GUNNING FELLOWSHIP. By FRED. R COLES,
Assistant Keeprr of thr Mfheum.
Having been api)ointed by the Council of the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland, under tlie Gunning Fellowship, to visit and report on the Stone
Circles of a portion of north-o^astern Scotland, I beg to submit the
following report, which is illustrate<l by several measured plans ^ and
drawings. Almost tlirougliout this survey, I enjoyed the willing, and
indeed indisjTensable, assistance of my two eldest children, seveml of the
sites (examined, in Kincardineshire especially, IwMug now so densely
crowded with larches and Scotch firs in addition to luxuriant under-
growth, that single-handed commensuration would Ikj absolutely impmc-
ticiible. I may }>e permitted to state, briefly, the methods adopted in the
course of the work. After a general look around the area to be surveyed,
we began by laying off an oblong which included the Recumbent Stone
and its two pillars in those circles where this chamcteristic feature
still exists. Then, having chosen the western angle of the west pillar as a
stiirting point, measurements were made by triangulating from this to
two other i)oints marked liy pins, and so on, round the entire space,
taking, of course, cross check lines where the area was clear enough to
mlmit of this. In a few rare instjinces we ran out diagonals from each
stone throughout the whole group, by using a stout conl and measuring
with short lengths of tape, my fii-st endejivour. always being to treat the
circles purely from the surveyor's point of view, that is, merely as
niathematicjd jwints, and jKiyingno attention to anything but the numlwr
of feet })et ween the fixed i>oints at the basc^ of the stones. Afterwards
we t<x)k the correct mejisurements, first of the Imiscs, and next of the
heights, of each Standing Stone, further noting whether it was vertical or
out of plumb, and the direction of its leaning, also any peculiarity of
* The plans are all reduced to a uniform scale of 20 feet to 1 inch.
-B
s
s
CO
s
g
&
•E
d S S :^
o
a
2
.5 .2 ©
QQ
o
>»
1
O
•4-»
QQ
C
QQ
•^ a> © » a>
^ A A ^^
a s.
g s s
+0 •
S)
%
&
«
tti
OQ
«
0)
i-H C^ CO
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 141
shape at its summit, and of its miueralogical composition. When all
measurements were finished, the orientiition was ascertained as carefully
as possible. I then mivde drawings of such important features as lent
themselves to such treatment ; and I trust I worked throughout in the
spirit of one who, when planning the great series of SUma Circles at
Carrowmore, said : — " I examined these remains day after day with an
untiring patience, maj^ping their situations and noting their features, till
1 left nothing to Ix? discovered, and secured an accurate record of their
present state, liefore barlxirian ignorance has finished its work of destruc-
tion." J
The iiceompaiiying map (fig. 1 ) of the district surveyed '^ during the
past September shows twenty-two sites ; and, in explanation of their
various conditions, four different signs (for wliich see the map) have
been used, denoting respectively — (1) Circles of plain free-standing stones
more or less complete ; (2) circles with a Recumbent Stone ; (3) sites of
.circles; and (4) single stones reported to be remnants of circles. Be-
ginning with tbo» most south-easterly exam])le in this district, worked
from Banchory as headquarters, we have, of the four circles on King-
causie estate : —
No. 1, Old BouHree Bu8?t, now in a sadly ruined state. — The
ground plan (fig. 2) shows four SUvnding Stones only, Imt three of these
are of such a height and bulk as to Ije very conspicuous landmarks, set as
they are on ^ slightly rising ground within two miles of the sea-shore,
and in an o|)en country. The view (fig. 3) taken from the N.W. will
give a good idea of the height of these ponderous blocks of porphyry,
and at the same time reveal what losses this circle has undergone.
The other view (fig. 4) shows a large jind ])ulky stone lying i)artly on
its edge (R on the grouinl i)lan) and tlie four still (^rect stones from the
* Tfie Life of George Vctric, LL.D,, |». 2G0 (Stokes).
'^ This district extcmls inland from the sea nt Portletbeu twenty-four miles, and in
breadth it comprises Garrol Wood circle, in Durris, up to the circle formerly known as
tlie Auld Kirk of Tough on the confines of Cluny. Northwards of Aberdeen its
farthest point is at the Standing Stones of Dyce.
142
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUAKT 8, 190a
'III ■
H^^
'^'^.
%^
:6 O'
€)
"/'.
'\.
■ •• • • w » M u M Mrr
t 1 i 1 1 i 1 1
C^
^^.
.O
•"O^,,
'/^>-
• ,.0\t^ ^ "
tV» -« ^^'^''^ lK>urtt\v l>u>:.. Orv^und Tl*!*.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 143
X.E. All the stones stiind on a mound 260 feet above the seti-level,
whicli, near the centre, is rather over 3 feet high. The edges on the
X. and X.E. have been very much straightened by the plougli, and its
interior is now in such an utter state of chaos that I deemed it l^etter to
attempt no record of its ridges, crests and hollows, or even to map out the
sites of any loose stones and }x>ulders, not one of which seemed in its
original position. The long stone on the S.E. i)oint is doubtless the
Recumbent Stone, so striking a feature in many of these circles. As it
lies, it measures 1 1 feet 6 inches in length ; but there are large fragments
Fig. 3. Old Bourtree Bosh from the N.W.
Fig. 4. Old Bourtree Bosh from the N.E.
close to its north end which ai)i)ear to have been broken oil' it.^ Reckoning
from this stone we tind, 18 feet to the left, a tidl pt)inted stone, and after
an interval of nearly the same distance, a great prostrate block. These
are respectively Stones I. and IT. of the circle. The third, which is of
enormous breadth, over 6 feet in the middle, stands alnnit 20 feet furtlior
on, and from it to tlie fourth is a space of 30 fc^et. Thcsi», and tlie small
Standing St<me on the riglit of the liccuiiibciit Stone, are all alnnit which
we can sjieak with conlidence.
* If it originally touched the Pillar Stone on the right— the usual arrangement—
this Recumbent Stone must have been fully 17 feet in length.
. >*' f.- IV., jijirtly running in !■*■ tlio ]«ink, is a
•i- -. •: :ii«' <*Xiut X. point, is another. On tlio
. -. :• <:11 in sift/, this " cinli* '' must liave lieen in
.,. . , : ..,.._; l,y 75 f<M*t l>r«>a<l.
.-. :■ iili •»! tin- I\«MUinl>cnt Stono, Ijarfly 4 fi*»n 0 inches.
. •» III S'o.iH' 3 {v*'{ 0 inches, h'aning cnitwanls.
> '"• :".-.-: 0 in»-h<'>, jM»intcd.
7 ,. 0 ,. very luoad and jagged at top.
\ . ^ ,, »> ., inside, l>ut 10 feet 0 inches out-sidc.
.. . '\-ivveen the stones: centre to (;entn^ : —
., .. .. :i Si. .Hi- I. and II. (fallen) 19 feet 6 inches
., 11. „ III. . 20 „ 6 ,,
„ III. „ IV. 35 „ 0 „
i;..vv«v:i IV. and the X.AV. .stone . . 53 „ 0
(he N.K, ston(» and the angle (»f])ank 23 „ 6
iMgle and the north ston<' . 28 ,, 0 „
. N. ^loneantl N.K. angle of l>ank . 28 „ 0
, N.K. angle and the n(»rth pillar . 15 „ 0 „
!h<' iu»rlh j>illar and south end of
Keeunihent SL(»ne . . . 20 ,, 0
.t'Ulh edge of liecunihent St(»ne
md centre of Stone 1. . . IS ,, 0
Total cireuinferenee, 290 feet G inches
I •) . •■.. rnh^i^l, for the nio>t. j^irt, of the jM.rphyritic granite, very
1 nmd, iiid willi wiih' \ein.s of ([uart/. AVishing to render tliis
K, .... I >.'mpleli* as p.»ssil.lr, 1 had tlie weight of the respective Ke-
,,.(. .,■ .^h'lii- earefuUv eoiiipiit«-d I'V niv tViriid Mr K. (I. d. Watson,
1 .1 I 'is.\..r. The r..iii|.iii;ii ions wcrr m.Kh', ..f course, from
, ..,.1-1 ..( "Illy >" iiiui li "t" i'.mIi -Imii,' .1^ <t.iii(U ;i1h»\«' ground.
I.. V. -.'.1 . ilifici'.'ic, .iif all wiiliiii ;li.' iiMik. Til.' Ki'L-tiiulicnt Stnno
,,. . !. [0 l.'li- »> r\\\.
p(4«
g::Mm"m^
■l.'iiiJnh/// / »£^
3- -,v
#
>$
#^
.^"•^..
n:^ fallh^
A> "
/\
.«.-''""-^'
^
%
k^^
^'
^C«►
<€■ tt^^-t — ^ — ? — ¥ — ? — ¥ — ¥ — ir"o^^
Fig. 5. Auchquhorthies. Ground Plan.
▼OI* XXXIV.
146 PUOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
Tlie excavation conducted liere, circa 1863, by Messrs Dyce Nicol of
Ballogie, C. E. Dalrymple of Westhall, and others, an<l recorded ^ by Mr
iVlexander Thomson, F.S.A. Scot., resulted in notliing but the acquisition
of the evidence of ft)rmer excavation.
No, 2, AuchquJu/rthieSy' Bancliory-Devenick, disUuit from the last
one furlong, sliglitly N.W., and on a rather higher level. — Thirteen
stones remain standing on a mound fully 3 feet high ; the two main
diameters being N.E. and 8.\V., from the fifth ^ stone to the thirteenth,
97 feet, and X.W. to S.E., from the second stone to the tenth, 74 J feet.
The interior is very rough, densely overgrown with })room and bracken,
and the iimer stone-setting has l>een greatly damaged. Two features
arrest the eye at once : the position of the Recumbent Stone, a consider-
^^%niin'rm'i'i"i"i'i'tt'tin«»'Pi" ' '"""i'i'i'iiiiiiii|i|mri|ii|iirMfinii'i"T>n,„,„||i„,„„|j||TH^^^^^^^^
^^.8 • • lO U M tS io y» Mi
»CALr]-»-M-H 1 1 1 H 1 1 1 i^&T. +P
fe..m.rTn^rT.T.tTPTTT),,|,,.^„,,,,.,,,,p„,,,„,p^imiiiM
Fig. 6. Auchquhorthies. Sections,
able distance within the Standing Stones, and the prolongation of the
mound carrying them 45 feet outwards from the Recumbent Stone (see
fig. 5). All the stones on the northern arc are small in comjmrison with
the others, and their insignificance is intensified by the dip of the mound
on that side, which is so great that even wlien standing on the top of
the nearest suitable dike to dniw tlie circle en masse, all these northern
stones were lost to view (see sections, fig. 6, and view, fig. 7). The
Recumbent Stone and its solitary pillar (on the AV.) are l)oth of coarse
grained bluish-grey granite broadly seamed with white quartz (fig. 8).
^Fost of the other stones are of the reddish porphyritic granite, the
^ Proc. iS'oc. Antiq, ScoL^ vol. v. p. 134.
- Meaning suggested by Logan in Arch., xxii. p. 203, Aarh. Ortfia^ field of prayer.
' Throughout the survey, I count the first Standing Stone to the left of the W.
pillar No. 1, and the diameters are from centre to centre of the stones. Stones
now standing are shown black ; low, set stones are shaded, and all others are left in
outline. The Recuml)ent Stone is marked R within a shadedjground.
148
PROOKKDINGS OF THK SOCIETY, .lAXUARY 8, 1900.
8peciej< so commonly o<*curriii«^ all over tlio district. The interior stone-
setting ' starts, as we sliall presently see in other inst^mccs, from near
the htLse of tlie pillars with a hnig narroAv stone set on edge, which, like
the rest of this [)ortion of the striuiture, rises fi-om 20 inches to rather
over 2 feet. The central area is faintly marked as a circular hollow,
with two set stones on the V,. over a foot high, and three narrow straight
slabs set closely end to end on th<» north arc. These three slabs are 2
feet 6 inches above ground. The breadth of the flat space between the
Standing Stones and th(» st(»ne-setting varies from 7 feet to nearly 16 :
but some of its irregularity d(»ubtl ess is due t<» comparatively re<!ent inter-
ference. Close to the first stone lies a massive bl<K;k, marked on the
plan "fallen." Its iM»sition may not })e of any moment ; but it is worth
noting that in an excellent iilan made in 1822 })y Mr James Logan,
there is shown this stone, and, in a corresjionding i>osition, at the tenth
stone, directly opposite stone numl>er one, a stone is drawn.
The distances between the stones, measured from centre to centre, are
as follows : —
wee
m Stone
I.
and
IT.,
, 26 feet 3
11.
>>
HI.,
,23
,, 6
111.
n
IV.,
20
„ 9
IV.
(prostrat(j) and
v.,
15
„ 6
V.
>»
VI.,
10
„ 8
VI.
,,
VII.,
10
„ «
VII.
,,
VI 11.,
, 7
•7
VI 11.
,,
IX.,
22
„ 0
IX.
,,
X.,
25
„ 9
X.
,,
XI.,
,25
„ 0
XI.
»»
XII.,
, 25
., 0
Xll.
,,
XIII.,
27
,, 0
Xlll.
,
I.,
31
„ 0
Circumference of circle = 270 feet 3 inches
' At present, I offer no opinion as to wJiether this stone-setting is an integral
]>ortion of the original structure or not.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 149
The heights of the sKmes are, taken on the summit of tlie mound : —
Stone
I.,
6 feet 6 iuclies
Stone VIII.
3 feet 9 inches
ir.
4 „ 8 „
>)
IX.
2 „ 9 „
III.,
3 „ 10 „
»>
X.
4 „ 8 „
IV.,
(fallen)
J»
XI.
4 „ 6 „
V.
2 feet 1 inch
>»
XII.,
8 „ 0 „
VI.,
3 „ 0 inches
>»
XIII.,
(fallen)
VII 2 10
The Recuml)ent Stone is 9 feet 9 inclies long, 5 feet high, anil about
1 foot wido across the top ; it weiglis 10 tons 9 cwt. It is vertical ;
and close up to its inner base a rudely laid and much <listurbed layer of
small lx)ulders may Ix) traced extending unevenly towards the interior of
the circle. The third stone is due X. of the twelfth, and the Recumbent
Stone is set almost exactly on the S.W. ix)int.^ The tw(» stones shown
in outline touching it do not seem earth-fast, nor is the stone which rests
upon the very verge of the extreme south end of the mound. The note
of the first excavation on this site is the following : — " There has been
dug up Ixitween the two outer circles, a cist-vaen, alx)ut 3 feet long and 1 J
feet wide, containing some ashes."- But in 1863, " the whole of the area
of tlie innermost cirahi " was turned up, and there were found " charcoal,
lialf calcined })ones, black unctuous earth, and small fragments of a
vase.''
No, 3, Cah^nwelL — When formerly de8cril)ed ^ this site was in a piece
"f ^^ggy li"i^ invisible from the neighbouring circles, and the want of
height in its few standing stones was attributed to the nature of the
ground. It is <listant from Auchquhorthies J of a mile N.X.E. The
field l)etween Cairnwell and Iklciuharn is now under cultivation, but the
stones of the circle and the littor of lifted stones around it are still so
' That is t(» say, were the S.W. radius carried out from the centre, it would
bisect tlie inner face of the Recumbent Stone at right angles. As w^ill presently be
shown, this is not the invariable position of this stone.
' Sculpiureff. Stones^ vol. i., App. to Preface, p. xix.
^ Hy Mr Alexander Thomson , F.S.A. Scot., in rro<yetiiiujn, vol. v. i>. 131.
150 PK0CEED1NG8 OF THE SOCIETY, JANUABY 8, 1900.
iuooiu$picuoii8 that most |)er8onB would walk past them unheeding.
Even in tlie district it is not known, and many antiquaries^ with the
exception of ^liss Maclagan, have esteemed it scarcely worth the briefest
note.
And yet this circle |>0S8esHe»« |>oints of rather ))eculiar interest. In
the first place, it is very small, not much over 30 feet in diameter on its
outermost ring. Next, the s^mce 1>etween this ring of Standing Stones,
only three of which remain, and the intermediate setting of thinner
stones, is peculiarly narrow, and the same feature holds good with re-
gard to the relation l>etwccu the intermediate and the inner ring. The
>|M'|l|lllimBMII|IHI|l||||liy;'""''"''J^
^...4 1 T T IhcT
Fig. 9. Cainiwell. Ground Plan.
whole is, in fact, a circle in miniature ; and, us may be seen from the
^^'round plan (tig. 9), the stones have been laid with a regularity and
neatness not always olwervable in the larger structures,^
The inner stone-setting is alsi» remarkable from all its stones being set
up, not vertically, but inclining towards the centre. Tliey average 18 to
20 iiiclies in height. In the intiirniediate ring the stones are vortical,
an«l rise U* nearly 2 fert nbovt' groinid.
The diameter nf tin* inner ring is 1.^) fei't. Its interior is pretty
smooth and grassy, nor is thi' spaee l»etwei'n the two smaller rings so
' Owing to an ovcrsi^'lit in tlrawinj^ the scale, the tigure 20 appears instead of Ift,
and 25 for 20.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 151
crowded with small stones as wo shall find to 1x3 the ctise elsewhere.
Nearly all nmnd the circumference, quantities of stones, of all shapes
and sizes, cumber the ground.
Tlic three Standing Stones are Inirely 2 feet 4 inches in height above
the surface of the litter of small stones heaped up from the field. In
the account given by ^Ir Th(»mson, this circle figures as much more
complete and much larger. It is to be feared that its present condition
is due largely to the removal of its more prominent stones for dike
Fig. 10. Craighead. Ground Plan,
building. At any rate, Mr Thomson's mejisurements of 1863 and my
o%vn do not tally ; but tlie circle lie descrilKJs, {is the westmost on King-
Ciiusie, can W none other than this. It is liighly interesting, therefore,
to not<i his n>oor«l of the excavation carried on h(»ro. " The free c(».ntr}d
si>ace," he says, "is al)out 9 feet in diameter, and we dug up the whole
4»f it. We found it full of black moidd, i.e., churchyard earth, with
fragments of l>»nes and wooil charcoal ; and, wliat was specially interest-
ing, we found at live spots, arranged in a (luiucunx, fragments of coarse
152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARV f, 1900.
earthenware urns ; thus proving unquestionabl}' that it had been used
as a place of burial."
No. 4, CraigJiead. — This site is on the crest of a swelling hill within
a few score yartls to the N. of the farmhouse, 250 feet alwve sea-level,
and from the last site 660 yards distant in a K.E. direction. Whatever
it«< former condition may have })een (of which there are conflicting
accounts),^ it now consists of but four stones, and their relative positions
are so precisely towards the cardinal points (see ground plan, fig. 10) that
it is almost certiiin they have (juite recently been moved. This is the
more likely, because into the side of each stone wire T0\^e8 have been
fixed in order tc» guy up a tall flagstaft' planted in the centre. Tlie stones
Fi^'. 11. Craighead. View from the South.
stiuid upon a moiuid whicli is now alxjvc 2 feet 6 inches above the sur-
face of the field. The urea of the top of the moiuid is level and grassy,
l)resenting no vestige of stone-setting, and, but for the three thin loose
slabs lying a little to the east of the centre, having no uneveime«s on it.
On the moiuid edge a wall has l»een built, but as it interfered with the
"Circle," it was omitted in the view 1 made from the S. (see fig. 11).
The stones are all of the same red*lisli granite, antl their heights are :
the south stone 7 feet 5 inches, the west stone 5 feet 3 inches, the N.
stone 5 f<M»t 2 inches, and that on the east 4 foet. l^irt of this circle
was excavated in 18G3 l)y Mr Alexander Thompson, and he re]X)rts : —
'* We foun<l that it hail been excavated at least once before ; Imt, not-
^ 111 .Miss Maclagairs Hill Forts six stoues are shown in PI. xxvii.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 153
Avithstiinding, we discovered unmistiikahle traces of sepulture — half-
calcined bones and morsels of wood charcoal."
No. 5, Rofis of Clu7ie,^ — Sit(;, a most densely jilanted firwo<xl on the
.summit of a hill 8 miles W. of the List circle and from Park station
alMiut 2 miles neurly S., at an elevation of 564 feet above sea-level. The
ilitiiculties attending the mensuration of a group of stones not one of
which can be completely seen from any of the others, may In? admitted to
l>e consiilerable,""'' and, as the ruincjus and litti^red condition of its interior
added to the diflicultic^s encountered by rc^ason of the trees, I dare not
cLiim ipiite such accunicy for this gi'ound plan (fig. 12) as for others.
We were forced to tiike the measurements by comi)ass, necessarily a less
accurate method than triangulating. Like many others, this circle has
8uffere<l heavily from l)eing used as a cpiarry. Two of its Stjinding Stones
are now prt>stmte, and evidence of tentative diggings and scoopings is
plentiful ; to such an extent, indeed, that, with regard, for inst^ince, to
the long row of stones trending from near th(j we.st pillar north-westwards,
it is imi)os8ible to affirm that they arc^ all a |»ortion of the stone-setting;
the majority d<» not seem in keeping with similar featunjs at other sites.
The longer diameter of 58 feet lies N.W. and S.E., i,e,, from the
second stone to the fifth ; th(^ (unitrary axis, from the west pillar to a point
midway Ixitween Stones III. and IV., measuring 51*6 inche.s.
The distances l>etween the stcnies ar(» : -
From N. angle of Stone I. (fallen) t<» centre of Stone 11., 10 feet ; from
II. to III. (centre to centre), 16 feet 4 inches. The sjiace between 111.
' ThiH being an extremely ilitlicult site to discover, we freijuently asked at uuttuges
for the Bars of Cfune wood, varying tlift in-onunciation so as to meet the requirements
of the vernacular, Meea </ KUen ; neither of these names was known by any one of
the iiersons interro^ted ; the farm ln«l who ultimately directed us correctly to
the circle, speaking of it a.s in the Stnrunll Wooit. Less tlian thirty years ago the
name in its vernacular, lieea o i^Uen form, was i|uito well known, an<l its extincti(m
in so brief a period seems to me significant.
- Herein lay the advantage, for the success r»f my survey, in my having two active
and youthful assistants to whom the tangles, the Hpidcrs* wehs, and the (■immeriun
darkness of these Kiucanlineshire woo<ls were Fairyland !
154
PUOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
and IV., if nu'iisiired on the curve, is 42 feet; between IV. and
V. is 20 feet 6 inclies. From V. to the ciwt angle of the east pillar is 25
feet 4 inches ; the group of three nieiisures, over all, 16 feet 9 inches, and
the space Initween the we^st pillar and the nearest angle of the first stone
is 28 feet 4 inches, thus giving a totid circumference of 159 feet 3
inches : prohably an under-estimati», since the former |K)sitiou of at least
two stones is unjisc(?rtainable.
M^
.,,,,p,-,<iTn''nTTfl'>n-»rTtTT''^^
'"Trrmmfim'tfl
-4? Tb
Fig. 12. Raes of Clune. Ground Plan and Section,
The Uccunihenl Stone is of grey granite, unlike the Standing Stones,
wliich, so far as could he asttcrtaiuiMl for the thirk pfrowth nf lichena fm-
tin'ly ('Idtliing thoni, arc of iIkj red and coaisrr xi-iiiiyd wjjrt. This sloni',
just muler 15 feet in length, is of a nearly r^|i[id firi^aulth of 2fl jtiehe^
throughout, and has a eonsiderahle lean inwarils^ ]'Jirtly riveting im ri few
hlocks there (sec tin* view, tig. 1.'^). It wei^^hx 9 toFi-^ T* cnl Tl*** in-*t
pillar is very s«|uare an<l massive, and much higher Lliiin iLux^j^ Ji^ r^^ct.
The position of the group relatively to the drcl "
SfONE ClltCLJEH WITH MIlAJiUREl) I'LAKrf ANt) DltAWINGK 155
The aectitiiial vknv given below the ^muiiii plan i^ on u line lietween
the two fallen atones, ji« nti tJthor m well slii>ws i]w extnmiu irrx-gnknty
of the iii|iTi(»i%
Fig. 13. Rae« of CI tine. H^jcumbetii Stone md PiJlftrt,
Thu heigfvU of the aton^.s iire an fullow^ :—
Stone r. (falkn) is 2 feet 3 inehm in thickneaSp
„ Up „ 4 „ 9 „ higL
^> rV. (frtUen) >, 1 IlhH 2
V. „4f.^etU
The east pillar „ 4 ,, ti
,, RccnmhciitStone I, 4 ,, 4
,, west pillar, t^ S ti '*
in thiekiii!^.
liigh.
insi<k', lint S ft-i^t 7 inuln^fi f mtside.
BfifoTf thl^ ait*^ waf* ]ilantr^1, wliirh was ahnnt thirty yojim agn, ibH
summit must have commandal n very oxttmsive prtvf^iwjct.
N*K 6» Caii'njmU. — Iji a coniJh^ld ekiEit! til the farm alH>tit 300 yavda
.S. of the Cr*w*i?-i"i.>iui Hniithy, lunl mmrly 400 feet above wea level, ^tinul
the five Btanes uoniiH>aing this ciixde^ in what we must cunsider its very
158
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
have prolmbly }>oeii }>iiilt int<) the dike on the W., which is in close
l»r<»xiinity.
The (lianieLei-Js are : N. and S. 49 feet, and E. and W. 53 feet 8 inches.
Tlie interior lias sullered in the usual way ; and, witli the exception of
one small oblong earth-fast stone in the centre, and a heavy slab that
runs int<j the ground at a very low inclination between it and the
Keeunil)ent Stone, not a foot of measurable stone-setting remains. All
-'•t'^"^' SsA'WwL.
Fi^. 16. (fanol Wooil. Ground Plan and Section.
Lin* >loiu',s an* massive and sciuarisli in section and of the common red
ji-.inih'. 'Vhr Uecumbent Stone (Hg. 17) is, I think, diorit^^^^^ji^ jg
«I;ul with l)nth lichen an«l moss, and is dilHci
c^^to ex
exammi
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 157
vast lieap of stones, itself ami its contents pri>bably containing the
missing ]K)rtion of the (;ircle.
As the view (iig. 15) shows, tlie stones are nnusually straight,
i^iuarish with pointed t<jps auul set very nearly vertically, with the
exception of that nearest the S. point. Their respective heights are :
the south stone 6 feet, the south-west stone 5 feet, the west stone
4 feet 7 inches, the north stf>ne 4 feet, the east stone 5 feet.
The Uniant on the farm told nie that a goo4l many years ago, at, I
tliink, alxmt the dat(? of the Imilding of the dike, some trenching was
luade near the centre, and human lK)nes were found, Init no record was
kei)t of aught that may have accomi)anied them or of their precise
position.
Fig, 15. Cainifauld. View from the West.
^0. 7, Garrol Wood, locally known as the Nine Staiies. — Both the
site, 800 feet above sea-level, and the present condition of this circle
(fig. 16) so much resemble those of Raes o' Clune, that it is a little
ilifficult to keep a distinct image of lioth in one's mind. In this instance
also we measured by comjKiss. But there is (»ne marked point of
ilifTerence Ixitween the two circh'.s : in this at (lari-ol Wood, the Recum-
l)ent Stone is, i>ractically, due 8., its east pillar and the third Stiuiding
Stone being precisely on the X. and S. diameter. The num}>er of stones
at present upright is eight, including the two pillars. The* sixth is
.several feet to the E. of the circumferencij upon which the others are set,
and >>etween the second and third is space enough for two more. They
158
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIEU', JANUARY 8, 1900.
liavo probably been Iniilt into tbe dike on tlie W., wliich in in close
proximity.
The diameters are : X. and S. 49 feet, and E. and W. 53 feet 8 inches.
The interior has suffered in the usual way ; and, with the exception of
one small oblong earth-fast stone in the centre, and a heavy slab that
runs into the ground at a very low inclination between it and the
Recumlxjnt Stone, not a foot of measura])le stone-setting remains. All
a'
•c?o
^-^,
JL
Jl
" ^'^^^TTrnnTTTTTTTmnTTTrmrmTTrrr'Ttnn'"''"
JO 9 » 13 *> t5 SfL,
I ' ' ■ ' I I 1 1 1 1 \rnr
Fig. 16. Oarrol Wood. Ground Plan and Section.
the stones are massive and squarish in section and of the common red
granite. The Recumbent Stone (fig. 17) is, I think, diorite : but it is
clad with both lichen and moss, and is dithcult to examine.
160 PROCEKDINOS OF TUB 80CIBTY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
Distances Iwtween the stones : —
Between Stone I. and Stone II., 14 feet 6 inches
II. „ „ III., 56 „ 0 „ (on the curve).
»? „ III. „ „ n .y 14 „ 8 „
» IV. „ „ v., 15 „ 0 „
»» » * • >» » ' *•> 20 „ 9 ,)
„ „ VI. and edge of E. pillar, 25 „ 4 „
Width of the south group of three 15 „ 4 „
Between edge of west pillar and i
> 22 „ 0 „
centre of Stone I.
Total circumference, 183 feet 7 inches
Heights of stones : —
Stone I. is 3 feet 8 inches (flalrtopped, and leans towards the
group on the S.).
Stone 11. .
is 4 feet 9 inches
» in.
„ 3 „ 3
f»
(square-topped).
„ IV.
„ 3 „ 4
}}
(narrow-edged).
„ V.
„ 4 „ 0
»
„ VI.
„ 4 » 10
»
East pillar
,. 5 „ 0
M
(vertical, hut leans outwards).
Recumlwnt Stone
.. 3 ,. 9
»»
(much more uneven at top than
others).
We-tt irillar
., 6 „ 8
»»
(flat-topi>ed and of great hulk).
Tlie inner surface of the Reciiml>cnt Stinic slopes downwards, and is so
mossgrown, ami overlaid Avith soil full of roots of hracken and hlae-
l)erry, that we could not Jiscertain its true width. Its hreadth in this
direction would jirohaljly equal, if not exceed, its length from R to W.,
and it is therefore jjcrhaps the most [K)nderou8 of these stones yet
examin«Ml. Its top ]>roscnts no level or smooth space* anywhere. Its
weiglit is over 16 tons.
In view of the very great stonin(\ss cliaracteristic of these circles in
Durris, the following extract from the Statistical Account of 1842 is
i
^i?
.^^^ '
V^S\M.1£I/V,
If
-\
1%\
^'/v'A//';f».,vfl)ii
ii:.
0
-.....^F ^^
.^
^^^^^^
n'ir;iri-itTtiiiniw'iiiMifr
'Tn'H||ff^T^^^T
'^-TTrnT!fTr'>iM'ni|i!MjTT-iiirr'niiii TTiLiM'iiiri|i|'ffW"iH'riiir
I 1 1 1 1 1 I J jmr,
VOL. XXXIV.
Fig. 18, Esslie (the Greater). Ground Plan.
1G2 PROCKEDIXOS OF THK SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
worth (luotinj;. In sjioakin*; of Ks-slie and (lari-ol tlio writer says: — "In
(iacli, th(^ HMnains of an inn(T cirrle are visible, within which is a small
cairn." That certainly is th(^ impression conveyed by tlie stony masses
in the centre of several of these circles. But that tlie whole area
within the Standing? Stones was "nothing but a cairn," as some
observers have stated, is an inference due to imagination. Besides,
it must be Iw^rne in mind that the cairn-like heap of stones may lie
(and has sometimes l>een ascertained to be) ^ formed by the farmers who
liave utilised the unarable space within the Standing Stones as a con-
venient place of deposit for stones gathered off the fields.
No. 8, Ei^slifi: tlte Greater Circle. — In open ground about 550 feet
alwn^e sea-level. If w(» include the two pillars which, with the Recum-
bent Stone, are " in line " with the other Standing Stones, tliis circle now
consists of nine stones ; but very serious disturbances must long ago have
taken place, as a study of the ground plan declares (fig. 18). At least
live massive stones, tin; two within a few feet of the Recum])ent, a thirtl
between Stones I. and II., and two on the nortli verge, have been moved
out of their original positions (which it is now impossible to fix U|>on) ;
and, in addition, «»ne now standing, St<nie Xo. IV., is not on the
same ciniinuference as the n^st. The extreme irregidarity, also, of the
contour of the base of tlie mound which carries the Standing Stones adds
to the difliculty of interjireting as well as <^f measuring its features.
Immediately south of the Kecumbent Stone, for instance, is a well-
marked hollow, 20 feet by nearly 5, bounded externally by an equally
well-detiiied bank of earth and stones, and this ridge continues eastwanls,
tluju nortliwards, and more or less compactly to th(» extreme X.AV. angle.
It is surely remarkable, however, that nowhere in its whole cc»urse is
any one of the stones actually set ujion it, the two big stones on the
western arc lyin^' «)n an eaitlien slope uncharacterised by any ridge.
Doubt is thus cast upon tliis stony ridge, which maybe a thing of ycst^^r-
' S(M- r,<>^-rrin,ig>, vol. xxxi. |». 90.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 163
<iayj At tho ea><t pillar-liaso lies a long and <leeply-s«t stone, similar in
r<»lative position and size to one already noticed at Ancli(pihorthies,
while two lieaps of smaller stones opposite its end, and alxjnt 20 feet t<>
the E. as well, seem to }>e the remnants of the inner stone-setting here,
of which we find su})stantial alignments cm the western side, wliere,
esp(?cially in front of Stone I. (A on the section), a space of barely
6 feet separates the Standing Stone from the interior work. The central
stone setting, tracea])le at a nearly miifonn distance of 16 feet from the
other, consists of fifteen qnite distinct and vertically-placed stones from 8
or 10 inches to 18 and 20 inches in height on the outside, their inward
sides, here and there, disappearing amtmg a " rul)})le o' stones " to over
2 feet in depth. In the view (fig. 19), taken from near the centre of
the circle, and looking towards the RecumlKint Stone, the variation in the
heights of these centre stones is shown. This drawing further illustrates
a feature apparently unusual in the type of circles with Recuml^ent Stone,
and that is, the remarkable lowness of the two pillars, the east pillar being
just level with the top of the Recumbent Stone, and the west only a few
inches taller.- The entire space on this mound at Esslie is as stony as possi-
ble, though overgrown with a luxuriant and treacherous growth of grass.
The heights of the stcmes are as follows : —
Stone I. (A on section) 4 feet 8 inches, tapering.
II.
3 .
, 8 ,
lounded top.
III.
i ,
. 6 ,
1 jj V
IV.
4 ,
, 4 ,
, flat-topped.
V.
2 ,
. 3 .
* )•
VI. (fallen)
VII.
4 ,
. 7 „
tapering to ai
* Putting out of reckoiilDg the two boulders near, but well outaide of the Rocum-
bent Stone, we may state that the circle had originally, at anyrate, twelve Standing
Stones, inclusive of the pillars. Probably the long gap on the east contained another.
^ I am aware that the block of stone at the base of this pillar looks in the drawing
&H if it might have fallen otf the latter ; but a glance at the ground plan will show
how small this fragment is, in comparison with the pillar, and therefore how very
little it could have added to its height.
yU
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 165
East pillar is 4 feet 0 inches, broad-topped.
Recumbent Stone is 4 „ 0 „ inside, but 5 feet outside.
We.st pillar is 4 ,, 2 ,, broad-t<ipped.
A «(eneral view of the circle is giv(;n in fi<:. 20. .
Distances ])etween the stones : —
From Stone I. to Stone If. is 29 feet 0 inches
,. ., II. ,. ., III. „ 21 „ 5 „
III. ,, „ IV. (displiiced?) „ 7 „ 8 „
.. „ 111 „ ,. V. (fallen) „ 18 ,. 0 „
V.
>5
n
VI.
VI.
»
)}
Vll.
VII.
n
>>
VIII.
VIII.
)i
ft
IX.
„ 24
6 ,
,, 21
0 ,
.. 41
0 ,
., 27
6 ,
,, 24
0 ,
„ 15
9 ,
„ 26
6 „
From centre of Stone IX. to east pillar (edge)
The group of Recumbent Stone and pillars
From west pillar outer edge to centre of I.
Total circumference, 256 feet 4 inches
Main <liameter from St<me VI. to R. nearly N. and S. 89 feet 0 inches.
„ Jl. toF. „ W.andE. 73 „ 6 „
The Recuml)ent Stone weighs 8 tons 4 cwt.
Excavation was made in or about the centre of this circle in 1873, by
J)r R. Angus Smith. His account^ is this: —
*' On goinp down about 2 feet a hard * pan ' was fomid 4 or 5 inches thick.
This 'pan* is very general in the district. A space of 7 or 8 feet in diameter
was laid bare with more or leas care, and on the outer part there were found cer-
tain black marks on the hard ground, and along with them small pieces of l>onc.
The dark marks, in some places quite black, extended so as to be the length of a
not tall human l^eing in three cases ; a fourth was uncertain. Tliere seem to
have been three or four lx)dies laid so as to form a circle, within which were no
black marks or bones. One of the men who were digging tried the centre with
his pickaxe, and said that it had been oj^eued ; tlu^rt^ was no hard * pan,' and he
iiiarke<l out a place, feeling his way with the pickaxe, and found a softened part
aUmt (> ft-et long. This s|)ace was o|H?ned without difficulty with the spade
alone: the f^lw^ervation hadljeen correct. After digging down 2h feet a stone
' Givcii in Proteedinyy, voL xiv. \k 302.
166
PKOUEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
kist was found, if we may call it one^ built of common boulder-stones little more
tlian half a foot, i.e., from 8 to 10 inches in diameter. ... In the grave were
found black marks and pieces of l)one, but no more.''
No. 9, Esslie : tJie Smaller Circle^ commonly called West Mulloch,
from its close proximity to the steadings of that fann. — Distant from the
last a Inire half mile, and about 70 feet higlier, close to the road that
winds round past West and East Mulloch down to the Cross-road smithy
and Cainifauld already noticed.
TTTTTT'TT^'/rillMMi, I I i|.|.|l!i:|i,;;i|lT llll.|iM|||MIMlii||||lll|rj^^j^
V'v^. 21, P'sslie (tlir Smaller). (Iround Plan and Section.
< )u tills sit<', a^'ain, <nu' linds evidence of much disturbance ; and those
intellective, half-hearted di,i^',i^qii.i,'s, ])ruductive «»f nothing but hallucination
and hearsay, appeared to have occurred liere also plentifully. There are,
liowever, yet live great Standing Stones set on the level crest of a mound
3 feet high, some remnant of the inner stone-.setting, and, fallen over
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 167
(lo^vn the slope of the ridge, close to the tallest stone, a huge block
(shown on the ground plan shaded within a tliick line, fig. 21) which I
take to be the Recumbent Stone moved from its position, close to the
west pillar and minus that which was its east pillar. That this is the
correct "reading" of the present state of things is suggested by the relative
positions of this remaining pillar (P) and of the portions of the inner
stone-setting now in situ, A part of this consists of two unusually large
stones 7 feet within the circle from P. Small heaps of stones in all
manner of positions (see fig. 22) cause confusion, and there is one pro-
minent boulder on the northern verge apt to l)e mistaken for a Standing
Stone. It is not earth-fast.
Fig. 22. Esslie (the Smaller). View from the West.
The heights of the Standing Stones are : —
Stone I. is 4 feet 7 inches, edged at top.
„ II. „ 3 „ 9 „ iK)inted.
Ill 4 *>
»> I ' • i> 3 „ 10 ,, „
„ V, „ 4 „ 5 „ broad and flat.
The Beciunbent Stone weighs over 4 tons.
I>r U, AugtiH Hinitli leL'tanls ^ that the centre circle of small stones " was
o|te«fd t4> lh& ilc^ptli of from 3 to 4 feet and several large and flattish
sUmcii wtTt? fuuud very irro^niiariy placed ; and apparently the remains of
m^& stiiu'tui* hi(/kt>n and Um^il into the hole which hatl been formed
_ia u^Jt^nini^ it. li \m\ 1m>p.ii piT Liahly a large stone cist."
' dT. p. 308.
168
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
No, 10, fnchmarlo, — Close to the main road going west out of
lUnchory, 100 foet or so within the poHcies of Inchmarlo Cottage, stands
the monolith shown in lig. 23. It is vouched for as the sole remnant
of a circle seen hy thn late Sherill' Doughu^, wlio was a native of Inch-
marlo ; and it is still calleil the Druids' Stone. It is a nearly square-
Imsed block of pori)hyritic granite, and (^lose l>eside it lies a much
smaller, hut still weighty block, of diorite. The oblong cavity on its
eastern face has l)eon chiselled to hold, I think, one of the iron letter-
Fif(. *2:1. lucliniarlo Standing Stone.
l)OXcs which aiv common in llic district. There is now nu trace of the
site of any otlicr of the stones of tlie circle. Weight over 12 tons.
Xo. 11, Glaxiif'l. — Tliis ^Toup of j>illar stones is situatcMl on the vei*ge
of a long and rather stiM'ji natural bank in tin* north part of a beech-
wood known as Ordie (iordie «>r Ordie (lordon, scarcely half a mile in a
N.W. direction from (Ila.ssel station on the* Deeside railway, and at an
elevation of 3G0 feet above the sea.
l>oth its diminutive })roportions and its form render it remarkable (sec
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASUKEI) PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 169
iii;. 24). The longer iliameWr of its interior space is but 15 feet 9 inches,
the shorter 7 feet 9 inches. The stones now standing, five in numl)er, are
singularly symmetrically set, very sqnare-hased, and like one another in
contour, breadth, and height ; they are also all of the siinie rcMldish granite.
In the centre of the north arc is a i)roHtrate block of indurated sand-
stone (see the drawmgs, lig. 25). Between this block and the Standing
Stone on the W. is a small, <iuite earth-fast lump of granite ; and, much
closer to the edge of the bank, 10 feet 8.W. of the south stone, lies a
diorite or fine-grained granite Ixjulder. The interior space is smooth,
W
Mii|iii|ni|in|lpii|iii|i'<'
W--*4 \ ^.
Fig. 24. Glassel. Groand Plan and Section.
grassy, and well flattened by a path evidently the frecpient resort of
ramblers. Below at the foot of the bank flows the Canny Burn.
Heights of the stones : —
The diorite boulder on the south 10 inches thick.
.„ S. stone 2 feet 9 inches, rather pointed.
K* „ 3 „ 3 „ rounded at toj).
,„ W. .. 3 ., 2 „ flat-t<jpped.
^ N.K ,. '2 ., 11 „ shari>-i»ointed.
,t X.W, ., 2 „ 10 „ flat-topi)ed.
rUe |Yroatmt<^ tjandaUme ia 1 foot in thickness.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 171
Distances l)etween the stones : —
Between S. stone and W. stone, 8 feet 10 inches
W. „ „ N.W. „ 8 „ 10 „
N.W. „ „ N.E. „ 9 „ 6 „
KE. „ „ E. „ 8 „ 10 „
„ E. „ ,, S. „ 8 ,, 10 ,,
Total, 44 feet 10 inches
No, 12, Leamy, — In an upland field N. of Gownieburn, beyond
Milltown of Leamy, to which we walked from Torpliins station, stands
tlie one stone of a circle well known to the folk not so many years ago.
It is not conspicuous, being a rather thin, angular, and pointed red
granite block. It is set nearly N. and S., stands 4 feet 2 inches in
height, and girths at the base 10 feet. One side is over- 4 feet in breadth.
It is marked on the 6-inch Ordnance Map as " Remains of a stone circle."
No. 13, BcUnarraig, Alulmar. — On the farm of this name, the
Ordnance Map records and draws four very large stones at a point 1 J mile
N.W. of Torphins. But, though we made diligent search, and were
fortunate enough to fall in with the present tenant, we could neither
see nor hear of any vestige of a circle. On the map, however — and the
one I refer to is the 25-inch scale — these four large stones are quite clearly
laid down in such a form that, if measured from a common centre,
the line of circumference would ])isect them all and enclose a circle of
about 80 feet in diameter.
No, 14, Tfie AtUd Kirk & Tough,^ — All that remains of the once large
circle on this remote moorland site, 1200 feet above* the sea, on the con-
fines of the parishes of Tough, Cushnie, and Cluny, is a more or less
circular ridge, to some extent still stony, and, like; the hollow it eiuiloses,
densely grown with heather, and one large Standing ^Univ set un its
* "The Kirk '* is the name of tlic site of a <:ircle on a raised ridge on Kirkby Moor.
Arehaoloyia, vol. xzxi. p. 450.
.A***-
^
J***- * '
172
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
i^outlierii ai-c (fig. 26). A glance aroiiinl at tlw» nearest dikes reveals the
fact that they are huilt largel}' of hugo stones ; and the suspicion thus
raised of tlicir having hetMi moved from th(» circle was confirmed on tlie
dav of my visit hy the frank admission of the crofter at Denwdls, to the
^^- o-cTi -««**- - - -^
Fi^'. 2il. Tlie Aiil«l Kirk o' Toiigli. (I
round I'laii.
cllect that he had ''shifted ihcni a' into the dikes,' one «>f tliem also
being comi)lacently shown forming the thrcshiJd of his cottage. Most
of this wanton destruction must have occurred <luring tlie last twenty
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 173
years, since Miss Maclagan ^ records, in her plan, seven stones iKjsides a
Recumbent Stone and two ]>illar8, giving a view of the latter group.
When examining this site, T was puzzled with the strip of straight
contour, 26 feet l<»ng on the S.W., not having then seen any plan of the
grouncL This, in idl likelihoo<l, was the jnisition of the Re<;um})ent Stone
and pillars. Miss Miiclagan's plan shows a circle of 75 feet in diameter,
the seven stones seiMinited by pretty regular intervals of about 20 feet,
with a gap of nearly 40 feet on the E. Fifteen f(».et within, in her plan, is
a perfectly unbroken stone-setting, within which, sigain, is the small
central setting, its interior very stony. My measurements bring out the
diameters, from the inner face of the one remaining stone due N. to the
opposite and much higher crest of the ridge 80 fec^t, and the contrary
diameter 90 feet. A go<Kl many apparently earth-fast blocks still define
the circumference, and numl>erless smaller stones lie alK)ut all over it.
(.)f the inner settings of 8t<mes n<»t a si»ecimen now exists. In Miss
Maclagan's drawing of the gnnip on the S.AV., mm of the pillars is
twice the height of its fellow, and the Kecumlient Stone is not vertical.
Its breadth, also, seems to equal iU length. But to which side of the
circle the Recumbent Stone leans, and whether the tall pillar is on its W.
or its E., cannot be ascertained.
This site, and the eight that follow, are all on the northern side of the
Hill of Fare, the long flat ridge of heathy moorland which for miles
forms so prominent a background to the wood-crowned uplands of this
side of the Dee Valley.
No. 15, Tomnagani. — Over 5 miles X. of Torpliins stiition, and up a
road that rises at a steep and steady gradient for fully three miles, on the
summit of a wooded hill 600 feet above sea-level, are t<> l)e seen the
remains of this, i>erhaps the most intc^resting of all the circles described
in the present report. In spite f)f several of iU stones l)eing now pros-
trate, much of the inner stone- work remains in ftifu, and it is possible, on
* flill FortSf pi. xxviii.
174
PROCEKPIXGS OF THE aOOIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
paper, to reconstruct tlu* circle with an amount of eertiiintv most unnsiial
with rcigard to these often ])arharously ill-treated antiquities.^
%
10
%
T, +
unf'ni^^T''rffTr''ii»Tr<iiiitirniinnMin^*nn<p
Fi^. 27. Tonina^oiii. Ground Plan and Sections.
The ground i)lan (tig. 27) sliows live Standing Stones, a massive Re-
' Wliat disturbance at the centre is shown was due, I was infonncd, to the curi-
osity of an idle shepherd. The tenants of the farm respect and take an interest in
the stones.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASTJltED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 175
ciiiii})ent SUme with its two pillarn, and four of tlio cmce erect stones, fall(»n,
Imt so cldse to the line of circunif«'rence as not to injure the symmetry of
the circle as a whole. Of the Standing 8t(mes, the third is due X. of the
ninth, the fifth is X.E. of the centre of the KecumlnMit Stone, which is at
the due 8.W. iK)int. Meiusured from S. to N., the diameter hetween the
centres of the stones is 80 feet; measured from the centre of Stone I.
(fallen) to a point mid-way hetween Stones VI. and VI T., it is 70 ft. 6 in.
I )i«tnnces lK3tween the stones : —
IVtween the two fallen stones on the W. (1. and II.) 26 feet 0 inches
Stone II. and III. . . 24 „ 6 ,.
III. „ IV. . 20 „ 5 „
IV. „ V. . 17 „ 6 „
V. „ VI. . . 16 „ 9 „
VI. „ VII. . . 21 ,, 6 „
„ VII. ,, VIII. . . 22 „ 4 „
„ VIII. „ IX. . . . 31 ,, 0 „
„ ,, IX. ,, edge of east pillar .20 ,,5 „
The S.W. group, over all . . 16 „ 6 „
From edge of west i>illar to centre of Stone 1. . 16 „ 0 „
Total circumference . 226 feet 1 1 inches
Heights of the present Stan<ling Stones : —
Stone III. 5 feet 6 inch(?s, tapers to an edge.
„ IV. (fallen).
,, V. 4 feet 0 inches (hut overhangs inwards 2 ft. 10 in.).
„ VI. 4 ,, 0 ,, flat, ohlong top.
., VII. 5 ,, 4 ,, broad, irregular top.
„ VIII. (fallen).
„ IX. 6 feet 7 inches
East pillar 6 ., 5 „
Recumbent Stone 3 „ lOJ ,, inside, 5 feet 3 inches outside.
West pillar 2 ,, 7 ,, (possibly })roken?).
Weight of the Recumbent Stone, 9 tons 1 cwt.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 177
The very marked difference in the heights uf the two sides of tlie
Reouml)ent Stone is accounted for by the hiyer of water-worn bouMers
and other small stones that are set, like a floor, in front of it facing the
interior (see the section, fig. 27). We assured ourselves of tlic regu-
larity of this * flooring,* by lifting off many square yards of the thick dry
fibrous carpeting of moss that covers most of the area of this circle ; and,
in doing this, we brought to light the long narrow slab and its three
almost contiguous blocks with which the inner stone-setting begins at
the liase of the east pillar, and which can be distinctly traced round the
east arc, though for some portion matted over with the ever-abundant
blaeberry stems. See the view of the Recumbent Stone from the interior
(fig. 28) which shows these stones. The whole of the X.E. and N.W.
arcs are al)solutely devoid of earth-fast stones, and the ground here is so
level, that, if any once existed, the clearance of them luus been efTected
mast rigorously. Four large stones, varying from 14 to 26 inches high
(the highest nwirest the S.), form a portion of the stone-setting on tlu^
W., and between them and the Kecum})ent Stone a lumi)y ridge
exists.
In front of and almost touching the west [)ilLir lies a block which has
possibly once formed its apex, as on one side the pillar shows a })road,
fractured, not weathered, surface, and its present want of height seems
* out of keeping ' with the Inilk and height of the Recumbent Stone and
the other pillar (see fig. 29). In the centnd space, three narrow slabs
1 4 inches high are all that remain in situ ; Init the })road oblong slab now
lying about 3 feet to their S. (with a smaller triangular one resting on it)
must have once stootl in the space now blank, its width corresponding to
the blank. The cavity thus originally enclosed does not appear to have
Ijcen circular, but oblong or s^juarish ; but it is impossi))le to define its
limits (see view from the W., fig. 30). The bre^idth of the; free space
lying between this central stone-setting and the outer one is 21 feet 9
inches, and the width from the latter to the Standing Stones of the circle
is 13 feet.
The site, now completely hidden by woodland, could at no time have
VOL. XXXiV. 31
STONB CIKCLKS WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 17&
been specially conspicuous ; tliere are much ^^rcater lieights on nearly all
sides of it.
No, 16, Midmar Kirk, — Quite on the other and eastern side of this
upland portion of the district, alwut 600 feet above the sea-level, and most
easily accessible from the village of Echt, we find a few stones remaining
Y^
Fig. 81. Midmar Kirk. Ground Plan, etc.
of this circle, the parish church l>eing built so close to it that I am not
sure whether several of its western stones were not removed to make
-way for the walls. Stormy weather prevented our making more than
one hurried inspection of this circle. I therefore wrote to tlie Rev. E.
Luinsden, M.A., for accurate measurements, which were most promptly
180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
and courteously afforded me ; and the annexed ground plan (fig. 31) has
been laid out from them, witli, also, some assistance from the plan given
by Miss Maclagan.^ There are at present four Standing Stones, in addition
to the two very tall and massive pillars, and the vertically set Recumbent
Stone. When complete, there were probably nine Standing Stones, there
l)eing ample space for three on the north arc. All the stones are of the
same material, the reddish granite much weathered. The pillars are un-
usually equal in height, and the Recumbent Stone very broad throughout.
It is set on the S.W. arc, but not so precisely as in other examples. It
is 14 feet 9 inches in length, and 4 feet at the greatest breadth. The
N.E. diameter of this circle, measuring from the pillar on the left to
the opposite stone, is 55 feet; the contrary axis is, of course, now
unasccrtainable. The Recumbent Stone weighs 9 tons 13 cwt.
Distances between the stones : —
The Recumbent Stone pltm pillars .
Between pillar on right to next stcme
,, the next two stones .
22 feet 0 inches
18
Y)
9 „
17
))
8 „
22
))
0 „
23
>>
9 „
„ the hist two stones .
Circumference of about §rds of circle =104 feet 2 inches
eights of the stones : —
The N.E. stone .
4 feet 6 inches
„ first S.E. stone .
3
n 6 „
„ second „ ,,
6
M 3 „
„ south stone
5
» 6 „
Tli(? pillars, each
8
n 3 ,,
The Kccunibent Stone
3
„ 6 „ at highest
No. 17, Balhlair, — At the time of my visit to the circle just described,
I was not aware that another once existed within about 100 yards to the
1 mil Forts, PI. xxvii.
r
STONE CIRCLES WITII MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 181
nortli. But having noticed on the 6-ineh O.M. tlie remains of a circle
^'^'"l^eci at this spot, I wrote to the Rev. E. Lunisden again, and learned
iroixi. Him the following particulars. At a point 22 yards north of the road
going east of Midmar Kirk, and 100 yards or so north of it, there is in a
wochI one tall stone standing. ** It has," says Mr Lumsden, " quite the
<^naructer of such (I'.e., circle) stones — its surfaces Ixjing eitlier worn by
^atura.1 agencies or presenting the natund cleavage of the stone. It is
^^ut Si feet high, and leans over consideral)ly to tlie south." The drawing
®ca.io xvhich accomixinied this description shows the })ase of the stone as
^oJios wide on the west and north sides, with the south and the east
^ ^ ^li^htly less and rounded, and the stone as viewed from the east
■^^^^^S to a i)oint. There is also at its base the remnant of a ridge
^^^ T f> inches in height. Wishing to assure myself of the former exist-
^ ^>^ 5:1 circle here, I wrote for information to Col. Farquharson of the
.. '^^^^^cie Survey Department. In due course a rej>ly came to the effect
*^^ "the Name Book of date 1864, three of the residents in Midmar
^"^^X the single stone remaining at that date to be the remnant of a
circle,^
the c^
It is not definitely stated that eitlier of them said he had seen
^•^^^le or any more stones than this (me.
■Vr
^ ^ 18, Seanhinni/y or, to follow the locid pronunciation and
|. , ~^^^=?> Sunhonei/y^ by reason })oth of its size, the regularity of its mono-
* ^^ Xid the almost un)>roken smootlmess of its grassy sward, l)esides its
conn-^-w
, . ^^^^^ding position, is, perhaps, the most impressive of the circles of
^ ^strict, as it assuredly is the most satisfactory to deal with from the
« -^^^ ^or's j)oint of view. A dike surrounds the jJantation of beech and
, _ -fc^ich in a manner grace without confusing the view of the stones ;
^--^ distance from the outer ridge carrying the stones is sufficiently
io allow of a clear view of the entire circle. The site is the
^ _ ^ Xt of the upland fields, 400 feet above sea-level, on this farm, which
^^^nt west from the village of Echt about li miles, and across a
fully wooded valley J of a mile X.E. from Midmar Castle.
^^^^^^ .? ** name " Sunbrick Circles'* is given to a group on the brow of a bill called
^^[g, near BradMS, Morecambe Bay. ArdiccologiUf vol. xxxi. p. 450.
182
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
Then* ia every reason to believe that tliis circle, in respect of its
Standing KStones at least, is really in the same condition as in prehistoric
times. See tlie ground plan (iig. 33), which shows nine stones on the outer
m
^F*«:
10
...^^
Kic. S*2. S^Anh'uny. 0 round Plan.
rid-o of t'arih and siouos, two vi ry lan^? pillars* and a Recnmbent Stouc
x»f ;r.;l\ r,.oc.d;:hix' pn^ivrtiouis Wini: 17 feel 4 inches in length, 2 feet
o iuv ];os iJi ;hiokiu*s<N and 4 ftvt 0 inches in hn^adth, this last dimension
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 183
being in reality its height, as this vast mass of close grained grey granite
long ago fell forward, and was (also long ago) ^ robbed of a fragment, now
prostrate at right angles, which itself is of no mean bulk. It lies very
slightly west of the S.W. point. The weight of tliis stone is over 12
tons.
The longer diameter of Seanhinny is almost precisely due N. and S., and
measures 87 feet 6 inches from the centre of Stone III. to that of Stone
IX. The contrary axis. Stone I. to a ix)int mid- way between Stones VI.
and VII., is 81 feet 6 inches.
Distances l)etween the stones, centre to centre : —
I]etween Stone I. and
II.
25 feot 6 inches
»
II. „
III.
25
>»
0
»
>>
III. „
IV.
24
>>
0
»
»
IV. „
V.
20
»
4
>>
»
V. „
VI.
21
»
0
i1
»
VI. „
VII.
20
n
6
n
„
VII. „
VIII.
2C
>>
0
>»
))
VIII. „
IX.
21
»>
4
>>
From the centre of Stone IX.
, to east
angle
of the east ]
pillar
.
25
»
2
»
Breadth of the group (over a
11) .
27
>>
8
>>
From west angle
of the west
pillar to the
centre of Stone I.
.
•
24
»
0
n
This gives a total circumference tlirough
the stones of
260 feet 6 inches
Heights of the stones taken on the inside of the ridge : —
Stone I. 6 feet 0 inches, shari>edged.
„ II. 5 „ 10 „ pointed at top.
„ III. 5 „ 3 „ sharp-edged.
„ IV. 4 „ 6 „ rather pointed.
* See tiMaoeoimt of Seanhinny in Arclutologia^ vol. xxii. p. 193, by .Tames Logan,
wtHi Ui oudtai plan annexed.
184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
Stono V. 5 feet 3 inches sharp-edged.
VI. 5 „ 3 „ flaUnppeil.
VII 4 5
„ VIII. 6 „ 8 „ tapers to point.
„ IX. 6 „ 9 „ square and Hat-topi>ed.
Tlie f^radual rise in tlie heights of the stones towards the Recumlient
Stone is made clear to the eye in the two sections now given (fig. 33).
They are to l)e taken as viewed from an imaginary line, dottetl on ground
plan (Hg. 32), which nearly bisects the circle.
The east pillar is 7 feet 6 inches ; the west pillar is 6 feet 5 inches.
lV>th may be styled rudely pyramidal when seen at the angles. All these
eleven st^^nes are of the usual re<ldish gmnite or gneiss ; but the great
Recumbent Stone (lig. 34) is of a widely different composition and colour :
L fl 4 A A
*X-JL a A JLil
Fig. 33. Seanhinny. Sectional Views.
very compact, close-grained, of a cold grey hue ; and, though not per-
haps actually st) hard as the diorite boulders occasionally seen in the dis-
trict, tliis (Mionnous block impresses one with a sense, not only (>{
immense solidity and weight, but of the labour involved in the mere
raising of it on to its edge, wbich was presumably its original position.
Its dimensions are already given. On its present ui)per surface, how-
ever, then^ arc some shallow hollows very like the cup-marks now so
fre([uently found in many j)arts of Scotland, and soni(»limes on the pillars
of stone circl(\s. I show these 'cups' on my jJan. After careful
examination, ] am n«>t incliiKMl to regard these hollows as made by tools
of any age. In the first })lace, th(»y do not show the slightest vestige of
tool marks. True cup-marks usually do. Next, there is not the slight-
Oh
I
<^
186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
est vestige of any ring round them or near them on the stone. Again,
when this Recumhent Stone stood on its edge — its western extremity, by
the way, would then bo precisely in line with the inner end of the west
pillar — these cui>liollows, if existent at that remote period, would, in all
likelihood, have been under the ground. For the innermost of them all
is but 13 or 14 inches within the margin of the stone, and we must
allow quite that measure as tlie depth of the founding of the stone.
Lastly, the comparatively softer flakes of mica in this block of granite do
weather into small shallow pits or hollows, and my impression is that
these particular hollows may have been formed by weathering.
Of the interior little need be said, as my ground plan shows, without
useless detiiil, tlie relative proportions of the two now-existing ridges ; of
any much smaller and almost central ridge, such as the older views re-
cord,^ naught remains (see fig. 35). Tlie greater portion of the area, at
any rate within the inner ridge, was dug through and turned over in the
years 1855-56, by Mr C. E. Dalrymple, whose examination is thus
recorded : - —
" Witliin the circle there is a flat cairn, about 64 feet in diameter, of stones,
raised nearly a foot above the rest of the area, and going down to the subsoil.
In the centre of this cairn, throuch a part of it 8 feet in diameter, were found
deposits of incinerated bones, witn some charcoal and black mould, but in no
great quantity. This part of the caim differed slightly in construction from
the rest, as the stones were not quite so closely packed, and were mostly marked
with lire. At the outer circumference of the caim, on the south side, was
found what seemed to have been a deposit of some kind, as concave stones were
placed so as to form a circular cist ; and some fragments, apparently of a rude
stone vessel, were found forming part of the enclosure ; but everything of
animal substance had entirely disappeared. At the foot of several of the pillars,
at a depth of from 18 inches to 2 feet, flat stones appeared, similar to thoee
which are generally found placed above and under the cmerary urns ; but any
deposits which may have been inserted had entirely disappearwi. The richness
of the soil, a deep black loam, might •])artly account for this. All the soil
appeared to have been brought into the circle, and, except in front of the
jullars, seenuHl almost every^vhere to cover quantities of stones, though these,
except in the centre, were not dis])Ose(l in a regular caim. The soil seemed
also to differ from tliat on the outside of the circle, in which stones only occur
occasionally. At the base of tlie pillars, the ground seemed, in various ca-ses,
' See suprn.
- Stuart's ,S<-i(Ij'tur>t^ Sfonrs, vol. i. Appendix to tlio Preface, p. xxi.
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 187
to have been dug down into the subBoil, so as to form a pit about 2^ feet in
depth. A ridge of loose stones, like the foundation of a dyke, runs round
between the standing stones. Some of the latter had a small semi-circular
pavement of stones in front of them, and they all stood on deposits of middle-
sized boulder stones."
No, 19. — At a point nearly mid- way between Old Wester Echt and
New Wester Echt, and about two miles N.E. of Seanhinny, three Stand-
ing Stones are shown on the Ordnance Map, forming a curve 90 feet long,
the remnant apparently of a circle about 1 20 feet ^ in diameter. The
height above sea-level is over 550 feet.
On communicating with the i)resent tenant of the farm of Old Wester
Echt, Mr James Gillespie, I was informed that after having made
enquiries, he learned, from a man who remembered the site when a boy,
that " there were nine stones in a complete circle, and that they were
removed about sixty years ago, the three largest- ones being left."
Mr Gillespie subsequently sent me the measurements of these. One
is 9 feet in height and girths at the ground 1 4 feet ; the middle one is
6 feet in height with a base of about 14 feet ; and the third is 8 feet in
height, 5 feet broad on two sides and 1^ feet broad on the other two..
No, 20, Standing Stones of Echt, — Drawn on the 25-inch scale Ord-
nance Survey Map, as a true circle of 50 feet in diameter, and about 100
yards to the north of the^ farm-steadings. Eight stones are shown. The
site is on the extreme east of Echt parish. I learned from the present
occupant of the farm, Mr William Hogg, that all the eight stones are still
in situ and still erect ; this being, doubtless, largely due to the fact that
" they are mentioned in the lease of the farm, and must be protected."
This and the next circle will be fully described later.
No. 21, BinghUl, Petercvlter. — This site is rather over one mile in a
straight line N.W. from Murtle station, and the circle is drawn on the
^ This rather unusually large diameter has been obtained by computation from the
curve taken by the three stones as shown ou the 25-inch scale of the Ordnance
Survey.
188
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
map as one of seven good-sized stones, in a plantation and a few score
yards to the north of a tumuhia ; the diameter being 55 feet or there-
al)outs.
No. 22, Tlip SfamUng Stonesi, Dt/ce, — This, in older accounts, is
called Tyr-lKigger or Tyrie-baggor.^ The sitcj is 2 miles W. of Dyce
junction. The circle, now planted round with trees, must, long ago,
9
S?^^i
31 ':•■%. '
"a *■■■■■• ■^^■•■;.
* ■ Vji-.n ^-. ^' ~ -^^^^ ■' ' ■ ■ \ ■■
^-;r t
Fig* 8d. Tyre- bigger, or Standing Btonn nf Dyce*
have l)een very con^picuotia, sitiialod m it h on ih} cfnwit of ja hilt
500 f(M't above thf Sfa-lt*v-i, .fr^l bmrif* rmiifiom-H! tif cixttdiiitily uH aiitl
imjMwingly-arningtHl niun. '•'■,*- in t^ll hirtniiivri,?. narftle* ihi» mmh
' Meaning Hd^-^fwl hy I^i^ui
Ittinl, c»f acoriih
■)
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 189
larity to Seaiihiruiy and otlicrs, Dycc circle iwssesses some characteristics
of its own which render it interesting. In the first place, as the ground
plan (fig. 36) and the section show, the ridge carrying the stones is
specially welklefined and high, the interior very level, and, although
full of hroom and whin, almost unbroken hy stone work. Part,
however, of this distinctness of ridge is really due to the very
matter-of-fact purpose once served hy the circle ; I>ogan ^ recording that
the spices Ijetween the stones were huilt up with loose stones and the
spot thus converted into a cattle-pound. Another feature not so easily
accounted for is the existence of the two thin stones — slabs, one might
almost call them — close together on the X.E. arc, Nos. VI. and VII. The
great magnitude of the pillars and the Recumbent Stone?, and the striking
l)osition of the last, combine to impress this circle on the memory.
The main diameters are : —
N.W. to S.E., Stone III. to IX 61 feet
S.AV. to N.E. outside of the Recumbent Stone to Stone IV. 56 „
Distances between the stones, centre to centre : —
Stone I.
to
II.
15 feet
0 inches
11.
>«
III.
10
9
))
III.
n
IV.
.
24
3
)i
IV.
11
V.
.
21
3
)>
V.
11
VI.
19
0
})
VI.
11
VII.
.
5
0
11
„ VII.
11
VIII.
13
0
It
„ VIII.
11
IX.
.
11
8
11
From the ninth stone to edge of (
east
pillar
10
5
»
The group of
three (over all) .
.
.
20
0
11
From the ed^
[e of the west pillar
to centre
of Stone I.
.
•
16
11
6
11
This gives a totid circumference of 166 feet 10 inches
^ Archcdolotjia^ vol. xxii. p. 411.
190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
Heights of the stoues : —
Stone I. 7 feet 3 inches, leans outwanls ; somewhat i)ointed
at top. (See section, fig. 37.)
II.
7
0
pointed.
III.
5
0
»»
IV.
3
2
1}
V.
4
4
narrow-edged.
VI,
3
1
»i
VII.
4
6
rounded.
nil.
5
0
IHjinted.
IX.
7
8
squarish.
The east pillar 9 „ 5
„ west ,, 11 ,, 0
E
fnmrT]
^^^^^^mwimmmmjmw
[i|ill|Mi||||Mi!i."iiiliiiii[inMifMnni|iiiiii|ii!''ii:i
V— ? — ? — ¥ — ¥ — ?^-^
Fig. 37. Tyre-bagger, or Standing Stones of Dycc. Sectional Views.
Those, two j^rcat stones arc very dissimilar in form. See the various
views (figs. 40, 41, 42).
The vertical height of the Recum})ent Stone can he stated with
some certainty. Its present measurahle sides show that (a) its upper
edge; is now 4 feet phnnh ahove the hedding of small stones (see sec-
tion, hg. 38, and view from the west, fig. 39) ; that {h) its under side
from edge to ground is 6 feet 5 inches wide ; and that (r) its outer side
or hack is 10 feet 6 inches wide. If * restored ' and set cm its edge ver-
tically, with 2 feet depth as foundation, wci should still have a stone of
fully 8 feet in height — a dimension well in keei>ing with the remarkahlc
height of its two pillars (see tlie two views, ligs. 40 and 41). The
eastern end of its edge (or top If * restored ') is the widest portion, and
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 191
the middle is rather protiil)crant and rough. The material is a darkish
grey granite, not so fine-grained as that just described in the Recumbent
Stone at Seanhinny, but of a quite different species from that of any of the
otli(!r stones in the circle, most of which appeared to me to l)e reddish
and much more gritty. The Recum})ent Stone is shown in Logan's plate, ^
done in 1822, leaning inwards much as it is at present. This stone
being s*) much out of the grcnmd, its culiical contents am Ije more fully
gauged ; and its computed weight, therefore, of nearly 24 tons need be
no matter of surprise. In my view of the circle (fig. 42), taken from as
near the north as was feasible, the two short thin sla})s (Stones VI. and
VII.) are on the extreme left.
ii'iiii|'i'TMmiHMiniii|iiiii|i|i iiii||i|i|i II rr
R 0 5 10 19 to t5 30
1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 \raz.
Fig. 38. Tyre-bagger, or Standing Stones of Dyce.
CoiiclusiofL — The first result o})tjiined by the survey here recorded is
that in fifteen of the stone circles still possessing features sufficiently
definetl for julmeasurcment, three distinct types are exemplified : first, the
tyi>e having oidy the free-st-inding pillar stones, as Craighead, Cairn-
f judd, and Glassel ; second, the type comprising the pillar stones plus one
or more interior stone-settings, as Cairnwell; and thirdly, the type^
wliich is characterised by the most striking feature of the Recum})ent
Stone, which is in situ at Old JJourtree IJush, AuclKpihorthies, Raes of
Clune, Garrol, Esslie (the greater), and Tomnagom, Midniar Kirk, Sean-
^ Archasologuif vol. xxii. p. 411.
•'-* Drawings and measurements of many circles of this type in Aberdeenshire were
made so long ago as 1S62 by Dr (now Sir) Arthur Mitchell, to whose note-books I am
indebted for information regarding them.
I
o
a
S
a
I
o
GO
1.
60
196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
hiniiy, and Tyrbagger, and, though out of place, visible at Esslie tlie
smaller, if we include the Auld Kirk of Tough as having oidy within the
last twenty years or so b<M»n liereft of its Recuniljent Stone, it is evident
that this tliiitl type is the type of this district. In this tliird typical
group, also, there exist remains of at least one interior stiuussetting. The
next result is, tliat in the circles having the Recumbent Stone, the |>osition
nf that stone varies in its orientation from a point S.E. of tlie c(»ntre t«)
S. and S.W. Further, its position in relaticm to the stones on the cir-
cumference is variable. In the greiit Auchquhorthies examjile it stands
well within the circumference ; in all the others, unless we except Plsslie
(the greater) as presenting difficulties not now lightly to l>e explained,
the Kijcumlx'-nt Stone is placed on the circumference, thougli n«>t always
upon st> well-<letined a ridge as that upon which the free stone.s stand.
Again, tlie intervals l)etween the stones are far from regular ; assurciUy,
they have not been placed with exact spacing, such a,s would have l^een
employed if, e.g., we supiM)se that the circles were erected in media* val
times or by people influenced by p(»st-Konmn science. I have not
yet foun<l any intenti<mal gaps }>etween any two stones, for instan<!C
on the N.E. arc ' or the S.W. arc ; and, in a<ldition U^ this, these cin'les
exhibit a want of exactness in the relation of the two stones which
mark the extremes of the main diametei-s. These diameters are in
scarcely any instance * oriented' to any point of the compass as we under-
stand the term. For even in such examples as possess two stcmes
pmctically at the north and the south points, the line between them so
rarely })isects the circle, that we may safely conclude that the position of
the stones was accidental.
Then^ does exist one feature, however, in several of the circles which
the measurements of this survey emphasise: this is, that the stones rise
in height as tln'y approach the Recumbent St<.)ne — a feature already
noted by the Rev. James Peter in the circle at Aikey Brae, Old Deer.
(See Proc, xix. p. 375.) How far this rise; in height is intentional, and
^ Mr A. L. Liewis, who ha« examined many stone* circles, claims this as a feature
directly connected with their use as astronomical observatories.
f
STONE CIRCLES WITH MEASURED PLANS ANl) DRAWINGS. 197
^^*' F^si&z- it is regular, are moot ix^ints, perhaps ; but the evidence suggests
^iit 4A t 2i.nyrate the Recumbent Stone was of the liighest importance, the
*^Ur fcs'toxies nearest being usually the largest and most prominent. V^mi
pi^eis^i ^iieaning or purpose, pmctical or symlnjlic, governed the placing
th:i.£^ |)articular stone, we are not yet in a i)08ition to explain; and
^^ t*Ac^<:jries> already so lavishly proi)ound<'d appear to me so inter-
'^*>ntrffx,^3.ictory, and the majority of them t<^ lie built ui)on so very slim a
ound.i^-^-j^jjj of fact, that we ris<* from a perusal uf them, interested,
IKWsil-^Xjv^, hut not convinced.
^^ ^^^1)68 of stone circle found in the north-eastern jxjrtion of Scotland
*\V> «^^ :^ter all, Imj quite distinct from the types of those existing, say,
"^^^^meijs and Perthshire, or in (Jalloway; and without comi)etent
*^^^tion we caiuiot assume that their meaning and purpose and
^^ "t-^r are the same everywhere. Yet, so far as direct evidence has
^^-^^^"fctainetl through rightly conducted excavations, the outstanding
^"^^ of all the Scottish stone circles that have been thus investigated
, ^ presence within them of interments of the Bronze Age.^ Any
^ use or purpose of these stone-encircled areas has yet to be
.. "^i , And I would submit, that, with a view to the {iscertauiment of
. I ~^^ ^'er-ground phenomena,'^ waiving excavation in the meantime, the
e . ^^">iethod to be employed is to institute a complete survey of these
I . - -^"^uishing remains, in onler that we may become jwssessed of a foun-
^"^ of facts as trustworthy as possible. As portions of this subject
which we still want definite information, we may state these
Maci'^^ ^ ^At the Recumbeut Stoue was, c*/., the lintel of the doorway to a broch (MiHS
au<l --^^^"^^^n*8 Hill Farts) ; tliat it was an altar upon wliich Druid priests offered human
ttfim ^^,^-^icr sacrifices (Stukeley, Aubrey, and their school) ; that the circles were Viking
Wa^-^ ^ ^^=5:8 of (XUii and Courts of Jiutice (MaccuUoch, Hibbort, llarry, and, alas ! Sir
HHim. ^^^' "^»Scott) ; that they are but tlic rini-stoncs of Cairns (Lukis) ; tliat they were
* ^^^- "^iples and observatories (Lewis and other writers).
aVHJfc'Xr- ^^« l^*ve no record of any excavation having been made in seven of the sites
coi^^m^^ described. But regarding eight other sites in whicli excavation was rightly
^^i^^s ^^^ ^ted, we (lossess distinct descriptions of remains fountl ; and these remains
*%. '^'te burnt burials, sometimes in cists, at other times without cists.
"^^-cxie^tHrf i/t Pagan Times,
\
198
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
items : Wliat is the geograpliical distribution of the tnie stone circle,
i.e., an area more or less circular enclosed by free standing pillar
stones? To what extent do circles of this type possess, within their
area, in addition (as I have shown many in the district under notice do
possess), one or more Jipproxiniately circular stone settings? In wliat
proportion to tlie simple circles of free standing stones do the circle*
with the Recumbent Stone stand? Is the interior of thcj circle sonie-
times on a higher level than the level of the ground outside of tlie
pillar stones, as notably at Craighead, and in a sjyecial manner at Tomiia-
goni ? Is the feature of the rising in height of the pillar stones, as they
approach the Kecuml)ent Stone, a constant one ? In short, we require
definite information on the mere external details of the various types of
stone circles to such an extent as to render any attempt at making a
proper classification of them at present impossible.
TABULAR SUMMARY OF THB STONE CIRCLK8 ABOVE DESCRIBED.
^^
3 !
4
5
B
7
8
11
14
15
IG
18
2U
Locality.
Old Bourtreebush
Auchquliorthies . '
Cairn well . . '
I
CYaighead .
Raes of Cluiie
Caimfauld . . |
Qarrol Woo<l
Esslie (the greater)
Esslio (the smaller)
Glassel . .
Auld Kirk of Tough I
Toninagorii
Midmar Kirk
Scanhinny .
Echt ...
I
Binghill
Tyrebagger, orDycc!
County.
Kincardine
Aherdeeu
DiametefK. Peculiar Features.
I
100' X 75' Recumbent SU>ne
I (on S.E.)
97'x74'«" I Recumbent Stone
(onS.W.)
30' X 30' Triple-concentric
(?) 33' X 24'
SS'xBl'O"
75'x75' I
.•'>3'8''x49'
89' X 73'6''
42'10"X38'3"
IS'O^'X?''.)"
90'X80'
SO' X 70'
55'X(?)5:.
tsT'G'xSl'C."
33x33'
39' X -'JG'
GI'XGC'
Kecumlient Stone
(on S.)
Recumbent SU)ne ,
(on S.) '
Recumbent Stone
(on S.S.W.)
Recumlient Stone
(on S.S.W.) I
Reoumi>ent Stone
I (i)robablyou SS.W.)
Recun)1>ent St<>ne
I (on S.W.)
Recumbent Stone ;
I (on S.W.)
Recumbent Sterne
(on S.W.)
Several circles of
set s^me8 mm-con-
centric within area
Recumbent Stone
(on S.W.)
Recumlient Stouc
(on S.W.)
Relics found.
None recorded
Cist : fragments of urn and cal- I
cined bones
Fragments of Ave urns and frag I
ments of bones and charcoal
No record
No record
Human bones in the centre
None recorded
Remains of a cist and uf i
human remains
Remains, probably of a cist '
No rect)rd 1
No reconi
Remains of cist extant
No record
I)eiM)8it8 of incinerated hunes
No record, and site almost un.
disturbed
No record, interior undisturlnrd
No record
KOTICE OF AN ORIGINAL LETTER BY KING CHARLES ll. 199
11.
NOTICE OF AN ORIGINAL LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR SIR
WILLIAM FLEMING, BY KING CHARLES IL, dated at Breda,
22nd May 1650. By A. G. REID, F.S.A. Scot.
1 lately purchased, at an auction sale in Edinburgh, an odd volume,
being tlie 2nd of the MUrellanij of the Maitland Club, In going over
the Wigton l^apers in that volume, I discovered an original pai)er bear-
ing the 8uperscrij)tion of King Charles II., entitled "Instruction for S"^
WiUiam Fleming, Kn^". " Given at Breda, fj-th day of May 1650." It
is of considerable historical interest. His ^lajesty states that he had
heard a report of a fight })etween Lieutenant-( teneral David Lesley and
the Marquis of Montrose, wherein tlie forces of tlie ^larquis were totally
routed and defeated ; and that on Sir William Fleming^s arrival in Scot-
land, if he should find this to be the case, he should carefully conceal the
letter directed to the Committee of P^states; but in the event of the
news being untrue, the letter should be delivered. These instructions
do not form part of the AVigton Pai)ers published in the Miscellany, and
so far as known have not })een printed.
Sir James Balfour states^: ** Saturday, 25th May 1650: A letter
from the King's Majesty to Parliament, dated from Breda, 12th May
1650, showing that he was heartily sorry that James (5raham had
invaded this Kingdom, and how he had discharged him from doing the
same, and earnestly desired the Estates of l^arliament to do himself that
Justice as not to l^elieve that he was accessory to the said invasion in
the least degree, — reiid.
"^Vlso a double of His Majesty's letter to James (Jraham, dated 15th
of May 1650, conunanding him to lay down arms and secure all the
ammunition under his charge, — read in tlie house.
'*The House remits to the Committee of Despatches to answer His
Majesty's letter to the Parliament."
* Balfour's Aatmlsy vol. iv. p. 24.
200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. JAXUARV 8, 1900.
The teruis of the letter from the King to the Parliament,^ dated 18th
May 1650, are quite different fn)ni those in the letter of the 12th as
given by Sir James Rilfoiir. He expresses no regret that ^Ioutros<» has
invaded the Kingdom, and he tloes not disclaim his having lM»en accessory
thereto. He merely states that he had given satisfaction to the Commis-
sioners, and laid the foundation of a happy agreement and perfect imder-
standing between them and him " for tlie time to come, Iwing resolved to
cast ourselfe on the allections of that our ancient Kingdom of Scotland,
and to endeavour the good and peace thereof in all things to the utter-
most of our power,'' and that he had accordingly given orders for tlie
disbanding of the Forces, and for their withdrawing out of the Kingdom.
Private instructions- were given to Sir William Fleming, dated
19th May 1650, to sec Montrose, and if the prevailing party in
Scotland were not satisfied with the concessions he had granteil to
them, that Montrose should not lay down arms; that if His ^lajesty's
friends in Scotland did not think fit that ^lontrose should lay down
arms, "then as many as can may repair to him, and if Sir William
Fleming should see if the ^fanpiis have a considerable numbi»r of men,
and if he have, you must use your best indevt^r to get them not to be
disbanded, but if Montrose be weke then he should disband."
From these documents it is clear that Sir AVilliam Fleming's instruc-
tions were, if he found ^Montrose still in strength, His Majesty's letter
should not 1)0 produced to Parliament, but, if otherwise, that the letter
should be pr(Kluce<l.
These instru(;ti«ins were given before hciuing of the discomfiture of
Montrose at Corbiesdale, and there is no dubiety about their imjwrt.
Those n«)w exhibited were written after his disiistrous defeat, and
by them Sir William Fleming was carefully instructed, in the event
of bis finding the news to be true, t»r that the Marquis should not Ik;
within the Kiugilom of Scotland, the letter to Parliament should not bo
delivered and be carefully concealed ; but that if he foun<l tlu' news
' " Wi^tou PaiHjrs," MisctU>nt>f of Ih Moithnol Cli(h, vol. ii. p. 478.
'•' ** Wigton I*a|»ers," xli.
NOTICE OF AN ORIGINAL LETTER BY KING CHARLES II. 201
iiiitnie, .iiul the Marquis in coiiaidemble force, tlie letter should be
«l«livered to the Parliament, to the end that by their direction Montrose
might 1m» induc(Ml t<» lav down arms, nceoi*ding to his express onler on
tliat Ixdialf.
The tenor of these secret instructions api>eai's contradictor v. Accoi-ding
t:« » the instructions given previous to the news of Montrose's defeat, the
1 cotter to Parliament was not to be delivered in the event of ^fontrose
^ >«ing able to hold liis own, while the instructions given afti»r his <li8-
<*<iniliture were that it should Ik? delivered on nf) account if the tidings
*->f his defeat should prove to be true.
It is diflicult to reconcile the two sets of instructions, but the letter
X ^ow exhil»ited proves that Sir William Fleming disobeyed his ultimate
*->T<lcrs, and, notwithstanding of the instructions to conceal the letter, on
^^nding that Montrose was routed, it was produced to Parliament.
It seems to be matter of inquiry if Sir William Fleming, on finding
^lontrt»se utterly defeated, and subsequently condemned and executed,
^ lid not think it a matter of worMIy prudence, in conjiuiction with His
^lajesty's supjwrters in Scotland, to disreganl His Majesty's ultimate
^-jrders to pi-oduce the letter, and with the view of conciliating the party
i u power, disingenuously to disavow the authority given to Montrose.
The followuig is a copy of the letter : —
Charles R. — Instruction for S*" William Fleming, Kn^
As scone as you arrive in Scotland you shall carefully informe yo^^ selfe con-
<3eming the Report that is lately come hither of a fight betweene L^ Q'rall David
Xiealey and the Marquis of Montrose, wherein (as it is said) the forces of the
^«aid Marquis were totally routed and defeated, and if you find the same to be
Urue, or that he be not in the Kingdome of Scotland, then our pleasure is that
>'ou doe not deliver our Letter directed to the Parliam^ or Committee of
i^^tates, but that you carefully conceale the same, and do not communicate it to
€*ny i)erson whatsoever. But if upon enquiry you find that either there hath
>>ecn no such tight, or that notwithstanding the same, the forces of the said
^larquis of Montrose are still in a considerable IxkIv, you are then to deliver
t..bc8riid lictter to the Parlia"*^ to the end that by their direction therein, the
**aid Marquis of Montrose may l>e induced to lay downc amies iiumediatly,
^According to our ex]>re8se order in that I>eholfe. IJiven at Breda, the *f Hi»« day
«.>f May HmO.
The document is in the handwriting of an amanuensis, with tlie cxcep-
202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
tion of an interlineation, " or that he be not in the Kingdome of Scot-
land," which is holograph of tlie King.
III.
DESCRIPTION OF AN EARTH-HOUSE AT PITCUR, FORFARSHIRE. By
DAVID MACRITCHIE, F.S.A. Scot.
Although the existence of the large and imjwrtant earth-house at
l*itcur has been known to this Society for many years, the Society's
volumes of Proceedings contjiin as yet no representtition of the place. It
is for this reason that T now submit a brief description of this interesting
structure, illustrated by a carefully-executed diagram of its ground plan,^
with some sectional views.
It is situated in a field on the farm of Pitcur, 2J miles south-east of
Coupar- Angus, and it is locally known as *The Cave.' Access to it may be
obtained either by entering a gate on the east side of the public road
opposite the ancient tower and modern farm-house of Pitcur ; or other-
wise it may be approached from the south side of the farm-house of
* Leys t)f Ilallyburton,' which is only a few hundred yanls from *The
Cave.' A protective post-and-wire fence marks the spot ; and that por-
tion of the structure which is still roofed over is further safeguarded by
having a locked door at its entrance {r in the ground plan), the key of
which is kept by the lodge-keeper, at the main entnmci^ to llaliyUaiton
House. Visitors to the * Cave ' will therefore hmx in mind Uiat the iipsl
stop is to obtain the key, if the original appearnuce of the building bt to b
lu-operly understood ; for the greater part of thf eartli-hou^e is a cumiJfii-
wreck, and only the; roofed-in portion remains luuiltere*? "' — "'
It will be seen from tlie ground plan (iig. 1) that *
longer and ui»>ri' varied than most of its congene
' The oriontatiou of the «{rouii(l )ilan is obtained from
vcy : Tor wliicli I have to cx|ii-css my indebtedness to
Ikecliwood. ( .'oiij)<ii -Angus.
^
DESCRIPTION OF AN EARTH-HOUSE AT PITCUR. 203
corerad*
Open
Cross section, a—b.
Doorway at tf.
Entrance to covered
IK>rtiou at r.
Elevation and section
of recess at c»
o K to
Scale ^ Ret
-^
Fig. 1. Ground Plan and Sections of Earth-House at Pitcur, Forfarshire.
208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
The Pitciir earth-house had at least three separate entrances, namely,
at the j)oints //, t, and ./. The subsidiary room appears also to have had an
independent connection with the outside world, at the ^loint </, ajid per-
ha|)s also at ./', thou^li tlie latter may only mark a fireplace or air-hole,
for the condition of the ruin makes it difficult for one to speak with
certainty. The entrance at », wliich slopes rapidly downwanl, is roofed
all the way to </; and consequently this short passage remains in its
orij^inal suite.
Within the covered i)ortion, and quite ne^ir its entrance, a well-built
recess (^ in the plan) seems clearly to have l>een used as ji fireplace,
although the orifice which ju'csumably once connected it with the upper
air is now covered over. Another and a smaller recess in the covero<l
portion (/r in the plan) can hai'<lly have Ix^en a fireplace, and it is diffi-
cult to know what it was used as.
One other point of int(»rest is the presence of two cup-marked stones
(p and 7 on the i)lan). Of these, the former is lying isolate<l on the
surface of the ground near the entrance i, while the latter forms one of
th(» wall stones ])cside the doorway c. Curiously enough, the two cuj)-
marked stones in the earth-house at Tealing, in th(» same county of
Forfar, occupy exactly similar jKJsitions. The j)resence of these cuj>-
iiiarked stones at l^itcur, however, is only mentioned here as a necessary
iletail of th(? description. For, as Dr Anderson remarks^ in connection
with the stones at Tealing, such cup-marked stones are found in various
situations, and their occurrence in connection with that earth-house
" has tlicrefore no special significance witli respect to the age of the
structure, and there is nothing in the association or the circumstanctis in
wliich they occur in this ])articular instance winch contributes to our
knowledge of the puri)osc or significance of the markings themselves.
They may or may nr>t have ]>een scul])tured on the stone l)efore it was
taken to form part of this underground gallery." These observations,
made with reference to the cu])-niarked stones at Tealing, are equally
a]>]>licable to those at Pitcin'.
i ScoUandin Paffm Timrs : Tlu- Irtm Ay\ Kdiuburgh, 1883, pp. 299-300.
210 PROCEEDINGS Otf THfc SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
1 mile north of Mudhall ; ^ one at Ruthven, 5 miles north-east of Cou par-
Grange ; *^ five at Airlie,^ 2 miles north-east of Ruthven, of which one still
survives, thanks to the care of a former Earl of Airlie, who, at the time
of its discovery in the latter part of last century, inserted a special
clause in the lease of the farm on which it is situated, stipulating that
the tenant in all time coming should be bound to do no damage to the
earth-house ; "* and lastly, there was an earth-house at Meigle, 4 miles
north of Pitcur, of which a portion is believed yet to exist within the
grounds of the manse.^
Thus the Pitcur earth-house and the specimens at Tealing and Airlie,
altogether only three in number, are the only survivors of a scattered
group of about twenty, which have been discovered at various times
during the last four or five generations. Special precautions have pre-
served the Airlie specimen intact, and that at Tealing appears to have
been fairly well looked after. It is a matter of regret tliat the Pitcur
with rough whinstones. In their length they were not straight, but a portion of
a circle. It would seem that they had been roofed with wood, and covered above
with earth and turf."* The foregoing is extracted from an unpublished MS. of the
late Rev. George Brown, minister of Bendochy, with reference to which his son, the
Rev. James Brown, Elchies, Morayshire, observes (2nd January 1900): *' There
were no traces of these ' earth-houses * left by the time my father became minister of
Bendochy. In his MS. he distinctly states that the discovery was made on the
estate of Miul/tall. As to the Coupar-Grange affair, I rather think it was a different
building entirely. At least Pennant's description of the remains in his Second
Tour points that way." It may be explained that Coupar-Grange lies about 1
mile to the north of Mudhall. It is therefore quite possible that the earth-house
referred to in Pennant's Tour 7nay have been one of those on Mudhall. On the
other hand, the fact that Coupar-Grange is specified seems to indicate that the weem
was situated within the lands of Coupar-Grange.
^ See preceding note.
* " In a brae south of the Kirk of Ruthven there vxis a weem," says Dr Marshall
{Hi'sforic Scenes in Forfarshire, p. 153).
^ Dr Anderson {Scotland in Pagan Times: The Iron Age, p. 292) specifies "a
group of five," four of which appear to have been obliterated during recent times.
* For accounts of this weem see the Society's Proceedings^ vol. v. pp. 352-355, and
Plate XXI. ; also The Antiquary for July 1898 (Elliot Stock, London).
^ This I was informed some years ago by a local worthy, who stated that the weem
crossed the present road in front of the manse, but had been greatly destroyed at the
time the road was made or modified.
f
\
DfiSCRlPTlON 01? AN EARtlt-IlOUSfi At PtTCUtJ. 21 1
^rt.lx-liou8e, which is of much greater importance in size and character,
should have undergone so much destruction since its discovery; but
ther-^ i *3 at least this consolation, that the small portion of it which has
esca- j>^^cl ruin is now carefully safeguarded by the proprietor.
'^ix^crc the above paper was read, several interesting facts have come
^ ^"*-y laiowledge. Acting upon the suggestion of Dr Anderson, I placed
mya^ljf in communication with Mr A. Granger Heiton, F.S.A. Scot., son
^' ^Xx* John Granger, tenant of the farm of Pitcur, who was at the
exp^i:!.^^ of excavating the earth-house, or a portion of it, at the time of
its discovery in 1878.
, ' ^'*x« objects found by him," writes Mr Heiton, " were (1) a small red clay
^^^ o:^ Samian ware in pieces, afterwards put together and found to be com-
r*^^^ » (2) a Roman com. One or two other coins were reported as having
^®*V^"Oimd, but were not seen by him. These two articles were the only ones
j?^**^J^ \)y members of my family. ... I am of oninion that our knowledge of
^f^^J^^^xlding could and should be greatly increasea by a systematic examination
pj^ ^^ ^oil in and around the builoing ; the soil never havinjg been sifted. The
^^l*^*'i^tor would doubtless give permission if approached in the name of the
^V-irther learned from Mr Heiton that the earth-house described in
^^ X^S^s is quite sejmrate and distinct from that Pitcur earth-house, a
"^^^^^Xi of whose contents was given to the Museum as far back as 13th
-^ 1863.^ Hitherto, having been unaware of the fact that the large
^^ — ^ouse had not been discovered until 1878, 1 had assumed tliat the
, ^^ in the Museum had come from it instead of from the structure
whx^-^-M^^
*~^- had been unearthed fifteen years earlier. With regard to this
^ — ^^ouse last referred to, Mr Heiton writes : —
chi^,^^^t^^ to the other find on the farm [of Pitcur], I have heard of an underground
on^^^^^^^^r having been discovered in a sandy knoll in a field called Ballo-field,
Bal'i^^^^ S.W. of the farm, and just below the road leading between Pitcur and
^gix^^^^ larms. Mr Hood [who presented the relics to the Society in 1863] was
jjft,^^?^^^'^ of Pitcur at that time, but I only heard of the discovery fifteen years
^(^^w ^t took ^lace, when all trace had disappeared, and only the vague descrip-
^^^ the grieve who was at the discovery was to be obtained."
'^^T Society, therefore, does not at present ])ossess any relics from the
^>. ^«e p. 244 of Catalogue: HD, (1, 2) fragments of red embossed lustrous ware,
^ ^tut chip, (4) bodkin of bone, found along with iron implements.
212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
earth-house described in the foregoing pages ; but by the favour of Mr
W. D. Graham Menzies of Hallyburton and Pitcur, F.S.A. Scot., the bowl
found in 1878 has been sent for exliibition, and a representation of it is
now here figured, elucidated by a description from the pen of Dr Joseph
Anderson.
[The Samian lx)wl, wliich has been reconstructed so far as the pieces
fit togetlier and is shown in fig. 4, is 8 inches in diameter and 5 inches
high. It is of the usual form of these bowls, with ornamentation in
relief, having a rounded lip, underneath which is a plain band 1 J inches
in depth. Under the plain band is the usual band of festoon and tassel
ornament. Below this on the round of the lower part of the )x)wl is a
band of ornament in relief arranged in panels or spaces separated verti-
cally by wavy lines. These panels are wider at the top than at the
bottom, in conformity with the rounded shape of the bowl, and are also
of different widths. In the first panel to the left (as shown in fig. 4),
which is subdivided across the middle of its height, there is in tlie upper
part a bird within a medallion, and Ijelow it a hare. Below the hare are
two small circles in relief. In the next panel, which is not subdivided,
is a standing figure nude, and bearing a pabn branch in the right hand.
Underneath is a dog at speed. The tliird panel is a repetition ,of the
first. The fourth is double the width, and contains at the top a lion in
the act of springing, enclosed in a half circle ; underneath is the sub-
division of the panel by a row of five small circles between two Iwrtlcrs
of wavy lines. In the lower sulxlivision of the panel is another lion also
about to leap. The fifth panel repeats the first and third. In the sixth
panel is another standing figure nude, tluj upper part broken away.
With this bowl there are fragments of at least two other Samian Iwwls
and a portion of the lip of a vessel of tlie ordinary coarse native pottery.]
It is interesting to note that both in tlic; earth-house discovered in 1863
— of which, unhappily, no trace now survives — and in the large earth-
house still existing, there were found fragments of * Samian' ware.
Specimens of this ware were also found in the earth-houses of Tealing
and Fithie, both in Forfarshire ; and thus there are four underground
s
S
§
73
1
PQ
I
214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
sites on record, in this one county, in which this particular ware has been
found.
Unfortunately, the Roman coin which was picked up at the same time
as the bowl has been lost sight of ; temporarily, it may be hoped. Nor
does there appear to be any trace of the "one or two other coins
reported as having been found."
It would furtlier seem that Mr Granger's excavation of 1878 was only
partial, followed afterwards by supplementary excavation on the part of
the late proprietor, Mr R. Stewart Menzies, M.P., with the result that
many more objects were exhumed. The Hally burton forester, who
superintended these later excavations, speaks of " a bronze pin," as well
as of a quantity of " stones, beads, etc.," all taken from this earth-house.
And Sir Arthur Mitchell, who visited the place in company with the late
proprietor, and who saw the whole collection of objects recovered, retains
the impression that these numl)ered from one to two hundred, " many, of
course, fragments, and many of no value." The numerous articles thus
indicated by Sir Arthur Mitchell and the Hallyburton forester seem to
have been mislaid — it is hoped not irretrievably — some time after the
death of the late Mr Stewart Menzies.
[The Society is indebted to Mr MacRitcliie for the use of the blocks
of the ground i)hm, and interior views of the Earth-House.]
ARCHii;OLOGICAL NOTES FROM MORAYTOWN. 215
IV.
ARCH^OLOGICAL NOTES FROM MORAYTOWN, DALCROSS. INVERNESS-
SHIRE. By THOMAS WALLACE. F.S. A. Scot.
1. On the farm of Moray town, in the parish of Dalcross, Inverness-
shire, on the 19th June 1899, a stone cist was discovered during agricul-
tural operations. It measured 4 feet 3 inches by 2 feet 2 inches, and
consisted of four large slalis of sandstone peculiar to the district. One
of the side slabs had fallen outwards, causing the covering slab, which
was of unusual size, to fall into the grave.
It contained a skeleton very much decomposed, but sufficient remained
to show the position of the body, which lay doubled up with the head to
the north. Portions of the skull and of the thigh and leg bones were
distinguishable. Although a careful search was made, no implements or
ornaments were found.
2. On the 21st of June 1899, a little to the east, a second cist was
found of similar structure. In this case the skeleton was remarkably
well preserved, and lay doubled up with the head to the east. The skull
was well formed and of the Brachycephalic type, with teeth well pre-
served. Tliree small flat jet beads, but no imj)lements, were found.
The skull was preserved.
In grave No. 1 the body lay on the right side, while in No. 2 it lay on
the left.
3. On the same evening, 21st June, a little to the east of grave No. 2,
a circular pit, built with water- worn stones, was discovered. It was in
shape like an inverted bee-hive, and not quite circular, as the diameter
varied from 30 to 34 inches. From the floor of this chamber an arched
passage built of the same kind of stones extended 8 feet to tlie west and
ended in a chamber 39J inches by 30^ inches. The height of the
arched passivge at the east end was 17 inches, and at the west 26 inches ;
and about 18 inches wide.
In the circular chamber were found shells of the oyster, mussel, and
216
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1900.
cockle, with bones of some large bird, and of a small animal, possibly the
rabbit, along with several jaws of some carnivorous animal, perhaps the
wolf.
Much credit is due to Mr Macdonald for the great care he took to
have the remains thoroughly examined.
Mr Macdonald possesses an iron axe of peculiar shape (fig. 1), found on
Fig. 1. Iron Axe of peculiar shape found at! Moray town.
the same farm in 1876 ; and a stone axe (fig. 2), 7 by 4} inches, said to
have been found at Culbin Sands ; although there can be little doubt of
its having come from the West Indies, as it is evidently of the special
form peculiar to the Caribbean area. He also possesses a steel implement
found at Alves in 1885, at the place where Cumberland rested on his
way to Culloden. The iron axe cannot be very old, but the peculiar
ARCHiEOLOGICAL NOTES FROM MORAYTOWN. 217
hook shape of the cutting part makes it interesting. The edge, of
course, is on the side away from the handle. It could not well be
Fig. 2, Stone Axe said to have been found on Culbin
Sands, but probably Caribbean.
used as a hook. The steel implement may have been the point of a
lance, or the top of a pole to which a standard had been fixed.
218 PROCBEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
Monday, I2tk February 1900.
Mr gilbert GOUDIE in the Chair.
Before proceeding to the ordinary business : — .
The meeting resolved to record its sense of the great loss the Society
has sustained in the recent death of its President, The Marquess of
Lothian. Elected as President of the Society in 1876, his Lordship held
that office without intermission for nearly a quarter of a century, continu-
ing during that long period to take a warm interest in all its affairs ;
and to the influence which he exerted, and the sagacious advice he was
ever ready to give, the present prosperous condition of the Society, as
well as that of the National Museum under its charge, may in a great
measure be ascribed.
In the latter part of Lord Lothian's Presidency, the value of his
counsel and guidance was specially conspicuous in promoting the success
of the long and arduous efTorts of the Society to obtain from Government
adequate accommodation for the Museum, which had far outgrown the
space originally assigned to it in the Royal Institution ; and, subsequently,
when that accommodation had been sujiplied by the generous gift to the
nation by the late Mr John Ritchie Findlay of this spacious building, in
obtaining tlie niean.s to provide for the adecpiate exhibition of this
Collection and for the maintenance of tlie increased staff. More recently
the Society was again inde])ted to Lord Lothian for his servicer in
securing an annual grant from the Treasury for purchases for the
Museum and the Library attachwl to it ; and in successfully defending
the claim of our National Museum to the first choice in the purchase of
articles specially ai»pertaining to Scotland.
But it wjis not only in the Inisiness of the Society that Lord Lothian's
influence as an arclueologist was beneficially exercised. He took an
intelligent interest in the science of archaeology, and he showed an
example which it would be well that others should follow, in the
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900. 219
judicious, careful, and cautious manner in which he renovated and re-
paired the Abbey of Jedburgh, excavated the Roman remains at Oxnam,
uncovered and marked out the foundations of the Abbey Church at
Newbattle, and cleared away the modem obstructions that veiled or hid
the remains of the Abbey buildings within the house.
The many important services rendered by Lord Lothian during his
long tenure of office were all the more appreciated from his unfailing
loyalty to the interests of the Society, and the frank and genial manner in
which he discharged the duties of the Presidentship.
The meeting likewise resolved to record its great regret at the unex-
pected death of Dr James Macdonald, one of tlie most distinguished
Fellows of the Society. Dr Macdonald showed the archaeological bent
of liis mind at an early period of his busy professional career by under-
taking, in 1860, the superintendence of the excavation of Burghead on
behalf of the Elgin Literary and Scientific Society, and by writing the
admirable historical notice of the place and description of the excava-
tions which appears in the fourth volume of our Proceedings, In 1874,
when Rector of the Ayr Academy, Dr ^Macdonald became a Fellow of the
Society, and was subsequently transferred to the Rectorship of the Kelvin-
side Academy, on his retirement from which he had leisure to devote
himself with greater ardour to antiquarian pursuits. In 1890 he became
a member of the Council of the Society, from 1893 to 1896 he held the
office of Vice-President, and afterwards, till his lamented death, acted as
one of the Foreign Secretaries. In all these positions Dr Macdonald's
sagacious counsel was highly valued ))y his colleagues, to whom he was
also endeared by the charm of a singularly gentle and amial)le disposition.
Their appreciation of his extensive and accurate knowledge of Roman
Uterature and antiquities in particular, was evidenced by his ai)pointment
to the Rhind Lectureship for 1897 on the Roman Occupation of Scotland,
and it is to be hoped that the work founded on his course of lectures,
upon which he had been engaged for some years, is sufficiently advanced
for publication.
The Secretaries were instructed to forward copies of these resolutions
220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
to The Marchioness of Lothian and to Mrs Macdonald, from whom the
following replies have been received : —
Nkwbattle Abbey, 21«t February 1900.
Sir, — I have received the copy of the Minute recordinff the feelings of the
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland at the death of Lord Lothian.
I would ask you to assure the members of the Society that I have received
most gratefullv, and value most highly, this expression of the esteem in which
they held Lord Lothian. I am very glad to remember the details of those ser-
vices which Lord Lothian delighted, I know, to render to the cause for which
the Society of Antiquaries labours ; and to possess the testimony of such a bodv
to the manner in which he advanced the cause of Archaeology generally. Such
a record, so kindly made by your Society, shall always be gratefully cherished
by myself and my family. — Believe me, faitlifully yours,
Victoria A. LoTHIA^^
To D. Christison, Esq.
49 FOUNTAINHALL RoAD, EDINBURGH,
19^^ February 1900.
Dear Sir, — I am desired by my mother to acknowledge receipt of your letter
of 16th inst., inclosinc copy of Minute of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotlajid,
with reference to my late father, Dr Macdonald. She begs you to convey her
grateful thanks to the Society for the kindly and appreciative terms of their
resolution.— Yours faithfully,
D. W. Macdonald.
To D. Christison, Esq.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly elected
Fellows : —
William Johnston, M.D., Lt.-Col. (retired), Army Medical Staff,
of Newton Dee, Murtle, Aberdeenshire.
William Lawrence Taylor, Broad Street, Peterhead.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By Robert Shiells, F.S.A. Scot, Neenah, Wisconsin, United
States of America.
Indian Socketed Spear-head or Knife of native copper, 4^ inches iii
length by 1 J inches in breadth, from Neenah, Wisconsin.
Two Luckenbooth Brooches, three small Pendant Crosses (of the shape
shown in fig. 1), a Circular Mounting with five included circles, and
DONATIONS TO THK MUSEUM. 221
eleven small Buckles, all cut out of thin sheet brass, found together in
excavating an Indian mound at Kaukauna, Outagamie Co., State of^
Wisconsin.
Mr Shiells has supplied the facts for the following account of the
locality and circumstances connected with the discovery of these curious
Fig. 1. Luckenbooth Brooch aud Cross found in an Indian nionnd. (g.)
reb'cs of the old intercourse between the British and the Indians. Kaukauna
is on the Fox River, 23 miles W. of (xrecjn Bay, which is one of the very
oldest settlements in North America, at the south end of a large bay of
Lake Michigan and the moutli of the Fox River. It was the seat of a
Jesuit Mission, and a depot for the fur traders. The river was the high-
way to the Mississippi. Its sources are on the south side of the water-shed
of Lake Superior. It runs in a southerly course to the city of Portage,
where it turns easterly to the bay. The Wisconsin River pursues a
similar course to Portage, where a sliglit water-shed deflects it westerly
to the Mississippi. The two rivers come within three or four miles of
each other and are now joined by a canal. The Indian traders used to
take their canoes up the Fox River by Kaukauna and Xeenah to Portage,
carry them over the slight ridge, and go down the Wisconsin to Prairie
du Chien on the Mississippi. Mr P. V. Liwsun, ex-Mayor of Menasha,
has written an account of the circumsUmces in which these Luckenbooth
brooches, crosses, and other trade articles came to be ]>uried in the Indian
mounds on this route. The method of obtaining the friendship of the
Indian tribes during the occupation of the French and English was by
making presents to the savages. By lavish gift-making the British had
the strong support of all the savage tribes of the north-west, even after
222 PROCBEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
the treaty of 1789, and up to and all through the war of 1812. From
memoranda found in the Canadian archives it appears that there were
given to a chief from the upper country, among other items: "three
hundred brooches, twelve pair ear-bobs." In 1814, in the official list of
goods sent to Green Bay for distribution were " eighteen hundred and
seventy-four brooches, twelve hundred and fifty ear-bobs." By means of
such gifts nearly every tribe in the great north-west fought on the
British side.
(2) By Mr Andrew Law, through Mr G. L. Soott Elliot.
Digging Stone of purplish steatite, 6J inches diameter, perforated by
an aperture made from both sides, 2 J inches diameter ; and Perforated
Disc of yellowish sandstone, 1^ inches diameter, both from Tanganyika,
Central Africa.
Mr Scott Elliot sends the following account of the Digging Stone : —
Mr Andrew Law, for a long time stationed at Tanganyika in charge of
the African Lakes Company's post there, and also subsequently in various
places in British Central Africa in forts of the British South Africa
Company, sent this to me through tlie kind offices of Captain Boileau, R.E.
Mr Law stated that this stone was dug up, and was the most perfect
that he had ever seen. The use of the stone was not known to the
present inha})itants of the country, and Mr I-aw was himself not aware of
the manner in whicli the Bushmen of the Kalahari use similar instru-
ments. It seems prohalJe that it is tlierefore a relic of the former occu-
pation of this ])art of Africa by tribes which have now been driven into
the extreme Soutli l)y the advance southwards of natives allied to the
Zulus. A stick pushed through the hole would, undoubtedly, be a good
instrument for levering up large tubers and bull)s, which form a consider-
able part of the Buslimen's food.
(3) By ^Ir W. G. Stewart, Makarora, New Zealand.
Rudely-made Axe of jade, 4 inches in length by 2J inches in breadth
and I inches in thickness, from Makarora, Pembroke, New Zealand.
DONATIONS To THE MUSEUM. 223
(4) By Mr Alex. Bbll, Gasworks, Dalkeith.
Stoue Ball, 2^ inches diameter, found at Eldonhauj^h, near Melville
Castle ; Stone Ball, 2^ inches diameter, found netir Straiton ; and Perfor-
iiteil Stone Disc, rudely triangular in outline, 3J inches by 2J inches,
found in Gala Water.
(5) By Dr A. P. Aitken.
Fragments of a small Cinerary Urn, found at I^swalt, Wigtownshire.
(6) By Mr Jambs Cameron, Marlee, Blairgowrie, through David
Macritchie, F.S.A. Scot.
Three Arrow-heads and a Spear-head of chert, 3 J inches by 2^ inches,
from Nebraska, U.S.A.
(7) By Mr John Bertram.
Medal, in copper, of the Elgin Marbles, dedicated to George IV.
(8) By the Misses Drummond, Royal Crescent.
Small Luckenbooth Brooch in gold, heart-shaped, |; inch in diameter,
set with garnets.
(9) By T. Watson-Greig, of Glencarse, F.S.A. Scot.
Banner Pike-head, 25J inches in length, found at Dalchosnie, Perth-
shire. The pike is four-edged and 10 inches long, with a knol) at the
lyase and straps riveted down the sides of the shaft, the globular heads
of the rivets pierced with holes for the attachment of the banner.
(10) By F. G. Hilton Price.
A Catalogue of the Egyptian Antiquities in the possession of F. G.
Hilton Price. 4to. 1897.
(11) By C. Sanford Terry, the Author.
Civil War Papers. Extract from Ardiwoloyia ^Eliana,
224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
(12) By Col. Jambs Allardyce, LL.D.
The Strachans of Glcnkindie, 1357-1726. 4fco. Printed for private
circulation.
(13) By Jambs Curle, Librarian.
Das I^ Tunc Grabfeld von I^ngugest, bci Bilin in Bohmen, von
Robert Hitter von Wcinzierl. 4to. 1899.
There were Exhibited : —
(1) By William Buchan, F.S.A. Scot.
Bronze Scabbard-Tip of Late-Celtic type, found on Glencotho Farm,
Peeblesshire. [See the subsequent paper by Mr Buchan.]
(2) By T. Watoon-Oreig of Olencarse, F.S.A. Scot.
Scid (impression) of James Sharpe, Archbishop of St Andrews.
I.
NOTES ON JAMES FIFTHS TOWERS, HOLYROOD PALACE.
By JOHN SINCLAIR, F.S.A. Scot.
Wc may question if in the whole of Scotland there is one sjwt whicli
is better known or more deeply impressed with tragic associations than
the lIolyroo<l of Mary Stuart. Not only to our own countrymen but
to the English speaking nations it has become a pilgrimage of never
failing interest ; and even in the devotee fix)m foreign lands who can
only mutter the words ' Marie Stuart ' as he finds his way through the
old Towers, the same keen sense of profound interest is manifest. The
regal 2>alaces of Falkland, I^inlitligow, and Stirling's towering stronghold
have each their tales of strife and roll of births and royal Stuart deaths,
but the story of Mary Stuart's six years' misery in her father's Towers
of Holyrood has made an indelible mark in Scottish history.
NOTES ON JAMES FIFTH'S TOWERS, HOLYROOD PALACE. 225
What has heen often designated as descriptive treatment of James
Fifth's Towers has yet left us without one thorough exposition, either of
their external elevation and varied changes, or of their curious and
somewhat intricate interiors in which so many historic and tragic events
have occurred Even in the Prore&Hngs of this Society tliere is a singu-
lar paucity of that exact i)eriodical tracing which we expect to find from
the study of such a deeply interesting pile. We may except from this
remark, however, the lucid description of the ceiling of Queen Mary's
Audience Chaml>er hy Henry Laing,^ which, strange to say, has never
yet found its way out of the volume, not even into the pages of the
official guide. It is hoped that an initiatory paper such as this may
lead the way to a further investigation, not only dealing with the
Towers as they stand, but with the unsolved question whether they
originated with James Fifth or his ill-fated father.
James Fourth was married to Margaret Tudor in 1503 in the Ahhey
of Holy rood, and there was some sort of a royal palace ready to receive
her then. It appears that although Henry S(iventh had long i)roposed the
alliance,- it was not till 1502 that the royal pair were formally affianced ;
and part, at leiist, of the palace was ready in 1503, as devscrilxid in glowing
terms by Jolin Younger, Somerset Herald.-^ That it was of a somewhat
extensive nature there is clear and convincing proof. On his arrival, we
are told, after Te Deum had been sung, " the King in a most loving
manner conducted the Princess out of the church through the cloistei's
' ProacdingSf vol. ix. p. 381.
'•* About 1495. Seo Ty tier's Sci)tlrinify vol. ii. p. 261. Rymer'a Fcedera, vol. xii.
p. 572. Rymer, vol. xii. p. 765, gives the date of the dispensation for the marriage
5th August 1500. See Tytler, vol. ii. p. 269. Wilson, vol. i. p. 25.
' HiiUary of Holyrood, pp. 25 and 124. That there were apartments for
the Stuart kings in Holyrood long previous to this is beyond any doubt, for as
early as 1430 the Queen of James First gave birth to twin sons in the Abliey, the elder
of whom died, the survivor In-ing James of the Fiery Face. James Third made it his
residence almoMt constantly ; then followed his son James Fourth, who apt>ears to have
much frequented the Abl)ey, and received there the liistoric sword presented by
Pope Julius II., which forms i>art of tlie Regalia of Scotland ; but seemingly he had
become convinced that the offices of the Canons of St Augustine were not suitable,
and hence arose the first royal x^alace to receive his bride.
VOL. XXXIV. P
226 rK<)cEEi>iN(;s of the society, februaky 12, 1900.
Ut her apartments in the ailjoining pahice. After a brief space the
Princess wits hruu^ht l)y the Kin«^ into *the CJreat Hall/ where she was
introdiUMMl to a j^eat conipjiny of hulies," etc. ^
In the Treasurer's Accounts of 1502-3 mention is made of the con-
struction of *a new hall,' the construction of *the galler}' and
windoes,' and the * turatis of the for-yet/ which * turatis' do not lead u^
to James Fifth's Towers, l>ut to the j^ateway at the entrance to th»-
jialace yanl. Then we have note of *the Queen's great Chamher/
* the King's ( hatory,' and of * the Queen's Oratory * ; but there
nothing Ui bring us nearer to the tliree Towers.- In the Liber Car
Sancf(v Ci'uru it is stated: — "After his treaty of marriage with Kii
Henry Seventh for the youtliful Tu<lor, lie set (earnestly to work for
bigging of a palace l>eside the A])bey of the Holy Croce."*
After Flodden, John, Duke of Albany, Wiis recalled from France, i
in 1515 took up his residence in Holyrotnl and continued the irnrl
James Fourth which had b<»en carried t>n till his death.'* It shoul^B^
here noted that a certain Maister lA)gy is mentioned as early as 150
receiving paymtuit for ** aiding and toi)ping the chimnais," and
'*com|»leting of the * toure ' in llalyrudhous" ; and in the iirst of t.l
years a grant of £[0 yearly is made to him for his diligence in. "fcli*
* bigging' o( tlu' palace beside the Abbey of the Holy Croce.^
With the i^xeeption of the faint trace we have in I^)gy's ])aymcnt^«^ '^^
completing Mbe toure,' there is little to guide us to a solution oJc 'tJ
ipiestion \Vt»re the Towers which are named after Jame^ Fifth im'M^ ai-
' Aivtnmt of Jolm Vounucr, SomocNot Hi'ralil. Hi:itonj of Ilofj/rood, T '^ —
LilamrN ('.//Y.i '«..'. vol. i\ . p. 'JSl*.
-■ TnMMUA'r'N Avvouiits. /iist<>rt/ •■/ //•.»'; /•.'♦«/, p. 124.
'^- O WUsvui'n r-'i-.h r-ih. vol. i. p. •-•:». LiW.\ Prvtac-e 58.
•..',•.,.',, p. IS. r.ranr, \oI. ii. |». 62. Uistoi-y of IF*^^ £f »
NOTES ON JAMES FIFTH'S TOWERS, HOLYROOD PALACE. 227
shape part of James Fourth's palace ? But there is one other reference
worthy of notice. An annalist,^ cited in the preface to the Liher
Cartainim Sandce Ctttds, records that " the Duke of Albany committed
the Lord Houme in 1515 to the *auld toure' of Holyrudhouss which
was founded by the said Duke."^ Taken in conjunction with the
records of Maister Logy and the Duke of Albany as to the *auld toure/
^nd looking to the fact of the jail being in the present Towers apparently
^constructed and fitted for such a use, and having all the appearance of
antiquity, there is some room for the belief of those who argue that the
powers were only remodelled and extended by the Fifth James.
It will thus be seen that this corner of Holyrood has three claimants
£oT the honour of its erection ; and while there is not much more than
supposition to back the claim for James Fourth, there is still less in the case
of the *Ducke of Albany,' although there is a distinct historical assertion
to the contrary. It may be, however, that the whole three took part in
the 'bigging'of the Towers, beginning between 1501 and 1503 with
James Fourth, carried on after his death by Albany, and finished or re-
modelled by his son, after his translatibn from Stirling to Edinburgh in
1524 '^vlien he was in his twelfth year, on Albany's final retiral to his
native France.
In the Diurnal of Occurrents it is recorded that James, in 1524, was
brougHfc from Stirling to Holyrood at twelve years of age. Then in
Pitscottie's Chronicle : — " In the spring of the year 1525 he founded a fair
palace in the Abbey of Holyroodhouse and three great towers till rest
into wlien he (James Fifth) pleased to come." ^ Hawthornden (p. 23)
^ Marjorey bank's Annals. Pitacottie, vol. ii. p. 296.
' This is most i)erplexing, as it is the very year in which he came from France,
and but two years after the death of James at Flodden. It is puzzling to connect
Mbany with the founding of an *auld toure,' for if it had years at all, surely
they should hark back to James Fourth at least ! Unless we presume that the
Mud touro ' is one seen in both Hollar and Gordon, situated in the south court,
s^ prison in which Lord Houme was * wardit ' is still, as it doubtless was then,
I called James Fifth's.
; Somervillsy vol. i. pp. 315, 316, it is stated that the architect
I Sir James Hamilton of Finuart.
220 I'KOCEEDINOS OF TIIK SOriKTY, FKBRUAKY 12, If
to }ier apartuitaits in the adjoining jmliice. After a bri-
Princess wius l)rou«,'lit l»y the Kin;^ into *the Cftent Hall,' •
intnxliic'iMl to a great ('(»nii»any of Isulies," etc, ^
In the Treasurer's Aee«)unU of 1502-3 mention is ir
struction of *a new hall/ tlie construction of 'the l
windoes/ and tlie 'turatis of the for-yet,' which 'turati
to James Fifth's Towers, hut to the gateway at th-
pahice yanl. Then wt* have note of *the Queen's •.
*the King's Oratory,' and of *the Queen's Oral- ,
nothing to bring us nearer to the three Towers.* In ^
"Sanrfiv Crwis it is stat^sd : — "After his treaty of ^^
Henry Seventh for the youthful TtnW, he hv\ ^^ J
higging of a jwlace besidr iln^i Al)bt*y of thi" 11 ■!
After Floilden, .John, l>itki* of A Units y, wn i
in 1515 took up iiis resideni-e in Uijlynw-ni ■
James Fourth which hail lit-en carried im Lil) ^^
here noted that a certain MaiaUir l^igy i-
receiving payment for ^* fading smd %*']
** completing of the *toui'e- ia Italyrudi
years a grant of £40 ymrly is m»^ Iti
* higging' of the pahice fe^itlc tht* AM.
With the exception of iho faint ti ■
completing * the toure,' tkifr^ k Uiih ?
4uestion — Were the Towers whiiih ir**
* Account of John Youiij^^r^ Siuiinnti^t H^
Iit:laiid'.s O'llcctanen^ vol. iv. \k 2K1J,
-' Treasurer's Accounts. Jfi»l&ry t*/ Ijt^-
'-' Dr 1). Wilson's EtHnhuiffh, vol i. \\
* Dr WilBon's RHuhuruh, \k 4^ ^r.
]). 1*25.
■' (iraiil, v«.l. ii. p. 60. lh^f*rjf
III all likeliliodd this may hrivt>
Dr D.niitl Wils«in says: — **TIilh
wliit'li ;:ive •videuce of tlje |sii>^^tv«M
at tlii.s linu' in tlie Castle, uuilei llml
2-28
YHOCiR^
.^\)i^^^
ov
t\i^
aocn^*^''
Lt ^^'
iilYve
^itift
\u
\v\»
couve?
L\>\eA
''' Castle^
Va\«^®
ol ^^"^^„
ptur
\)Ut
5i>
no^
S«^'^0-*
t\ve
YsJftce '
i^^.tUft^^'^'
Nrtita'^6
lU
evt^
•^^'o'^-^t^V.
lotto-
,N»i»g
.>i
tYvei"**- _^ou\d>»«
ottVi
.-v«*^'^":'V^°^'
.^ttCO
Proas, ^® ^ v^o Vuwft ^ < i\v
,vi4w^
,,s*VVA''
0 1'*^"""" ^!'^
to^^•
^qX^
V
>09SV^^
V>vvvviv^ •
va\*^'^-
vtot^^^i.!;;^^^-^''"'
6.
C«"
•: Vft^'^''*
232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUABY 12, 1900.
Hamilton of Crage,^ and altlioiigh we have no special mention of exten-
sive operations or additions to Holyrood after his ap{)ointment in 1543,
it is (]uite certain that both repairs and extensions must liave gone on,
as the palace was twice damaged hy the English, viz. : — in 1543 by tlie
P^rl of llortfoitl, and again in 1547.
In 1579 Sir Rol>ert Drummond of the Tlawthomden family 8uccee<iecl
namilt(»n,2 and in 1592 William Sch.aw, a distinguished builder and
favourite of Queen Anne, took office. These tliree Masters of Works
apimrently w^ere in office during the lifetime l>oth of ^lary and James
Sixth, when Holyrood assumed tlie shape and dimensions which we find
depicted in Hollar and Cxordon.
A close inspection of Hollar's view will sliow an entire change from
that of the invasion map of 1543. The north side exhibits the hitherto
open space between the Towers of James and the south Towers of the
Ab})ey to Ikj filled with a range of Iniildings forming one side of a court
or quadrangle as at pre^sent ; but it also shows that the builder had still
left an open space lietween the Abbey and the old Towers, as it was in
the Hertford plan, by keeping his erections further south. This pleasing
feature cannot be fnHowcil in the i)lan by (lordon of Kothiemay (fig. 3),
but we have no trace of the Tower which in Hollar united the fa^iide of
the palace with the Towers at the north-west. The bird's-eye view
fortunately lays before us the elevation of this north side, looking south
into the ctnirt, showing it to be a building with dormer windows similar
to those now existing, and an arched doorway in the centre.
Another change in connection with the Towers appears in this view.
A l)uilding called Regent Moray's house is seen clinging like a swallow's
nest to the nortliern side, with an apparently spacious roadway in front,
separated from the court-yard of the palace })y a wall, and having a door
into the soutli royal gardens. If this be the siime building drawn by
lUore (an«l published in 1826), it was there up till \vell into the second
quarter of this century ; the marks of its junction with the Towers are
* ProceoHngs, vol. xxx. p. 51.
- IhUK
234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
quite visible on the masonr}' of tlie walls. If they were Moray's apart-
ments in Holyrood, it is fair to infer that he had entry into the private
stair leading up to his sister's rooms. The wall separating the Towers
from this building where the round of the stair bulges out is only 5
inclies in thickness, and at the tiking down of the old house, had to l>e
renewed at the i^oinU of contact. In the same sketch we see the
turretftd gateway lemiing to the house, and the south wall which separates
it from th(i palace yard, as in Rothiemay. To the north-east of this
house Rothiemay gives us another first view of Croft-an-Righ, with its
turreted mansion also called after Regent Moray, which, having lieen
purcliased from ^Fr Hector Ciavin, was in 1859 fitted up as dwellings
for gardeners, keepers, etc.
The Towers, with their enormous walls from 6 to 7J feet thick,
appear to have bravtily weathered every attack, and up to this day pre-
serve their fair ijrojwrtions almost intact. In the other portions of the
large straggling palace great industry must have been displayed in their
reconstruction, for on Brantome's arrival with Queen Mary in 1561, he
spoke in liigli terms of the palace as being " a handsome Imilding, and
not like anything else in the country." This interval of fourteen years,
there is little doubt, had initiated the great change, in the northern
elevation at least, which we see so well displayed in Hollar. The
Master of Works was John Hamilton of Cnige, dating from 1543, and
no change is noted till 1579, when Sir Rol^ert Drummond took office.
During that time tlie palace had taken its present form of a great
ceutml court, but with other detaclied courts which are now gone. In
lK)th views of Hollar and Gordon, we see the gradual creeping uj) of the
palace from the north-west Towers to the south Tower of the A})bey,
which it appears to have ultimately engulphed. It seems impossible to
come nearer to the precise periml of this reconstruction. Thus, we find
in the work on Fjcdesia^tical Architect iire by M*(libbon and Ross, that
the change is disposed of in one sliort sentence: — "The north-west
Tower (Abbey) is still preserved, but its companion Tower, which
formerly stood at the south-west angle, was demolished when the palace
NOTES ON JAMES FIFTH'S TOWERS, HOLYROOD PALACE. 235
vas rebuilt in the 17th centur}'" — that is, the present erections designed
)y Sir William Bruce in 1671, and finished in 1679.
From ( rordon's full front view of the palace taken before the advent
)f Cromwell, we may form a jierfect idea of the building as it was in
lie time of James Sixth and Charles First, and probably in that of
lie unfortunate (^ueen of Scots (fig. 4).
The palace at that period consisted of five courts, and the buildings
vere of a decidedly straggling nature, showing the want of an original
lettled plan, except the front elevation flanked by the north- wes^.
[(►wers. Whether these Towers were the last erection of the west front
nd an afterthought is an open question, but we know that the design
'f Sir William Bruce followed on the same lines, as proved by his
ddition of the south-west Towei-s in complete harmony with the other
da — in fact, adapting the whole of the present fa9ade to harmonise with
le ancient Towers on the north.
In the final view, published by Blore in 1826 (fig. 5), we have the
ilace of Sir William Bruce as now existing, showing the so-called
egent Moray's house — now gone.
With the exception of the first floor and the pinnacles of the three
rrets, the views presented to us from 1543 till just before the Crom-
tillian burning in 1650, show little signs of structural change. The
est front with its two empty panels, which, it is believed, had at one
me been filled with the royal arms of Scotland, gives a rather curious
iistration of the first floor reported as Lord Darnley's from what it
now. Small prison-like windows are represented, more like those of
^mrd-house ; but those of Queen Mary show as in their present posi-
Dn. We have clear proof that the famous historical rooms of the
ir but unfortunate Stuart are clearly traceable, both in their external
pect and internal arrangement, to the earliest time of the Towers. Both
I ternally and internally the first floor has undergone some change. The
xmnd floor is, in its western front, a strongly vaulted ajmrtment built
«e a fortress, with arch, pier, and })uttre8s, and has long been used as a
Lne cellar. Here ])egan the private stair leading up to Darnley and
\
L>;3s
PR<D<JEEDiyGS OF THU SO^ZTTTY, FTCBHUABY 12, 1900.
\>uoeu Mary's nj<im.4 (fi^. 6), ami then; is no trace of windows saificient
tn lo4i«l to tliH l">elief that it ever wa« a resilience of Heniy Damlej. It
•loesi nut iie»Hi much penetratirm t*:) notice where the existing windows of
l>ain ley's nM>ms have been reconstmcteiL thua at:connting for the differ-
ence l)etweeri tlie present Jiapect ami that ol Bothiemays large front
^oAo 4f>« 9*r>^ i^iHOtfH,* Btf.
Fi;j:. 6. Private Stair, HolyrcKxi Palace.
>»t^\v (li-. U. Hi< i<H)ni.s w»fre In'Iow tlio.se of the Queen, ami on
lii.:i lloMi, ;iiul an iiK^poction «•£ tho iu;iS4»nry sliow.s wlicro they have
It iii«»i|illr«l.
ri»\i..n-. l.» llh' fi.nflM.uniti.'ii "f 1»>.")0, tlio i>iim;iplps .if the tuc
„i I. (m».lir»l with faiicifiil <l^vi.-.-^ lik»' iiiiiMTJal (.'itiwn-, n.»\v replacei-
|.i»Mi :|.»i il Irrmiiiiil inp>. T!;» r""f \v;i- high ami |M>int»:»jl with a
M »». :i ii..Mi, wliiiv n-'w il i^ i! iL ,111'' Mameutcd. At the f..K_~
tl
w rref.
^\ hy
NOTES ON JAMES FIFTH'S TOWERS, HOLYROOD PALACE. 239
the left empty panel may be seen the shelf-like strip on which Wilson
tells lis the words " Jacobus Y. Rex Scotorum " were inscribed ; and clear
traces of the filled-up sockets where the iron bars of the windows were
eml)edded are quite visilJe. The first floor appeared to be barred on
the inner side of the lintels close to the ghuss, but the two upi>er floors —
viz., Queen Mary's rooms and the jail — were protected by iron gratings
fixed, prison-like, on the outer face of the walls, a striking commentary
on the state of society and value of human life even in a royal palace at
that time.
At the foot of the west front of the Towers the ground has been
lowered about 3 feet, particularly at the north-west corner. At the
north side may be easily seen the new masonry filled in when taking
ilown the building called " Regent Moray's house " (fig. 5). None of
the historians take the slightest notice of this building ; even our local
writers, Arnot and Maitland, completely ignore it, though it was there
(iiiring their lifetime. It may have been the house of Lord Robert,
however, if we bear in mind that Regent Moray's mansion was said to
^ in Croft-an-Righ, and also if we give any weight to the following
Extract from the DiumcU of Oc4*un'ents : — "Tlie next day Lennox
^«-Hle in state to the Abbey of Holyrood, and entered the lodging which
^iad been honourably prepared for him in the house of Mary's brother,
^l^ie Lord Robert, Commendator of Holyrood, hesidf. the said Abbey."
On the flat north wall of the Towers, the air-slots wliich were left in
^iie elevation (whence, in the middle of this century, the so-called
i^egent Moray's was removed) are plainly seen, and guide us to the
i Position of the private stair which is built, not in the Tower as is gener-
'>-lly thought, but entirely within the wall, which at this spot is 7^ feet
^ liick. At the bottom of the wall no trace of a doorway is to be seen,
1 trading us to the belief that the exit was inside the ground floor of the
^ -fcalacc, thence along to the Abbey.
Higher up, near the jail windows, we see the single slot which lights
^%-ud airs a secret stiiir of singular width and construction leading into
tlie prison. This wall joins on to the largest of the three Towers
240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
which coiituins the stiiir leading up U) Queen Mary*s rooms, the jail,
some store-rooms, and the roof. On tlie ground floor of this north-cast
Tower another private stair ends ; hut on tlie walls outside there are
no signs of exit, which must have also heen through the hiisement.
And in Queen Mary's audience chamlmr, near the entrance door where
Kizzio was flung to die, is another private stair huilt inside the wall, and
lending up to opposite the jail door.
These Towers, at all events, whoever was their original founder, show
a width and strength explanator}"^ of their heing the sole survivors of the
original Palace of Holyrood. If we take the west front, we find a
thickness of 7 J feet, and at the turrets 4 feet. The east face, which
Wius originally clear of all huildings towards the Ahl)ey, is of the same
thickness, viz., 7i feet. The north and south walls are fully 6 feet, and
the wall dividing the Towers from the more modem palace of Charles
Second is over 5 feet. The external changes, from 1543 till Cromwell's
time, may be summed \i\) briefly : — alterations on Lord Darnley's floor,
on the panels, on the roof and turret tops, and on the north side. The
roof, in particular, is first shown with flat-topped turrets, then with high
l)itchcd roof and pointed turrets as at present, then with the crown-
topped pinnacles and high roof, and finally the present elevation.
Tli<^ power given by Charles Second to Sir William Bruce to punish
tln» refractory operatives at the relmilding of Holyrood in 1671-9, is, in
the light of niodern Trades l^nionism, so very curious in its phraseology,
an<l points s<j clearly to our *'auld toure prison," that a quotiition may be
panloned : — "With power also to the said Sir William Bruce, during
llie space aforesaid, to do all other things necessary and requisite as to
liiiii shall seem expedient, an<l to i>uuish, mulct, incarcerate, and amerce
dclincpients and transgressors at the sai<l works and courts, by himself
or his (h»puU's (;is (»fl as need shall br), for this purpose, within the Siiid
]»ala('es, houses, ami prceinrts thereof to us ])ertaining.'' ^
Then' is little to a<ld wliieh l»ears sullicient int(»rest, as we are now
nearing the top of th<', old Towers. Half a flight up the i)rincipid stiiir,
' Procc'idiixjSj vol. vi., Third Series, ])[k 60-61.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE SCOTTISH DE QUENCY8. 241
and immediately under the flat lead-covered roof, are some store-rooms
whicli must have been frequently subjected to harsh usage and much
change. A few 8tei)s more and the roof is reached, round the battle-
ments of which there is the usual nanow way. The turret toi)S have
entrance from this path. The leaden capes and the three upper courses
of masonry towards the front are quite of recent date, and evidently the
result of kindly watchfulness over the grand old Towers, which, for nigh
four centuries, have weathered every storm, and proudly borne the name
of the gaUant Fifth James.
II.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE SCOTTISH DE QUENCYS.
By WILLIAM W. IRELAND, M.D., F.S.A. Soot.
Though it was a source of gi-atifi cation to me that so distinguished an
archaeologist as Mr Joseph Bain should have taken the trouble to add
filling-in to the sketch which I essayed of the Scottish de Quencys of
Tranent and Leuchars,^ it lessened tlie plejisure when he indicated a
number of errors which he thought I had committed. As most of these
corrections were on points of minute detail, 1 was unable, after hearing
his paper read at a meeting of the Society on the 11th December, to do
more than make a general defence. Having now had time to go back to
my authorities, I ask an opportunity of showing how some of these
corrections cannot ])e sustained.
Mr Bain began by saying that it was to be regretted I had not con-
sulted some works, which he named, in addition to those wliich I referred
to. My essay was almost wholly written from original documents, hence
I did not think it needful to quote compilations like Burke's Dictionary
of Extinct Peerages^ of which, nevertlieless, I had made some use. And
as for not consulting t'he Cartulary of St Andrews, I referred to it in a
note (see p. 277 of my paper in the Proceedings of the Society of Anti-
> See antea, p. 124 ; and vol. xxxii. p. 275.
VOL. XXXIV. Q
242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
fiuariesj vol. xxxii.). I unwittingly passed over the four volumes of the
CcUewlar of Scottish Documents^ edited by Mr Bain himself, which he
mentions at the end of his list. In these volumes there are several notes
about the de Quencys, which, if I had lighted upon them before, would
have saved me much trouble and some errors of detail. Mr Bain tells
us that " tliere is no evidence that the de Quencys came from Normandy
with William. The Roll of Battle Abbey is well known to be of little,
if any, authority, and it has been thought by some, the late Mr John
Gough Nichols for one, that they came from Gascony — their arms,
mascles, representing a kind of flint found there. The first who appears
in the English pipe-rolls is Saher de Quency, in 11 57, in Northampton-
shire, where he was remitted on his land." I camiot here discuss the
trustworthiness of the Roll of Battle Abbey. Those who are curious on
this question should consult the books which have been written about it^
especially that by John Bernard Burke, ^ and the three quarto volumes
contributed by the Duchess of Cleveland. -
After relating the foundation of this abbey by William the Conqueror,
Sir Francis Palgrave ^ tells us that " Iiere the monks enrolled before a
Dcgville or a Darcy, a Pigot or a Percy, a Ikuce or a Despencer," or
other Normans, "the roll containing the honoured names of the com-
panions of the Conqueror from whom they deduced their lineage and
their names." The objection to this document is that, in later times, the
monks allowed name« to be iidded to the roll to please people who wished
to claim descent from tlie first Norman conquerors. The document, at
all events, has always been held in high estimation by the old chroniclers.
There are several independent copies of it, and the name of Quincy is in
tlieni all. We liave thus to consider the probability of this name being
fraudulently added before the death of Roger de Quency in 1264, for
after that time no one would have an interest in such a transaction.
^ TheEoIl of Battle Abbey, annotated by John Bernard Burke, Esq. ; London, 1848.
'^ The Battle Abbey Jioll, with some account of the Norman Lineages, by the Duchess
of Cleveland, vol. iii. p. 27 ; London, 1889.
^ The History of Korvuitidy and of England, by Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H., the
Deputy KeeiMirof H.M.S. Tublic Records, vol. iii. p. 407 ; London, 1864.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE SCOTTISH DE QUENCYS. 243
The Duchess of Cleveland says (I know not on what authority) that
Seyr was descended from Richard de Qucncy, the companion in anns of
the Conqueror. Xishet, in his lx)ok on Heraldry,^ also states that the
first de Quency came over with William the Conqueror. Moreover, in an
undated charter published in Dugdale's Monasticon^^ there is a grant of
ten solidi to the Priory of Dunmow Little from Saher de Qumci for the
salvation of his soul and that of his son Saher, from his lands in Braden-
liam in Suffolk. Assuming that the son was the same Saher who got the
manor of Bushby in Northamptonshire in 1157, and attested the treaty
of Falaise in 1173,^ we can thus trace the de Quencys back to the l^e-
ginning of the 12th century.
As for Mr Gough Xichols whom Mr Ikiin thinks worthy to Imj quoted,
api)arently to raise a presumption Jigainst my view, he is clearly unaware
that the arms of Seyr de (Juency, Earl of Winchester, were not mascles,
for he and his son Roger bore dilferont arms.
There are engravings of the arms of this family in Burton's Lfdcester-
shirey p. 37. The coat of arms of Seyr de Qucncy (fig. 1) was : or, a fesso
MMMUl
Fig. 1. Arms of Seyr de Quency.
Fig. 2. Arms of Roger de Quency.
gules, a file of eleven jyoints azure. That of his son Roger (fig. 2) was ;
gules, seven mascles or, three, three, and one.
> A System of Heraldry, by Alexander Nisbot, vol. i. p. 208 ; Edinburgh, 1816.
•-* Vol. vi. p. 148.
' See Dictionary of National Bioffraphy^ art. de Quinci.
244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
In Hewitt's Ancient Armour^ there is a fine engraving of the seal of
Roger de Quency, Earl of Winchester, in which the lieraldic devices of
the mascles are given on the housings of his charger.
Mr P. Macgregor Chalmers, a Fellow of this Society, informs me by
letter that he has discovered the fragments of a tomb in Culross Abbey
" on the arch to the south side of the choir, and opening into the aisle of
the south transept. The de Quency arms are carved on a shield at the
point of the arch. The shield and the arms are in perfect preservation." ^
The arms are seven mascles, three, three, and one. " On the north side
a tomb, built as a sarcophagus, occupies the lower part of the arch, and
the arch is recognised as part of tlie tomb. The effigy of a lady
fastened upright to the wall close to this tomb doubtless lay
originally on the top of the sarcophagus. This portion of the abbey
was built early in the thirteenth century." This may be the tomb of
Roger de Quency. Matthew Paris tells us that the second wife of Roger
de Quency was buried at Brackele in England in 1252, and that another
wife of the same earl wjis laid there. C)n this account the earl chose to
be himself buried in tlie same ])lace. " Et propter has causas multiplices,
sibi sepulturam ibidem elegit comes memoratus." ^latthew of Paris
simply records tlie desire of the earl to be laid at Brackele, for this pas-
sage was written during his life. IMattliew died in 1259, and Roger. de
Quency five years later. If he died in Scotland, it might have been in-
convenient at the time to carry out his wishcis and convey the body to
England.
^fr Bain tells us that the wife of Robert de Quency wjus not called
Eva, but (^)rabilis. Yet in the charter in the muniments of Melrose, as
cited by me, this lady, quondam uxor Roherti de Quinri, in a grant for
the good of the soul of her father and mother, her husband and others,
did call herself Eva. It is true that she is styled Orabilis in some of the
* Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe^ by John He\vitt ; Oxford, 1855,
p. 345.
2 Since writing this I have visited Culross Abbey and had no difficulty in finding
the stone shield as indicated by Mr Chalmers.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE SCOTTISH DE QUENCYS. 245
charters of the Priory of St Andrews (Orabilis filia et heres domine
Nesi) aiid in one by Seyr de Quency (Orabilis matris mee). I took this
title for an adjective, a translation of some Gaelic word meaning worship-
fiU or gracious. At any rate, in the only known document issued by this
lady she calls herself Eva. Mr Bain somewhat arbitrarily says that this
Eva was the wife of Robert, a younger brother of Seyr de Quency, wlio,
we may recall, had also an older brother called Robert. The lady, lie
tells us, was also called Hawyse or Hawise, " which name is easily read
Evii." Those who think the matter worthy of further contention may
discuss whether her correct title was Eva Orabilis or Ombilis Eva, or
Eva Hawise, or whether Orabilis also can be easily read Eva. Apparently
he sees no difficulty in believing that Orabilis was the widow of the Earl
of Mar before she was married to Robert de Quency, and in one charter
the daughter of Ness is styled "Comitissa de Mar." The name of
Gilchrist, Earl of Mar, is given as a witness in some of these parcliments.
This Gilchrist^ is said to have superseded Morgund as Earl of Mar,
and his name appears in chartei*s between 1170-80, and 1204-11. In
that case, how could this lady have been a widow while both her reputed
husbands were living, and, in<lee(l, P^arl (lilchrist must have survived
Robert De Quency ? The Rev. William Hunt, in an article on Seyr de
Quency in the Dictionary of National Biography, as well as Dr George
Burnett in the Genealogist,^ have both confessed the difficulty of this
question. Perhaps the filia Orabilis of Ness wiis an elder sister, the
one named Christina in the charter granted by P>a, the wife of Robert
de Quency, who may have been married or betrothed to the Earl of Mar,
and died young.
' See The Earld<ytn of Mar, by Alexander, Earl of Crawford and Balcarres ; Edin-
burgh. 1882, vol. i. p. 167.
2 The Earhj Eiirls of Mar, by George Burnett, LL.D., Lyon King-at-Arnm, vol.
iv. new scries, p. 177. After considering a number of dates in an elaborate note,
Dr Burnett comes to the conclusion that Orabilis could not have been the widow of
Gilchrist, but "might conceivably have been the widow of Morgund, or it is pos-
sible that she might have been the divorced wife of Gilchrist.** Morgund, however,
is known to have had a wife called Agnes, as may be seen from the Churtuldry of St
Andrews, p. 246.
246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
In the charters extending and confirming the grants to the Abbey of
Newbotle, Seyr de Quency is styled Earl of Winchester (Comes
Wintonise). Amongst the witnesses to these grants was Jocelin, Bishop
of Glasgow, who is known to have died on the 26th of April 1199. Now
Seyr de Quency was not made Earl of Winchester till about eight years
after. As the Bishop could not liave been witness to a charter after he
was dead, I asked to see the documents in the Advocates* Library. These
are not the original charters, but a parchment volume of unknown
antiquity containing copies of the Newbotle charters. The name of
Joceline, Bishop of Glasgow, is there sure enough, and thus the words,
* Comes WintonisB,' must have been either added as a gloss when copying
the original, or the charters must have been later fabrications of the
Cistercians. T\n\ name of Seyr, hereditary in the de Quency family,
shows tluiir Scandinavian origin. It is still in use as a name in Denmark
and Norway. The name of Quincy is French. It is still lx)rne by
persons in Normandy, and there is a Commune called Quincy in tlie
department of Seine et Marne.
Witli regard to the treatment of the Countess of Mar and the sisters
of Robert Bruce who fell into the hands of Edward I., Mr Bain tries to
show, from a contemporary warrant for the similar imprisonment of a
Welshman of note in Bristol, that the cage was merely a wooden struc-
ture inside the castle, in which the prisoner was shut up at night for
greater security against escape. Apparently cages were not uncommon
in those times wlien the confinement was meant to be rigorous ; but it is
too much to assume that a cage made for the night custody of a Welsh-
man ^ in a liouse at Bristol Castle must have been of the same pattern
as a cage in a turret at Berwick especiiUly designed by the greatest of the
^ The extract on which Mr Haiu has founded his argument is given in the Calendar
of Documents relating to Scotland^ vol. iii. p. 4 : Fiat for allocate to Nicholas
Feriubaiid, late constable of Bristol Castle, etc., for £14, Os. 8Jd. expended in cutting
oaks, cariHjnters* and others* wages, iron, lime, etc., to repair a house in the castle,
and making a wooden cage bound with iron in said house for the straiter custody of
Owen, son of David Griffith, a prisoner shut therein at night (dated 1807, Michael*
mas Term).
SUPPLEMBNTARY NOTES ON THE SCOTTISH DE QUENCYS. 247
Plantagenets to torment a lady who would not submit to his usurpation
of the Scottish crown. It must embarrass the admirers of the English
King that the minute directions for the treatment of these ladies so
jealously laid down by the vindictive Plantagenet still remain. They
may be found in Rymer's Fcvdera and in Grose's Military Antvpii-
ties, the original French l)cing given in the Appendix.^ I prefer giving
my own translation : —
" It is ordered and commanded by letters of the Privy Seal to the Chamber-
lain of Scotland or to his Lieutenant at Berwick-on-Tweed, that in one of the
towers within the castle of this place, in a situation which he sees to be most
convenient, he should cause to be made a cage of strong wooden spars, with posts
and bars and well strengthened with iron, in which he should put the Countess
of Buchan, and that he make it so well and render the cage so secure that she
cannot get out in anv manner ; that he should assign a woman or two of the
same toTiTi of Berwick, who should be English and exposed to no suspicion, to
attend on the said Countess, to eat and drink and other thin^ to be done in
this abode, and that he keeps her so well and strictly guarded in the cage that
she should not speak to anyone, either man or woman, who may be of Scottish
nation, and that no other should get access to her save only the woman or
women who will be assigned to her, and those wlio will have her in their keep-
ing ; and that the cage should be so made that the Countess should have the
convenience of a privy, but that it should be well and surely ordered that no
danger should be incurred in the security of the keeping of the said Countess."
In the same writ it is ordered that Mary, the sister of Robert Bruce,
formerly Count of Carrick, should l)e sent to Roxburgh to be kept there
in a cage within the castle. If Mr Bain had looked up the authorities
cited at the foot of the page whose correctness he questions, he might
have saved himself from the vain attempt of oversetting the narrative as
given by our best Scottish historians. To quote Burton 2 : " Though we
' See Kymer*8 Fcedera, vol. ii. pp. 1013, 1014 ; and Military Antiquities respecting
a History 0/ the English Army, by Francis Grose, Esq., F.A.S., vol. ii. p. 348.
^ Burton adds his authorities in a note : ^* In domuncula quadam lignea super
mamm costri Berevici posita est, ut posseut earn conspicero transeuntes. " Rishanger,
229.
"Sub dio forinsecus suspondatur, ut sit data, in vita et post mortem, speculum
viatoribos et opprobrium sempiternnm." Mat. Westm. 455. Burton adds : — "It is
not in the instruction that the cage shall be in the open air and visible to the
passers-by, and therefore the chroniclers may be mistaken. A cage made secure in
itself— and the instructions are to make this absolutely so— is rather anomalous
248 PROCBBPINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
are not told so in the minute instructions for the making of the cage, the
English chroniclers tell us that the cage was so hung that she could be
seen by passers-by ; and the object of restraining her in this form seems
to have been that she might be a common spectacle, and an example of
the fate in store for those who thwarted the will of Edward."
Mr Bain is at some pains to show that these ladies were not hung up
in a cage on a wall like canaries, which, indeed, we are not called upon to
l)elieve. Nevertheless, it comes somewhat near it. As Tytler ^ remarks :
" Any one who has observed the turrets of the ancient Scottish castles,
which hung like cages on the outside of the walls, and within one of
which the countesses cage was to be constructed, will be at no loss to
understand the tyrannical directions of Edward, and the passage of
Matthew Westminster."
We are told by Hemingford that the wife of Robert Bruce was tre^ited
with less cruelty than liis sister because she was the daughter of the Earl
of Ulster, two of whose sons were serving with Edward, and she could
plead that at the coronation she had said that she feared it was no Ixjtter
than being a queen at a play. Slie and her stepdaughter, Marjorie, were
put in sejiarate places of confinement. The brothers of tlie Scottish
King, Thomas, Alexander and Nigel, and his brother-in-law Sir
Cliristopher Seton, wlio also fell int^) P]<hvard's hands, were all put to
death with that attention to grisly details and studied indignity which
were characteristic of the greatest of the l^lautagenets. The common
prisoners taken fighting on the Bruce's side were hanged.^ Surely it is
reading wrong the lessons of history that so many English chroniclers
within the tower of a castle, and seems a work of sui)ererogation." History of Scot-
laml, Eilinburgh, 1874, vol. ii. chap. xxii. p. 242.
It is scarcely necessary to cite in addition the words of Hemingford -.^Rcxjuimteam
yoni supra murum atstri <fe Bereinjk in ti-istega ligneajixa^ ut sic a traiiscuntibits
viikri jjosscl et cogiiosci ; iimnsitquc sic clatisa multis diebiui, et in arcta diclii.
Chronicon dc Gc^tU Jictjutn Amjliac, vol. ii. p. 247 ; Londini, 1849.
1 lliMory of Scotland, by Patrick Fraser Tytler ; Edinburgh, 1829, vol. i. p. 213,
and note, p. 391.
'^ Calendar, vol. ii. 1811.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE SCOTTISH DE QUENCYS. 249
should seek to palliate such cruelties for which neither the morals of the
period nor the spirit of the age offer an excuse.
Mr Bain tells us that the lady whom Sir William Douglas carried ofif
at Tranent was not Margaret de Quency, the widow of William do
Ferrers, seventh Earl of Derby, but her daughter-in-law, Eleanor I-K)vaine,
the widow of her second son William de Ferrers, I^ron of Groby, and in
8upi>ort of this statement IMr l^iin cites lUirke's Extinct Peerafjes^ one
of the books which he regrets 1 did not consult. Now Burke says that
this William de Ferrers, who obtained the Manor of Groby as a gift of
liis mother, and assumed the arms of the de Quencys, married Joane le
Despencer, that he died in 1287, and was succeeded by his son William.
Burke says nothing about his having a second wife. From the several
references in the calendar of Scottish History it is clear that the lady
carried off by Sir William Douglas the Hardie was not Margaret de
Quency, Countess of Derby. Hume of Godscroft, in his IIi»tory af tlie
House of Douglas,^ says that Sir William Douglas the Hardie had for
his second wife an English lady called Ferrar. The same old historian
tells us, ** there are that say that Sir William was sent to Berwick to
Newcastle and from thence carried to York in the castle thereof he died
and was buried in a little chapel at the end of the bridge which is now
altogether decayed." It is clear from references in the calendar edited
by Mr Bain that Sir William was a prisoner in the Tower of London,
and that he died about the end of the year 1297.
It seems likely that the de Quencys, when living at their estates in
East Lothian, resided at Fawside, which is by far the best military situa-
tion in the neighbourhood, though there are no traces of an earthwork
upon it. Speaking of the ruins remaining, Macgibbon and Ross, in their
valuable work on the Castellated Architecture of Scotland,^ observe :
** There seems to be no evidence of the date of erection of this keep, and
from its style we cannot ascril>e to it an earlier date than the latter half
* The History of the House of Douglas ami AiigiuSy by David Hume of Godscroft ;
Edinburgh, 1644, p. 16.
'^ Edinburgh, 1887, vol. i. p. 409,
250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
of the 14th or the 15th century." These authors say notliing of the
de Quencys. The Normans who settled in Scotland were not so
busy at building castles in the first century of their coming to Scotland as
they were in England, and most of the fortresses which they did erect
were remodelled in after times. Nevertheless, it would be difficult
to distinguish a keep of the 12th century from one of the 14th
century ; and it is at least possible tliat the square keep may have been
the donjon of the wustle of tliese almost forgotten Norman lords.
In the Bull of Pope Alexander III. confirming the monastery of Inch-
colme, dated on the 11th day of March 1178, there are mentioned among
the possessions of the church of St Colmc^s Inch a thousand eels out of
Strathenry, the gift of Robert de Qucncy. Strathenry is in the parish of
Leslie by the river Leven. The Rev. William Ross adds further infor-
mation.^ Later statements tell us that "along with the thousand eels,
the convent had a right to two swine and a cow, yearly, out of the lands
of Stmthenry. This curious annual rent was the gift of Robert de
Quency, whose name I find ivs a witness in many cliarters of the time of
William tlie Lion." The monks did not let slip their thousand eels, and
as Dr Ross tells us, innumerable quarrels arosci regarding this annual
tribute, until it was at length agreed that the payment should be com-
muted, and tliat instead of a thousand eels, two swine, and a cow, the
proprietor of Stratlienry should give the convent a yearly sum of 38
shillings sterling, payment to be made at the i)arish church of Fithkil, as
Leslie was of old called. This papnent was not regularly made, and
was the subject of compromise between the Abbot and Walter of Strath-
enry on the 6tli day of Octol)er 1354 — forty years after the battle of
Bannockburn.
It is also recorded that Seyr de Quency made a gmnt of the lands of
Dunikeir to the monks of Dunfermline. ^
Before parting with ^Ir Bain I ouglit to thank him for the additional
* Abci'dour and JhcJicoIttic, by the Rev. "William Ross, LL.D. ; Edinburgh, 1885,
pp. 64 and 121.
2 Register, Dunfermline, N. 155.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE SCOTTISH DE QUENCYS. 251
light which he has thrown upon an obscure field of research. It is to be
hoi>ed that he may yet find time and opportunity to read the 200
charters relating to the de Quencys preserved in Magdalen College. An
examination by so competent an archaeologist would not fail to elicit
facts of imi)ortance in illustrating the historj' both of Scotland and of
England.
[My friend, Mr Christopher Aitchison, has, during the summer of 1900,
examined these charters at Magdalen College, Oxford. They are de-
8cril)ed in the manuscript calendar of the College. Mr Aitchison has
sent to me some extracts from these documents. The charters are
princijmlly grants to the hospitiil of St John and St James at Brack eley
in Northamptonsliire, for the maintenance of chaplains, and the burning
of candles at the altar for the souls of Seyr and Roger de Quency and
their wives and children. Amongst these are grants from the demesne
of (Jask in Perthshire, and other proofs of the extensive jKwsessions of
this family. There are two grants (dated 1240 and 1256), in which
Xloger de C^uency provided for the burial of his body at Brackeley ; but
IK) record was found of his actual burial. If Roger de Quency died in
Scotland, it would have l)een in accordance with the custom of those
t^imes that his heart alone should l>e sent to Brackeley.]
252
PROCKEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FKBRUAKY 12. 1^00.
iir.
NOTE ON AN IKCISED STONE CRQ3.S AT STRATH V, SUTnERLANDSHIRE.
By ALKXANDKK MUNUO.
About a quarter of a mile west of tlie Eatablishe<l Cliurch at 8tmthy,
Hufcherlatiilsljire, resting iu the moi^rland beside the old march dyke,
there hiisj lain fur centui'ies, negh^cted and uituoticed, a rude stone slab
{tig. 1} l>earin^^ an incised crosi^ of a type which, if not aJtogether mre, is
Fig. L Rude Stone Cross at Stratliy.
yet absolutely unique among Scottish crossef?. The alah, a rough, un-
dressed sandstone^of the same kind sia exists iti the neighlxairhooil — is
broken at certain points, but the central surface is intact. It is 54
INCISED STONE CROSS AT STRATHY, SUTHERLANDSHIRE. 253
inches in length, 8 inches in thickness, and the broadest part, from arm
to arm of the cross, is 21 inches. In appearance it is somewhat coffin-
shaped ; but this resemblance is clearly accidental — the result of recent
breakage — and not intended in the original design.
The cross from summit to base is 34 inches, and from arm to arm 18 J
inches.
The summit and the base, as well as the two arms, end in circles
formed by the outer lines of the cross — the lines lacing 2 inches broad
and nearly 1 inch in depth. Inside these again are hollows or cups ; the
one at the bottom slightly oval, the rest more or less round. The circles
and cups at the top and foot are of the same dimensions — the circles 6
inches and the cups 3 inches in diameter. Those in the arms are J inch
less than these. In the centre of the cross are traces of a small and
almost obliterated cup. On the vacant spaces in the cross — on the shaft,
arms and summit — are slight lines as indicated in the drawing.
As to the origin and age of this curious cross, tradition and topography
are alike silent. All that we have therefore to guide us in this direction
is the cross itself and its distinctive features. At first sight the work
would seem, from the rudeness of its art, and the depth and clearness of
the incised lines, to be of mediaeval or late Christian date. On the other
hand, the cups and rings at tlie four extremities, and the central cup,
evidently point to a much earlier period. Cup-marked stones have
occasionally been found in connection with early Christian burials, and a
cross, though not unquestionably the cross of Christianity, appears in con-
junction with these symbols in the Lough Crew group of stones, and
occasionally in Norway on the rock surfaces — both of which are usually
assigned to the Bronze Age. If, then, the circles and hollows on the
Strathy Cross could be supposed to have been intended to represent the
* cups and rings * of pagan times, we might, perhaps, be justified in
assigning to it a very early age — an age of transition between Christianity
and paganism — when the old forms were still current and exercised an
influence on the rude art of the time. In any case, whether it be old
or comparatively recent, whether it belongs to the 7 th century or to the
254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1900.
13th, the cross is of much archaeological interest as indicating in the
Christian period the existence and use of a type of art that is i)eculiarly
associated with paganism.
IV.
NOTE ON A BRONZE SCABBARD-TIP FOUND ON GLENCOTHO FARM,
PEEBLESSHIRE. By WILLIAM BUCHAN, Town Clerk, Peebles,
F.S.A. Scot.
The object to which this note refers was found in the month of June
1899, on the farm of Glencotho in Holms Water, Peeblesshire, by Mr
Walter Smail, shepherd. He states that one showery day in the end
of June he was passing an oi)en gnissy space amongst the surrounding
heather near the liead of Glencotho Burn, when he saw something
Fig. 1. Bronze Chape of Scabbard for a Sword of the late CeUic iHjriod.
{^littering in tlie sun on tlie top of a newly throwTi-up molehill, about
fifty yards from the burnside. He picked up the object here shown
(fig 1.), which is the bronze chape or tip of a scabbard for a sword of
SCABBABD-TIP FOUND ON GLENCOTHO FARM, PEEBLESSHIRK 255
the Late-Celtic period. It weighs a little over two and a half ounces
and is fonned of two curved pieces of bronze, separate at the top and
joined at the foot, but it is possible that it may have been cast
in a single piece. It is three inches in length, each ann is on an
average half an inch wide by three-eightlis of an inch deep. At the top
the arms converge to within half an inch of each other, then open out to
a width of seven-eighths of an inch and gradually converge towards the
foot where they join. The outer sides of the arms are rounded, and the
inner sides are deeply grooved or hollowed out from top to bottom. On
the outside of the inner edges of each arm, back and front, there is a
narrow moulding which at the top of each arm swells out into two
lip-like mouldings with a well marked groove between them and
smaller mouldings at the edges of the lips. At the foot the narrow
lateral moulding swells out into another lip which curves outwards and
backwards upon itself. There is a deep groove between the mouldings
where the arms join. On wliat may be called the front of the chape
the lower of the two lip mouldings at tlie top runs downwards for about
half the length of each arm, and curves outwards, ending on each arm in
an ornament like a leaf or bird's head, in the centre of which is a small
hollow circle with the ring in relief. The outer surface of the chape is
polished except where eroded. The right arm looking at the front htis
a small nail or rivet hole near the top running from the outside of the
arm through to the inner groove.
Mr Smail says that the locality of the find, although on a hillside, is
not on steep ground. He saw no trace of a camp or fort, but states that
in the grassy area there are a number of small knolls like large mole-
hills grown over with grass. The place is about 1200 feet above sea
level.
Glencotho is about two miles from the watershed between the Tweed
and the Clyde. About two miles to the east as the crow flies is the
farm of Stanho|>e on Tweedside, where in 1876 a Late-Celtic bronze
armlet, a Roman patella and two small bronze ornaments were found —
these are numbers F.A. 25-28 of the Museum Catalogue.
256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
I have much pleasure in announcing that since this paper was road,
the bronze scabbard-tip has been presented to the National Museum by
Rev. Andrew Baird, B.D., minister of Broughton, to whom it had been
given by the finder.
Monday, I2th March 1900.
The Hon. JOHN ABEECROMBY, Vice-President, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, W. D. Graham-Mbnzies of Hallyburton
was duly elected a Fellow, and Mungo Buchanan, Falkirk, a Corre-
sponding Member of the Society.
The following donations to the Museum and Library were laid on the
table and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By tlie Excavation Committee, with consent of Mr Forbes of
Callander, the Proprietor.
Large collection of Pottc^ry ; bronze objects, chiefly Harness-mountings
and Fibulae, sonic beautifully enamelled ; iron implements and objects
of l)Oue and stone, obtained by the Society from the excavation
of the Roman site of Camelon, near Falkirk. [See the subsequent
account of the excavation of Camelon.]
(2) By Mr James Russel of Blackbraes, through Mr James Curle.
Roman .Utar (fig. 1) dedicated by an Ofticer in the Tungrian Cavalry
to the Magusan Hercules, found in 1841 near the Bridge of Brightons,
to the south-east of Falkirk. The altar is 2 feet 9 inches in height by
1 foot wide, and bears on the front the following inscription : — Hbrculi
Magu8an[o] sacrum. Valerius Nigrinus dupli[carius] alae Tung-
RORUM. It is No. 1090 of Hubner's " Inscriptiones Britanniee Latinae"
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
257
in the seventh volume of the Carpus Inscriptionum Latinarum^
iterlin, 1873, and is described and figured in Stuart's Caledonia
Jiomana^ p. 359 and plate xv.
fe
HERCVLI-fa
SACRVM-
NVSDVTU^
AL/vt'TVN
CROKVMi
i.
Fig. 1. Roman Altar found near Bridge of Brightons in 1841.
(3) By R F. Buchanan, 19 Rodney Street.
Perforated Hammer of porphyritic stone from Orkney.
VOI^ XXXIV.
rrr. march 12, 1900.
•■-. tlirough James Palgarso.
Iviitrtli, f«ninil on the farm "f
• ■' II.. tjin'on Anne, and ("leni>:e II.
.. i:.\ '-.D.. Minister of r»rou.L'ht«»n.
-/ I:: tvjM', foinnl in a m.»Iehill ..n OKii-
. -»-/ r* . [S.M- tin- previi'us ConimuuiiMii-ii
\. 9 Mt-nt-au* T'-rraoi-.
■f'.v-s m-l I 'III- inirri«.«r view of the Iinn
i-r vh «.•£ Cli'krniin, S^hetlanvl : i«fst«'i
T-.vi.k : an-l "f a ShrtLuul nui-rn.
Xi
L ^♦^
:':^:-:»;; a > f ::.v C u-.-ii, 1559
- :• < ■^ . A :^ : ::.v Privy C-^
- : -:.: r.- >. S:v;:.:<L 15S7-16
" '."LTV
■^1 vil.
v^iinrE .. r :;■.:-: I'MYrK-iTY LiPKAiixr-
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 259
There were also Exhibited : —
(1) By Rev. J. D. Anderson, Manse of Hoy, Orkney.
Silver Bracelet, with jointed opening, said to have been found in a
moss near Alford, Aberdeenshire.
(2) By Alexander Gray, New Deer, Aberdeenshire.
Seventeen Borers of flint, and three notched imj)lements, from
Abcnleenshire.
(3) By Mrs M'Intosh, Dick Place, Edinlmrgh.
Large Spear-head of bronze, witli crossbar, found in the neighbour-
hood of Meerut, India.
The following Communications were read : —
I.
ACCX)UNT OF THE EXCAVATION OF THE ROMAN SITE OF CAMELON,
NEAR FALKIRK, UNDERTAKEN BY THE SOCIETY, 1899-1900.
[The papers composing the account of these excavations liave been
poBtponed in order to give time for the preparation of the plans and other
illustrations.]
260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
11.
ANGLO-SAXON BURHS AND EARLY NORMAN CASTLES. By Mrs E. S.
ARMITAGE. Communicated by Profbssor BALDWIN BROWN, F.S.A. Scot.
I am not aware that any serious attempt has ever yet been made to
ascertain what the nature of an Anglo-Saxon fortification was. One of
our best archaeologists observes that " whatever amount of difficulty may
attend our inquiry respecting the domestic buildings of the Saxons, the
character of their military edifices is involved in far greater obscurity." ^
It is possible that this ignorance is mainly due to not making use of the
materials which exist in a scattered and fragmentary condition, and
which have never been pieced together. But it cannot be denied that
the general absence of interest in questions of English archaeology has
led to a complete lack of accumulated observations on the subject ; and
the difficulty of getting information, even about existing remains, can
only be appreciated by those who have attempted an inquiry of the
kind.
What is worse is that this lack of interest has left the ground open to
assumptions, which are accepted as facts, because no one cares to dis-
pute them. It seems strange that in the nineteenth century any
arclireologist of reputation should still follow the method of the archae-
ologists of a hundi'cd or two hundred years ago, who first guessed at
things, and then said they were so. Yet this is certainly the method
followed l)y the late ^fr (I. T. Clark in his otherwise valuable work on
MediiBval and MilUanj Architecture. Finding that in several places
where the Anglo-Saxon records tell of hurlis or strongholds erected by
our forefatliers, there are still existing round hillocks of earth, sur-
roimded with ditches, he jumped to the conclusion that a hurh was a
moated hillock, and then proceeded to assert that it was so, without any
further inquiry into the literary history of the word. The evidence
wliich he adduced in support of his assumption was chiefly this : — 1st,
* Hudson Turner, History of Domestic Architecture in England^ vol. i. |>. 18.
ANGLO-SAXON BtJRltS AND feARLV NORMAN CASTLES. 26 1
^^ the fifty hurha mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, there
^enty-two still existing where moated mounds of the kind in ques-
^^e to be found ; 2n(l, many of these works are known to have l)ecn
. ^^^tre or caput of great estates in Saxon times.^ Strange to say,
"^ery scanty and disputable evidence has been accepted witliout
^ion even ])y such writers as Freeman and Green, and is adopted
^^^fit of the antiquarian lx)oks and papers written during the last
>^^^^ years.
^ ^ith the theory that these moated hillocks mark the centre of a
^'^te estate in Saxon times, this paper will not attempt to deal, as it
y^ ^ ^ left in the far more competent hands of Mr J. 11. Round, who
^^ clearly expressed liis dissent from it.^ The philological and historical
Mence, and the evidence drawn from the actual remains, will be sufli-
*^^iit for the purpose of this paper. What first led the writer to doubt
^^« truth of Mr Clark's contention tliat a hurh was a conical earthwork,
^''^ that on looking through the illustrated Anglo-Saxon MSS. in the
^•^n'tish Museum to find a picture of a Imrh, it was seen that the Anglo-
^axon idea of a hurh^ as represented by those })ictures, was an enclosure
^Vith walls and towers of stone — in other words, a walled town.* Not
^tDng afterwards, an article on P^nglish ctistles in the Quarterly Revieio
^or July 1894, now known to have been written by Mr J. H. Round, led
to the conviction that Mr Clark's theory of buHis was simply an archaB-
V>logical delusion. Mr Round's words are : " We hold it proved that
* Mediccml and Military Architecture, pp. 22, 23.
*-* Essex Archccologi4:al Society h Traiisactians, vol. iii. part ii. "Tlie more deeply
1 have studied the theories of ' Castle Clark,' the more reason have I seen to doubt
liis view that these strongholds were intended for the centre and defence of a private
estate, for the accommodation of the lord and liis household, and for the dwelling of
the English lord who succeeded the Roman provincial." In his Feudal Emfland,
Mr Round shows that most of the Norman fiefs were wholly new creations, con-
structed from scattered fragments of Anglo-Saxon estates, p. 260.
' On p. 29 of the MS. of Pnidcntius (Cleopatra C. viii.) there is an excellent
drawing of a four-sided enclosure, with towers at the angles, and haUlemented. walls
of masonry. The title of the picture is **Virtutes urbem ingrediuntur *' ; and
urhem is rendered in the A.S. gloss as hurh.
262 PROCEBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
these fortified mottes were, at least in some cases, erected in the Con-
queror's days, and if this is proved of some, it becomes probable of
many. Indeed, so far as what we may term private castles are con-
cerned, there is actually, we think, a presumption in favour of this late
origin." It is proposed in this paper to carry this contention even
further, and to maintain that while the hurha of the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle are almost always walled towns, the moated hillocks scattered
so thickly over England and south-western Scotland are the remains of
castles built by Normans,
The philological evidence is of considerable importance in this con-
tention. There is not the smallest reason to suppose that the word hurh
ever meant a hillock, for tlie history of the word can be clearly traced.
Mr Clark had not the advantage of consulting the New English
Dictionary^ which had not appeared when he wrote, but had he looked
into SchmiiVa Gesetze der Angehachsen, he would have learned that a
burh, which is derived from the same root as the verb hergian^ to
shelter, meant originally a wall of some kind, whether of earth, wood or
stone, built for protection. As in the case of the words tun^ yard or
garth, and icorth or ward, the sense of the word became extended from
the protecting bulwark to the thing protected. In this sense of a forti-
fied enclosure, the word was naturally applied by the Anglo-Saxons to
the prehistoric and British " camps " which they found in Britain, such
as Cissbury, or to similar forts which they constructed themselves, such
as Bebbanburh (Baml)orough). Sometimes the burh was probably
nothing more than a palisade or hedge round a great man's house, if we
may judge from the innumerable places whose names end in bury or
borough,^ from which every vestige of bulwark has totally disappeared.
Tlic laws of Ethelbert of Kent, Ine of Wessex, and Alfred, speak re-
spectively of the king's and earl's tun, huse, and JieaUa, and special
* The dative form byrig is the origin of the names ending in bury. " To say
nothing of hamlets, we have full 260 parishes whose names end in burgh, bury, or
borougli, and in many cases we sec no sign in them of an ancient camp or of an ex-
ceptionally dense population." Maitlaud, Domesday Book and Beyond, p. 184.
-AOJJGLO-SAXON BUlUlS A^D BiARLV NOHMAN CAStLKS. 263
^ . ^^^^>^ent8 are ordained for crimes committed within their precincts.^
i ^^^si\)le that in two instances in the later laws, the Tdng^a burh is
^^ the same sense.- But from the time of the laws of Athelstan
^ ^^irii burh far more commonly means a city or town. Thus he
^**«-r\^ .that there shall be a mint in every hurhJ And it appears that
^^V the town has its gemot or meeting."* In the laws of Edgar's
^^d later, the hurh has not only its btirhrgemot^ but its burh-gere/a
^"^ix-reeve, and its Imrh-waru or townsmen.^ Burh is contrasted with
«>^T\take as town with country.^ And in this sense it has descended
. ^^ own day as a borough, though because the word borough has so
^^R meant a chartered town or a town with parliamentary representa-
^> we have forgotten its older meaning of a fortified town.
*^f we turn to Anglo-Saxon literature, we get the same answer.
"Alfred in his Orosius translates city by burhJ The Anglo-Saxon trans-
action of the Gospels (circa a.d. 1000) uses the same word for the
^vitateni of the Latin version.® In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the
^ords getoeorc or faesten are generally used for a fortress hastily thrown
Up, and burh is reserved for fortified towns. The word burh, indeed, is
seldom used in the Chronicle until we come to the time of Edward the
Elder. It is conclusive as to the general meaning of the word that
* V. Schraid's OesUze der Angtlsachsen, Ethelbert, 5, Ine. p. 22, Alfred, p. 74.
'^ Thus Eklmund (ii. 2) speaks of mine hurh as an asylum, the violation of which
brings its special punishment (Schmid, p. 176), and Ethelred (iii. 4) ordains that
every compurgation and every ordeal shall take place on thae^t kyninges byrig,
(Schmid, p. 214). A charter of Alfred's time speaks of the hedge of the king's
burh. Birch's Cartularium^ ii. 305. The word burh does not occur in the laws of
Edward the Elder.
3 Athelstan, ii. 2. Schmid, p. 140.
^ Professor Maitland says : '* In Athelstan's day it seems to be supposed by the
legislator that a moot will usually be held in a hurh. If a man neglect three sum-
monses to a moot, the oldest men of the hurh are to nde to his place and seize his
goods." Domesday Book and Beyond , p. 185.
* Edgar, iii. 5. Ethelred, ii, 6. Athelstan speaks of the reeves of every hurh,
I. Preface.
* OCSe on burge, ©"Site on wsepengetacce, Edgar, iv. 2.
' New English Dictionary ^ Borough.
■ lb. Matt. xxi. 17.
264 PROCtifiDINGS OF TltE SOCIETY, MAKCll 12, 1900.
Florence of Worcester, one of the most accurate of our early annalists, in
his account of Edward's reign, regularly translates the burh of the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle by urbs.^
But though we may now feel certain that the general sense of the
word Imrh was a town, its more special sense as an enclosing bulwark
does not api)ear to have been forgotten in Anglo-Saxon times. Thus
Athelstan orders that all burhs shall be repaired fourteen days after
Rogations ; ^ and Cnut, when making a similar provision, expressly
defines it as civitatum emendatio,^ Here the word for toMTi is used for
the town wall. The same sense appears as late as the reign of William
Rufus, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1092) ; when relating the restora-
tion of Carlisle by that King, it says : — " He repaired the burJiy and
ordered the ccutell to be built."* And finally, a remarkable charter of
Ethelred of Mercia and Ethelfleda his wife states that they have com-
manded the burh at Worcester to be built as a protection to all the
people.'* Ethelred and his wife were not building a n6w to^vn, for
Worcester already had its churclies and its bishop, and possibly the
remains of its Roman walls, but they were building or rebuilding a town
wall or embankment to protect the city from tlie Danes.
It is equally clear that a burh was not a castle, in the sense in which
we commonly use that word. The word castdhim is occasionally used
in Anglo-Saxon charters, but when it is used it clearly means a town.^
^ Florence of Worcester lived at the end of the eleventh century and beginning of
the twelfth, when Anglo-Saxon was still a livhig language.
2 Athelstan, ii. 13. Schmid, p. 138.
3 Cnut, ii. 10. Schmid, p. 276.
* A passage, by the way, which is fattil to Mr Clark's theory that a burh meant
a moated hillock, for there is no such hillock at Carlisle.
* Hehtan bewyrcean tha burh at Weogernaceastrc eallum tham folce to gebeorge.
Birch's Cartularium^ ii. 222.
^ Thus a charter of Egbert of Kent, 765, says : ** Trado terram intra castelli moenia
supranominati, id est Hrofescestri, unum viculum cum duobus jugeribus, adjacentem
plateae quie terminus a meridie hujus terrse," etc. Codex DiplomcUicus^ i. 138. In
two charters of Ethel wulf, Hroji castellum is used as an equivalent for Hrofecestre or
Rochester. Birch's Cartulurium^ ii. 48 and 86. In this sense, no doubt, we must
interpret Asser's ** castellum quod dicitur Werham." Vita Elfredi, 478.
266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
It has been necessary, at the risk of tediousness, to spend some time
on the history of the word hurh, because it is the key to the historical
and archaeological evidence, to which we must now turn. We must first
inquire what models the Anglo-Saxons were likely to follow in fortress-
building. From the first days of their coming to Britain, they had before
their eyes the remains of the cities and camps fortified by the Romans.
The numerous terminations of place names in Chester, caster, and cautery
show how plentifully the island was furnished with Roman toAvns, each
with its four-sided bulwark of stone or earth. ^ It has been maintained
that the Saxons, after laying the Roman towns in ruins, avoided rebuild-
ing them from superstition or some other feeling, and made their own
settlements on other sites. This was certainly true in some cases, as, for
example, when the Saxon town of Rotherham arose at the distance of
about a mile from the Roman station of Templeborough. But the great
Roman to^vn8, such as Canterbury, London, Winchester, and York, were
evidently occupied by the English from the first, and probably they kept
the walls in repair. And it may have been tlie invasion of the Danes
which led Alfred to repair and occupy many chesters, as the Saxons
called them, which had until then ])een unoccupied and ruinous.- In
886 the Chri^niclo tells us that Alfred repaired " Londonburh," and com-
mitted it to the keej)ing of Kthelred the e^ildorman, the same Ethelnid
who restored, as we have already seen, the burh of Worchester. William
of iMalmesbury tells us that the city of Shaftesbury was built by Alfred ;
and it is evident that the old Roman castruni at L^Time was being
rei)aircd by Alfrtnl's orders, when the workmen who were repairing it
were atUicked by the Danes. "^ The repair of the city of Chester — the
The d<[uaro or parallel o;;ruTii was certainly the Roman ideal, but the nature of
the grountl often led them to vary this form, so that many Roman towns are poly-
fjonal. See the plan of Compie^ne in Cohausen's BefestUjuiujcn der Vorzcit (fig. 99).
- Dr Christison thinks the Saxons sometimes gave the name of chesUr to their own
fortifications, even when they liad no Roman origin. Early Fortifiaitions in Scot-
land, p. 105. It would be interesting to know whether Roman remains have been
found at all the ehestcrs in Britain.
y A, a, ChrouicU, 893.
ANGLO-SAXON BURHS AND EARLY NORMAN CASTLES. 267
" waste Chester in Wirrall " — after it had been possessed and ruined by
the Danes, was another of the good works of Ethelred of ^lercia, in
Alfred's reign. ^ A cliarter of Edward the Elder's reign shows that he
secured the old Roman city of Porchester, by exchanging some other
lands for it with the Bishop of Winchester, to whom it ]>elonged. We
cannot doubt that he did this in order to make it one of the defences of
his kingdom.-
What was done at Porchester was doubtless done at many other
places. Sometimes the fortification to be restored or the new one to l>e
raised would be a stone wall ; sometimes it would be an earthen bank
with a stockade or he<lge or wattle-work fence on top, such as Ida reared
at Bamborough ; sometimes it would l)e a Thelwall or timber palisade
such as Edwanl put up on the shores of the Mersey.^ No nation is
unacquainted with these simpler fonns of fortification ; but if we are to
judge froni the Uluminated manuscripts, the Anglo-Saxon ideal of fortifi-
cation was formed from Roman mod(ds, just as their oth(;r architi»cture
was, and the solid stone wall with towers and battlements, forming either
a polygonal or a square enclosure, was what they preferred when time
and money permitted.
But of whatever material the Saxon tjefccorc or biirh of the 9th and
10th centuries was constructed, we may l)e sure of one thing : that Wie
burh enclosed a much larger area than the ordinary Norman castle.
The works construfcted by Alfred and Edward and Ethelfleda were not
^ A.S. Chronicle, 907.
^ The charter of Edward speaks only of some cassati of land at Porchester, but a
later charter of Edgar, which recounts this transfer of land, says expressly that it
was the appidum of Porchester which Edward acquired by this exchange. It is
interesting to find that Mr Clark and Mr Smirke both remark that the masonry at
Porchester does not at a first glance suggest Roman work. Possibly an expert might
be able to separate the repairs of Edward the Elder from the original Roman work
in the outer walls of Porchester, as well as from the later additions of the Norman
and Plantagenet kings.
' Camden was the first to point out this etymology, which he professes to quote
from Florence of Worchoster ; but it is not to be found in Florence. Britannia,
ui.44.
268 PROCEBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
castles, built for the personal defence of some great man and his family ;
they were not forts, intended to be held by a choice body of troops, for
there was no standing army from which to draw such a force ; ^ they
were boroughs^ that is, towns, hi which people were expected to live and
do their daily work, as well as to repair and defend their town walls,
while at the same time these walls were to be ample enough to serve as
a place of refuge for the whole country side at the time of a Danish
inroad. The people of England would no longer be at the mercy of their
barbarian foe if they could take refuge behind stout bulwarks while the
Dane harried the country. And perhaps from these bulwarks they could
sally forth to cut off his retreat, even if they had not hail the courage to
oppose his advance. But as Professor Maitland has observed, the origin
of the boroughs was largely military, and in all probability the burghers
were, of all men in the realm, the most professionally warlike.^
Before we turn to the existing remains of the hurha or boroughs
founded in the 9th and lOth century, it may l>e well to say a few words
on the type of castle which Mr Clark supposed to be iKJCuliarly Anglo-
Saxon, or, as he sometimes more vaguely expressed it, Northern, in its
origin. The type is a very marked one, and consists of a round or oval
hillock (there are a few cases in which the hillock is square), truncated
at the top so as to form a platform, which is sometimes large enough to
sustain extensive buildings, as at Tumworth, sometimes so small that it
cannot have carried anything larger than a watch-tower, as at Bradfiehl
and ^lexborough, Yorkshire. This hillock is generally surrounded by a
ditch with a bank on the counterscarp, and ha^ attached to it a court-
yard which is also ditched, and has evidently had banks both on the
scarp and counterscarp. The courtyard is usually higher than the
surrounding land.
^ I will not ^o so far as to assert that they never constructed anything small enougli
to be called a fort. But if it were intendetl for permanent occupation, it must have
been maint^iined on the same system as the boroughs were : by laying on the magnates
of the shire the duty of keeping hawa in the borough, and burgesses in those haws.
See Maitland, J)omcsday Book and Bct/oiuf, p. 189.
'^ Domesday Book and Bei/ond, p. 190.
ANGLO-SAXON BURHS AND EARLY NORMAN CASTLES. 269
In very many cases, the ground plan of these earthworks resembles
a figure of 8, in which the upper limb is very much smaller than the lower.
But though the court is frequently circular or semilunar in form, this is
by no means invariably the case; and it will be seen from the table
given in this paper (p. 279) that rectangular forms predominate in the
castles built by William the Conqueror. The banks of these courts
were, of course, crowned l)y stout palisades, and there can be no doubt
that these enclosures contained the stables, kitchens, workshops, and
other necessary appurtenances of a castle. The hillock carried on its
summit the lord^s residence, a wooden tower, which served as a citadel
in the last resort, as well as a look-out station from which to watch the
foe. The hillock is generally artificial, though, as might be expected, in
cases where a natural hill or rock offered itself, it has been utilised to
form the base or even the entire citadel. But the situation of these
fortresses differs entirely from that of the more ancient prehistoric
camps, where natural strongholds were chosen by preference. The
moated hillocks are almost always found in towns or villages, on the
level of the arable country.
The wooilen castles which crowned these hillocks had a special name
in Norman French ; they were called Itretasckes} The hillock also had
its name in the same language ; it was called a mottCi Latinised as mota.
The courtyard was known as the haijle or bailey^ in Low Latin ballium.
As these are the proper Norman names, and there are no others, I shall
henceforth speak of this type of castle as the motte-and-bailey type. The
word motte is, of course, the same as the mote which we so frequently
find in the south-west of Scotland, and in other parts of Great Britain,
and which is also found in some old English records, with the sense of
an artificial hill. Thus a document of the year 1585, cited by Grose,
says that Prudhoe Castle is built "on a high nioate of earth." ^ d^
Christison, in his Early Fortifications of Scotland^ remarks that there is
the same confusion between moat in the sense of a ditch, and mote or
* See Dacange, Bretaschia, Mota, and Ballium.
^ Grose's AntiquitieSf iv. p. 5 of Addenda.
268 PfiOCSKBINOS OF TRK SOCmir, MAftCfi IS
castles, built for the personal defence of wnn.* gr«at p
they were not forts, intended to be held by a ehoi* *
there was no standing army from which Ui draw
were boroughs^ that is, t*>\vn*s in which p(*oph> wpt^
do their daily work, us? woll an t^:* repair aiid dftf
while at the same timo thesis walk wc^rc t<j Tie mM)
a pUice of refuge for the whole country «iik lU
inroad. The people of England would no lon^i
barbarian foe if they could take refuge l^ehisiii
Dane harried the couritryi AxmX perliaxw) {mm
sally forth to cut off hin retreat, even if thev !
oppose his advance. But »is Profassor Mai tin
of the boroughs was largely military, and
were, of all men in tlie rMlmj the mo^X 1 1
Before we turn to the existing ivr.
founded in the 9th and 10th century, U i%
on the tyi)e of castle whith Mr Clar^ '
Saxon, or, as he sometimes more vaf^u '
origin. The type is a very marked i«ir*.
hillock (there are a few ismm in ^vl
at the top so as to form a ]jkitfon3u
sustain extensive bui Mings, tls jiI 1 '
cannot have carried anything larg' t
and Mexborough, Yoikshire * T1 n -
ditch with a bank on the tounli r
yard which is also diU-liml, and ^
scarp and counterscarp, 71 ii
surrounding land
* I will not pfo 80 far an to v^hMn\ t
to Ikj called a fort. But rf U w^e i
been maintained on the haniv Fvtf n
of the shire the duty of k^^* j^hk ^ •
Sec Maitland, Domesday Mtml-
'^ Domcaday Book and B*:ij<i><^\, i
ANGLO-SAXON BURHS AND EARLY NORMAN CASTLES.
271
Monk's Kirby on the borders of WarAvickshire. In only ten of these
twenty-six places is a motte to be found, and in every case there is
evidence tending to show that the motte was connected with a
subsequent Norman castle.^
BuRHS OF Ethelflbda.
Worcester, 873-899.
Chester, 907.
Bremeeburh, 911.
Scacrgate, 913.
Bridgenorth, 913.
Tamworth, 914.
Stafford, N. of Sowe, 914.
Eddisbury, 915.
Warwick, 915.
Cyricbyrig (Monk's Kirby), 916.
Weardbyrig, 916.
Kuncom, 916.
A motte and a Norman castle.
A motte and a Norman castle.
Unidentified.
Unidentified.
No motte, but a Norman stone keep.
A motte and a Norman castle.
No motte and no Norman castle.
No motte and no Norman castle.
A motte and a Norman castle.
No motte and no Norman castle.
Unidentified.
No motte ; a medueval castle (?).
BuRus OF Edward tub Elder.
No motte and no Norman castle.
A motte and a Norman castle.
No motte and no Norman castle.
No motte and no Norman castle
A motte and a Norman castle.
No motte and no Norman castle.
No motte and no Norman castle.
A motte and bailey.
Unidentified.
A motte and a Norman castle.
No motte, but an early Norman keep.
Unidentified.'^
No motte and no Norman castle.
A motte and a Norman castle.
No motte and no Norman castle.
No motte ; a mediaeval castle.
No motte and no Norman castle.
A motte and bailey at Bakcwell.
Out of this list, fourteen are ancient boroughs, that is to say more than
half the names in the list, which must be reduced to twenty-seven if the
^ See Appendix A.
' Possibly Cley in Norfolk. If so, this is another case where there is no motte
and no Korman castle.
Hertford, N. of Lea,
913.
Hertford, S. of Lea,
913.
Witham,
914.
Buckingham, S. of Ouse,
915.
Buckingham, N. of Ouse,
Bedford, S. of Ouse,
915.
916.
^laldon,
917.
Towcester,
918.
Wigingamere,
918.
Huntingdon,
918.
Colchester,
918.
Cledemuthan,
918.
Stamford, S. of Welland,
Nottmgham, N. of Trent,
Thel^,
919.
920.
Manchester,
920.
Nottingham, S. of Trent,
921.
Bakewell, (near to)
921.
272 PROCKBDINGS OF THB SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
burhs on both sides of the river at Hertford, Buckingham, and Nottingham
are counted as one. I have counted them as two in my list, because the
very precise indications given in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle show that
each burh was a separate construction. If, therefore, a burh was the
same thing as a motte, we ought to find mottes on each side the river
at Hertford, Buckingham, and Nottingham. But as a matter of fact,
in all these three cases we only find mottes on that side of the river
where a Norman castle was subsequently built, and they always form
part of the works of these castles.
Regarding it, then, as proved that a burh is a wholly different thing
from a motte, and that it meant generally the vallum or wall of an
Anglo-Saxon town, we must now consider the evidence which exists to
prove that the mottes were the work of the Normans. A priori^ we
can see that such castles would bo extremely advantageous to the
Normans in England, because they could be so quickly built. They
were exactly the castles which were needed by an invader who was
intending to settle among the people whom he was conquering. He needed
not only an intrenchment which could be thrown up quickly, but he
needed one which could be defended by a small force, for he had only
a few men with him whom lie could trust. ^ He needed also a look-out
station from which his sentinels could watch the disaffected town or village
which had fallen to his share. It was said of Roger de Montgomeri's
castle at Shrewsbury (which was originally a motte and bailey) that
not a l)ird could fly in the streets of Shrewsbury without being
observed from it.-
But we arc not confined to arguing that the Normans would be
likely to build castles of this type; we can show by i)ositive evidence
that they did build such castles. We can point to the innumerable mottes
which still exist in Normandy, some in their primitive condition of
simple earthworks, having lost their wooden stockades and bretasches ;
others transformed into mediaeval castles by the addition of walls and
^ See article on English Castles in Quarterly Review for July 1894.
•- Leland's Itinerary,
274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
single exception of Dover Castle, which was built by Harold,^ and
perhaps Arundel, which Domeaday Book speaks of as a castrum in the
reign of Edward the Confessor.
The motte-and-bailey castles are scattered very thickly over Eng-
land, though as no complete list has ever been made of them, it is im-
possible to say what their numbers are. But their distribution in Wales,
Scotland, and Ireland is one of the most important links in the chain of
argument for their Nonnan origin. In South Wales it is impossible to
claim these mottes as the work of a former English proprietor ; and they
certainly were not the native Welsh fashion of fortification, for the
Welsh were still in the tribal stage, and the goers which they built
were intended to accommodate large numlKjrs of people. Harold hail a
great campaign in Wales, but it is plain that the only jmrt wliich he
retained as a conquest was the vale of Clwyd, Radnor, and that part of
Monmouthshire which lies between Wye and Usk.*^ But the Normans
before the end of the 11th century liad conquered the whole of South
Wales, and the building of castles is expressly recorded as the method
by wliich they fixed their hold on the land.^ The sites of these castles
still remain, as well as the tradition of their Norman founders, and though
it has been impossible to obtain particulars of all of them, at least 30 can
l)e enumerated where mottes are yet to be seen. Several of these castles
are mentioned as Norman castles in the Biut y Tyicysogion. Grose ex-
presses his surprise that the castles in the marches of Wales are so often
said to have been burnt to the ground, and six months afterwards are
mentioned as standing and making a defence. But this is easily
explained if we suppose them to be wooden castles on earthworks, the
earthworks remaining when the wooden walls and buildings were de-
stroyc^d.
In Scotland, also, these mottes are to l>e found, and they have been
* William of J umK'ges.
- See Freeman's Norman Conquditj vol. ii.
'^ "About the Calends of July, the French came into Dyfcd and Coridigion,
which they have still retained, and fortified castles, and seized upon all the land of
the Britons." Brut y Tywyaoijion, 1091.
276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
the earthworks themselves correspond precisely to the Norman
type.i
From Ireland we obtain evidence of the same kind. The motte-and-
bailey castle is to be found in Ireland, but only in the English pale, that
is, in the part of the country conquered by the Normans in the 12th
century. 2 The era of stone keeps had then begun in England, but the
existence of these castles in Ireland shows that where the same circum-
stances prevailed as at the time of William's conquest of England — need
of haste and limitation of men and resources — the old type of castle was
resorted to.^ There can be no doubt that the Normans were the builders
of mottes in Ireland, for in the Anglo-Norman poem on the Conquest
of Ireland, edited by Michel and Wright, the erection of mottes by the
Norman conquerors is mentioned more than once.* Richard Fleming, on
receiving the Barony of Slane,
Un mot fit jeter
Pur 068 ennemis graver.
And when Tirel was forced to abandon the castle he had raised at Trim,
the Irish
La mot firent tut de geter,
Desque a la terre tut verser,
^ Dr Christison states that there are many mottes which have no vestige of bailey.
But it is much easier to fill up a ditch with its own vallum than to level a motte ;
and the farmers of the Lowlands are notoriously industrious.
'^ See Wright's Louthiava^ where plans are given of many of these mottes. The
small size of the area they enclose is remarkable ; it i^oints to the smallness of the
force at the disposal of the builder. Two of them which have square baileys
(Castletown and Mount Killaney) do not cover as much as an acre.
^ Mottes with wooden bretasches were undoubtedly built in the 12th century in
Plngland, when circumstances compelled. Very probably Ralph Flambard*s original
castle at Norham was of this character, as the ground plan is certainly that of the
motte and bailey, and the earthworks and general treatment of the position are what
Mr Clark calls *' thoroughly English " ; so of course he introduces a previous Saxon
occupation, though Simeon of Durham exf)ressly states that there had been no
fortress there before, to resist the incursions of the Scots. (Simeon, 1072.)
** Quoted by Mr Round in the article on English Castles, QtuirUrly Rcinew for
July 1894, already referred to. Mr Round remarks that the description of the
levelling of the motte after burning the buildings is conclusive as to the character
of the fortress.
ANGLO-SAXON BURHS AND EARLY NORMAN CASTLES. 277
after they had set fire to the wooden buildings which stood on
it.
I have already remarked that the word mote is used for these fortresses
in Scotland. In Ireland also, as we are informed by Dr Joyce, large high
mounds are often called mota,^ Wales also retains the same Norman
word in at least one district. " Moat in the Englishry of Pembroke,"
says Fenton,2 " is often used for castle, when there is one of the flat-
headed tumuli with a ditch roimd it." The word mota is of course the
Low Latin for motle, and it was in common use in early mediaeval times
for castles of this construction. Thus the iigreement between Henry II.
and Stephen speaks of the Mota of Windsor and the Mota of Oxford;^
at both places there are mottes. And one of the Close Rolls of Henry
IIL's reign orders all those who have mottes (motas) in the valley of
Montgomery to strengthen their mottes with gooil bretasches without
delay.*
We will now turn to the evidence which we get from the castles
which are known from our early records to have been built in the reign
of William I. or William Rufus. And as, in drawing an inference from a
multitude of facts, there is no method so clear as that of tabulating
them, a list is subjoined of all the castles which good contemporary
authority states to have l)een built in the perioil indicated, that is, before
the close of the 11 th century.^ The iirst table (p. 271) has already shown
that the motte is not found on the sites of the burhs of Edward and
Ethelflcda, except in cases where a Norman castle has been built there
1 Quoted by Dr Christison, p. 11.
' HUtorieal Tour in Pembrokeshire, 1811.
^ Rymer's Foedera, vol. i.
* " Precipimus tibi quod ex parte nostra finniter preci2)ias omnibus illis qni motas
habent in valle de Muntgumery quod sine dilatione motas suas bonis bretaschiis
firmari faciant ad securitatem et dcfensionem suam et partium illarum." — Rot. Glaus.
9, Henry III., quoted by Clark, i. 106.
* William of Malmesbury and Ordericus Vitalis, whose authority I take in one or
two cases, may not be strictly called contemporary, but they were both bom before
the end of the 11th century, and their authority is so good that they arc among our
best sources for the history of that period.
280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
in the midst of the townsmen with whom they had to live. This fact
alone speaks strongly against the theory of a Saxon origin for these
castles. In not one single case is the keep now on the mottc of early
Nonnan date ; a circumstance which certainly supports the assumption
that the early Norman castles were usually of timber. There is no masonry
to be found on mottes which is earlier than the reign of Henry I.
It is quite impossible that the clearance of houses in towns mentioned
in Domesday Book as done for the site of a castle, can refer to the add-
ing of a bailey-court to an already existing motte. To suppose that
mottes existed without baileys is to misunderstand the type of fortifica-
tion under consideration. The motte and bailey formed a unit, and of
its two parts the bailey was the more essential, for the great man for
whom the fortress was built could not do without lodgings for his
followers, stables, storehouses, and all the various buildings necessary to
a castle, whicli we must remember was a self-sufficing establishment,
carrying on a number of arts and crafts besides those relating to >var.
The motte was chiefly necessary because the lord was obliged to keep a
sharp eye on liis townsfolk or villagers. I do not believe that there is a
single instance of a motte erected for defence which can be proved never
to have had a bailey attiiched to it, unless it were some advanced outpost
in a frontier district. But a few such exceptions would not invalidate
the general statement that a motte with its bretasche was in fact the
keep of a castle, and was ivs little likely to l)e without a bailey as a stone
keep. In fact, one of the names commonly given to the motte in old
records is the dungeon hill, and the word dungeon or donjon (which
Skeat derives from the low Latin domnium) means the lord's residence.
The eminent Danish antiquary, Dr Soplius Miiller, in treating of some
speciiuens of the niotte-and-bailey which are found in Denmark, makes
the luminous remark that these are evidently personal fortifications,
built not for the shelter of a tribe or a clan, but for some one great man
and his immediate following.^ They are in fact the fortifications of
feudalism, and they cannot have arisen before the age of feudalism.
^ For OlcUid, chap. xii.
ANGLO-SAXON BURIIS AND EARLY NORMAN CASTLES.
279
OP CASTLES BUILT IN THE REIGN OF WILLIAM I. OR WILLIAM II.
Authority.
Type.
Area.
Shape of Bailey.
Bnit y I'ywy&ogion
Motte
RiSgh?
Domesday
Motte
About 1 acre
(rectangular/
/ Domesday \
1 Onlericus j
Motte
fiectangular
/ Domesday )
\ William of Poitiers f
Motte
8 acres
Triangular
Domesday
Mutte
U acres
/Oblong, comers i
\ rounded /
Brut y Tywysogion
Motte
/Original ward \
Rectangular
Anglo-Saxou Clironiclc
Stone Keep
8 acres
Triangular
Domesday
Motte-and-bailey plan
3 acres
Oblong
Ordericus
Motte
/Original ward V
\ 2 acres? /
Rectangular?
Domesday
Motta
\ rectangular f
Simeon of Durham
Motte
Rectangular
Ordericus
2 acres?
Rectangular
Domesday
Motte
5 acres?
Oval
Domestlay
Motte— destroyed
Bayeux Tapestry )
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle J-
Chron. De Bello )
Motte
3 acres
Triangular;
( Domesday \
1 Ordericus /
Motte
6 acres
/ Siiuare, comers \
\ rounded /
/ Domesday \
Motte
G or 7 acres
Roughly square
\ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle /
Domesday
Motte of natural rook
Rectangular
Domesday
Motte of natural rock
2 acres?
Simeon of Durham
Motte -destroyed
( Donie8<lay >
^William of Poitiers'^
(Ordericus )
Motte
(Original ward I
{ about 3 acres /
A half-moon
/ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle \
\ Ordericua /
Motte-and-bailey plan
3 acres?
A half -moou
Domesilay
UfliJtjiLiy
Motte
Motte
Motte
3 acres?
Octagonal
Follows ground
(Wilfiamof Jumltgea)
-^<'uy Mf Amiens
(MnltrfcitB )
Donies<lay
Motte
li acre
Quadrangular
Motte
Oval
Domesday
Motte
Domesday
Motte
r Original ward^
i 2 or 3 acres /
Oblong
Domesday
Motte
3| acres
Rhomboidal
Domesday
Motte
( Domesday \
\ Ordericus /
Motte
Domesday
Motte
/ Inner ward )
(about 3 acres/
William of Poitiers
Stone keep
Rudely square
/ Domesday )
\ William of Poitiers f
Motte
( Original ward \
t 8 acres /
Roughly oblong
Domesday
Motte
/ Domesiiay \
\ Ordericus (
Motte
2Ucre8?
Oblong
Domesday
Motte
About 1 acre
Oval
■Hk WMnton \
^■^r of Henry I. /
Motte
(6acresinclud-)
] ing ditches V
( and banks )
Triangular
^^■fen History
Motte
Quadrangular
^^^^^«» Malmesburv
Motte— destroyed
Chronicle'^
j
Motte
About 4 acres
A quadrant
Motte
2 acres?
Quadrangular
282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
basis for the assumption that the motte-and-bailey first appeared on the
continent in the 11th century.
But when did it cross the Cliannel into England? That, speaking
generally, it came with William the Norman, can hardly be doubted.
But it is very likely that under the half-Norman Edward the Confessor,
some of his Norman favourites may have brought this new thing, the
Norman castle, into England, and that Richard's castle, Robert's castle,
and Pentecost's castle,^ may have been earthen mottes and baileys like
those of Normandy. Richard's castle, near Ludlow, built by Richard
Scrob, one of these Normans, still exists, and is a line specimen of the
■ motte-and-bailey type ; its scanty remains of masonry belong, according
to Mr Clark, to a later date than the early Norman, so we may infer
that it was at first a wooden castle resting on earthworks.
The point on which I wish to insist, that these castles were essentially
the fortifications of feudalism, is one of special importance in the light of
recent studies. The researches of Mr Round and Professor Maitland
and others arc tending to the conclusion that while a state of things pre-
vailed under the Confessor which had many of the outward aspects of
feudalism, the rigidity and definitencss which were the essence of
feudalism did not exist in England ; and that thus the statement of our
older historians, that William the Conqueror introduced the feudal
system into England, is not so wide of the mark as it is assumed to l>e
by the school of ^Ir Freeman.*- But if, as Mr Round supposes, William
the Conqueror gi'anted out lands in England just as Henry II. is known
to have granted out lands in Ireland, to be held as fiefs by the service of
a round num])cr of knights, what is more likely than that these peculiarly
feudal fortifications, the mottes and baileys which we find scattered all
over England, were the castles by which these military tenants defended
their new acquisitions ? Not that we are to suppose that these castles
^ Angh-Saxoi Chronicle^ 1052.
- Mr Round holds that "the military service of the Anglo-Norman tenant-in-
chief was in no way derived or developed from that of the Anglo-Saxons, but was
arbitrarily fixed by the king, from whom he received his fief, irrespectively both of
its size and of all pre-existing arrangements." Feudal England^ p. 261.
., *«Vvaveter*" „« lUeoiV ^*^- .ve natural 7^_^v^lo«P*** v
(Venctal^^ T\^e V^* , „Y,\ecte i°^''* „t eatliet ^^^ ^ . the*'
doi -ti^s-''^-^' ^r ^^^^^1 i^^^^^^ ::rt^ ».-
ANGLO-SAXON BURHS AND EARLY NORMAN CASTLES. 285
at Penwortham in Lancashire, which was excavated in 1856, surpassed
all others in interest, inasmuch as it contained the foundations and what
we may perhaps call the cellar of the original Norman hretasche} An iron
prick spur, found in the ruins, is evidently Norman, being of exactly the
same type as the one on the effigy of Geoflfrey de Mandeville in the
Temple Church.^ The top of the motte had been defended by an outer
wall of wattles. The hretasche appears to have been round, the broken
stumps of uprights taking that form. A motte at Hallaton in Leicester-
shire, and the motte at Almondbury, near Huddersfield, have also
yielded objects which point to the Norman period.
These are the only cases that I know of in which the excavation of
mottes has produced any results worth mentioning. I need not say that
the mere finding of Roman or Saxon coins in an excavated motte is no
evidence that it was thrown up in Roman or Saxon times, for these
objects may have been lying in the soil out of which the motte was dug.
Ancient barrows have probably sometimes been utilised to form the
nucleus of mottes, as cases are recorded in both England and France in
Avhich burials have been found in the heart of these mounds. But this
very circumstance points to a late origin for the mottes, as a grave would
never have been utilised for a castle except by a generation which had
forgotten the use of these tumuli.
To sum up : There is no evidence that the Anglo-Saxons built mottes ;
there is strong evidence that the hurlis they built during the Danish wars
were large enclosures, generally town walls or banks ; there is certain
evidence that the Normans built mottes both in Normandy, England,
Wales, and Ireland ; the name of the motte is Norman ; the type belongs
to the age of feudalism, and answers precisely to the needs of the Nor-
mans during the first period of their conquests; mottes are found in
connection with almost all English castles known to be of Norman
^ Transactions of Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society , vol. ix., 1856-7.
ITn fortunately the article is so loosely written that many important questions are
unanswered.
- Saxon spurs were much shorter.
286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
origin ; and the evidence of excavations, scanty as it is, supports the
theory that they are Norman work. If we weigh these facts carefully,
we can liardly avoid the conclusion that these mottes and baileys so
thickly scattered over England are the footprints of the Norman Con-
queror, and an important part of the organisation by which he held
England down. Alfred and his House, on the other hand, did not build
little castles of wood and earth for their own personal defence : they
saved England by defending, and thus developing, the English town.
APPENDIX A.
The fortification of Worcester is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle^
but only in the very interesting charter already referred to in the text. (Birch,
Gartularium^ ii. 222.) Chester is not called a hurh in the Anglo-Saxon
Glironicle, but is spoken of under the year 894 as " a waste cheater in WirraL"
Stafford has a motte which was once crowned by a Norman castle, but as it is
on the South bank of the Sowe, it is clearlv not the work of Ethelfleda. Run-
cm^ at the beginning of this century had still the remains of an earthwork
enclosing the headland known as the Castle Rock, but its very small area makes
it improbable that it can have been the hurh spoken of by the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle ; more likely it was a small castle erected by the Norman baron of
Hal ton to protect the ferry which started from that point. Ethelfleda's hurh
would certainly have included the church, which she b traditionally said to
have founded. At Bedford the motte which was the site of the Norman Castle
is on the N. side of the Ouse, whereas Edward's burh was on the S. side.
Stamford is a precisely similar case. JVorcester, CIieMer, Colchester, and Man-
cJiester were, of course, Roman castra, which were only rebuilt by Edward or
his sister ; Tartuvorth also had been fortified before Ethelfleda's restoration
(Florence says urhem restauramt), as it was the ancient seat of the Mercian
Kings, At Maldoii, JFitham. and Eddishury there are still remains of the
ancient earthworks which enclosed the Saxon burh ; the area of which in these
three cases is from 22 to 25 acres. Eddishury is extremely interesting, as it is
ahuost in its original condition, except for the building of a hunting lodge, now
in ruins, in the reign of Edward III.
There are two cases in the list where the evidence for the existence of a
Norman castle may not be thought conclusive : Towcester and Bakewell. I
have not hitherto been able to find any evidence of the existence of a castle at
Towcester except the fact that there was a lord's oven in or near the precincts of
the present intrenchments, to which the citizens owed soke, as they commonly
did to the ovens of castles. King John stayed in the town in 1207, and there
must have been some residence nt to receive him. But Towcester is a case in
which there can be no doubt wliatever what the work of Edward was, as the
Anglo-Sajcon Chronicle teih us expressly that "he wrought the burh at Tow-
cester with a stone wall." At Bakewell we have not only the name Castle Hill,
ANGLO-SAXON BURHS AND EARLY NORMAN CASTLES. 287
but such names as Castle Field, Warden Field, and Court Yard testify to the
existence of a castle. It was the seat of jurisdiction for the High Peak Hundred
in mediaeval times. The Chronicle says that Edward " commanded a burh to
be built and manned in Hie neighbourhood of BakewelL" I am tempted to look
for this burh on the top of Carlton Hill, where the first Ordnance Survey
marks an intrenchment But no intrenchment can be seen there now.
APPENDIX B.
In eleven of the cases mentioned in the li^t, Domesday records the clearance
of houses to make room for the site of the Castle. (Cambridge, Gloucester,
Huntingdon, Lincoln, Norwich, Shrewsbury, Stamford, Wallingford, Warwick,
Winchester, York.) The Castles of Clifford^ Rockingham, and IVignwre are
expressly said to have been built on waste or uninhabited ground. Wigmore
has been absurdly identified with the hurh of Wigingamere built by Edward the
Elder, but a careful study of Edward's campaigns will show what a mistake
this is. At Chepgtoic and Nottinaham it can he seen at a glance that the original
castle has been on the motte-and-bailey plan, though in neither case is there an
artificial motte at present At Montgomery and Montacute the motte is of
natural rock. HoMxngs is particularly interesting as the only case in which we
have actual documentary evidence, in the Bayeux tapestry, that the motte was
built by the Normans. Feveri^y was a Roman castrum which the Normans
utilised by putting a motte and bailev in one comer of it, just as they did at
Porchester and Burgh Castle, and at the probably Saxon burns of Wareham and
Waliingford, At Cambridge, Carlisle, Chepstow, Durham, Hastings, Montacute-
Rochester, Stafford, London, Oxford, Winchester, York, and probably at Canter-
bury, the Norman castle was placed outside the town. There can be no doubt
that the Dane John at Canterbury was the motte of the original Norman castle,
as the name Dane Jolm can be proved to be only a corruption of Dungeoa
(See Somner's Antiquities of Canterbury^ p. 144.) And if the theory of this
paper be correct, there can be equally little doubt that the Boley Hill was the
motte of the original Norman castle of Rochester, the present castle belonging to
two later periods. At Canterbury^ Rochester, Montacute, IVardiam, and Jvin-
Chester, Domesday records that the site of the castles was obtained from the
church by an exchange of lands, a clear proof that no castle existed there before,
as we never hear of »axon prelates thus entrenching themselves, though Norman
bishops frequently did. Stafford is a case of peculiar difficulty, owing to the
apparent evidence for the existence of two castles, one in the town, the other on
the motte which still exists about a mile south-west of the town. Yet after
carefully studying the arcuments in the 8th volume of the Salt Archaeological
Society, I cannot help tliinking that the existence of a castle in the town
is due to the fancy of antiquaries of the 17th century, (1) because all the
evidence adduced turns on the interpretation of the word villa, which appears
to me to be used not of the town itself, which was properly called a burgns, but
of its liberty or banlieu ; (2) in the long series of records concerning the castle
outside the town, it is invariably call^ the Castle of Stafford, without any
expression to distinguish it from any cattle in the town. I believe, therefore,
that the motte outside the town was the site of a wooden castle built by William
I., and was the same of which Domesday says " Ad hoc manerium (Chebsey)
288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
Sertlnet terra de Stadford in ana rex precepit fieri castellum quod modo est
estructum" ; and that thia castle was restored by his son Henry 1.
The figures ^vcn of the acreage of these castles must only be regarded as
approximate ; m many cases it has been impossible to find out whether the
authorities were speaking of the whole area of the castle, motte, ditches, banks
and bailey included, or of the bailey court alone. But the repeated recurrence
of low figures shows that the original area of Norman castles was generaUy very
small ; and that when we meet with such large areas as 12 or 20 acres, we most
ascribe it to the addition of other courts in later times.
III.
NOTICES OF THE KING'S MASTEll WRIGHTS OF SCOTLAND, WITH
WRITS OF THEIR APPOINTMENTS. By the Rkv. R. S. MYLNE, M.A.,
B.C.L. Oxox.
The King's Master Wright was a personage of less importance than
the King's Master Mason or the King's Master of Work. Still, the
history of his office resembles in many respects that of the two last-
named officials, and we find him and his assistants mentioned from
time to time in the early records of Scotland. The number of wrights
in the royal employment seems to have varied considerably, according to
the various exigencies of the Crown ; and these wrights could readily
turn their hands to boat-building, the construction of instruments for
military warfare, or the internal fittings of the Royal Palace.
Some notices of the wrights and carpenters employed by the Kings of
Scotland in early times may be found in the Exclbequer Rolls, Thus, in 1 290
Alexander, the Carpcjutcr, receives pay for his work executed in Stirling
Castle by the King's command. In 1361 Malcolm, the Wright, receives
£10 from the fermes of Aberdeen, and this payment is repeated in later
years. Between the yeai*s 1362 and 1370 Sir William Dishington acted
as Master of Work to the Church of 8t Monan's in Fife, and received from
King David II. the sum of £013, 7s. Od. The King also paid for
carpenter's work at this church £6, 13s. 4d. In 1377 David Bell, Arch-
deacon of Dunblane, receives money from the King for expenses incurred
in connection with the building of Edinburgh Castle. John of Preston
NOTICES OF THE KING'S MASTER WRIGHTS OF SCOTLAND. 289
and Roger Hog were also connected with these works. In 1 380 Duncan
Wright, Carpenter of Edinburgh Castle, receives £10 for his year's fee,
and again in 1381 and subsequent years. In 1383 Dedericus (or Theo-
doricus), the Carpenter, is paid £20 for making a great * machine ' for
warfare. In 1426 Martin Wright receives 262 boards for the King's work
at Eilinburgh Castle, which cost £6, 18s. 5d., besides £4, ISs. 9d. for
carriage, etc. from Leith. In 1429-30 John Wright receives £6, 10s. Od.
by command of the King
The account of John Weir for works at Linlithgow Palace, rendered
in the year 1451, includes wright's work amongst other particulars. In
1454 Friar Andrew, the Wright, "servitor domini regis," receives for his
yearly fee £10, and also £1, 12s. Od. for iron for the siege of Blackness
Castle. In the same year William, the heir of (Jilbert Wright, receives
£5 from the fermes of Aberdeen. This old payment keeps recurring
from time to time, and seems to be liereditary.
In 1457 the French Smith receives a cottage free for life. In 1460
Friar Andrew, the Wright, receives £7, 2s. Od. for the carriage of the
King's artillery from Perth to tlie port of Leitli, and thence to Edinburgli
Ciistle. In the same year David Wright, the King's Smith, receives £3,
6.S. 8d. in part payment of his fee. In 1462 he receives £16, and in
1467 receives 10s. for visiting and removing lx)mbards in Dunbar.
FViar Andrew (Lisouris), a lay brother of Cupar, is now the King's
Carpenter, buys joists for Ravenscraig, and timber for Edinburgh Castle,
repairs the Royal Chapel at Stirling, prepares timber for roofs in Darna-
way Forest, and sends timber from Moray for the works at Linlithgow.
In 1476 Robert Lourison became King's Carpenter. In 1474 David
Wright receives the bniss for the artillery, and a grjint of £4 fi*om the
lands of Drumtennand. He dies in 1477, when £3, 6s. 8d. is i)aid to
his widow Janet by the King's grace, and is repeated in 1478 and 1479.
In 1494 James IV. employed a nunil)er of wriglits in the construction
of a large barge at Dumbarton, and he took liis wrights witli him to the
raid of Ellem and the raid of Norham. In 1497 he had wrights at work
on the roof of the " Hannis toure " of Dunbtir.
VOL. 3CXXIV. T
290 PROCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
In Edinburgh, as elsewliere, the wriglits were closely connected with
the masons, and in the renowned capital of Scotland were incorporated
into one society by charter in the year 1475, having the aisle and altar of
St John the Evangelist in the Collegiate Church of St Giles allotted for
their special use, with the privilege of duly maintaining the same. Some
of the rules and regulations comiected witli this charter are curious ; as,
for instance, that the " twa craftismen shall caus and have thair placis
and roomes in all generale processions lyk thai haf in the towne of Bruges,
or siclyk gud townes " : and anotlier regulation was that each apprentice,
in case of disobedience, should pay for liis first fault one pound of wax to
the altar of St John.
In the early accounts — a.d. 1513-4 — for building the bridge of Dun-
keld, by Bishop Tliomas Brown, there is mention of wrights. Thus,
Thomas Wrycht, carpenter, was hired at Martinmas 1511 at forty marks
yearly, and received, "in complete payment of his wage," in money
£37, 6s. 8d. He seems also to have had a ehalder of meal and eight boUs
of barley from tlie keeper of tlie granary. ^lalcolm and Donald Sawar
were working with him, and besides wages, dined with the Bishop when
he was at home, or received a penny for dinner when he was absent.
Other wriglits, cari)enters, and sawyers were also employed on the
work.
In 1508 John Drummond, the King's Carpenter, receives a grant under
the ( Treat Seal of £10 a year in consideration of his services to the
Crown. On 23rd July 1547 John Drummond receives confirmation of
the lands of Ballincreif and Milnab under the Great Seal. Is this the
same person as the King's Carpenter ?
On 22nd October 1561 John ^lyhie was made Wright in Edinburgh
Castle.
Thomas Bi*own was Master Smith in 1G26-7, and rendered accounts
for work at Holyrood, etc. Amongst othcT smiths, etc. mentioned, and
apparently working under his direction, arc : — Abraham Hamilton, James
^lurray (wright), William Storii' (wriglit) and his son, Thomas Bcnnct
and John He id.
NOTICES OF THE KING*S MASTER WRIGHTS OF SCOTLAND. 291
William Wallace, whose name is so closely associated with Heriot's
Hospital, is frequently designated the Carver in the royal accounts,
almost as if this were an office under the Crown.
In 1643 Thomas Storie, wright, is found amongst the list of burgesses
of the Canongate. In 1648 John Scott, wright, is employed by the
Corporation of Edinburgh on 8t Giles' steeple, togetlier with John
Mylne, Master Miison.
In February 1668 James Bain, "His Majestie's Wright," iigrees with
the Earl of Panmure for the execution of the whole of the wright work
in the erection of Panmure House for 4500 merks. He also stipulated
for a suitable lodging with fire and candle, and the Earl agreed to pro-
vide timber and iron, requiring the " great staircase to be made up after
the order of the staircase at I)onyl)ryssel, and what better Bain pleases
himself."
During tlie building <»f Holy rood Palace, various wriglits were at work
under the direction of James Bain, His Majesty's Principal Master
Wright, whose name frequently occurs in tlie accounts ; as, for instance,
on 4th March 1674, when lie receives £5667, 12s. Od. Scots for various
kinds of timber. On 13th ^lay 1675 his assistants received £2850,
158. Od. Scots as wages.
On 23rd January 1677 Thomas Oliphant, wright, receives a special
payment "for furnishing of timber, and making of moulds thereof
to be patems of certain of the meason work," £14, 2s. Od. Scots.
On 2nd March 1678 James Porteous, wright, receives £24 for making
" a moddell of the Cupuloe of the Gate of the said Pallace, with the
moddell of the Pedestall and Biillasterers."
On 22nd February Jan Vansantvoort, the Carver, received £408 for
** cutting, carving, and upfuitting of several jnccos of carved work ui)on
the chinmey and door-pieces of His Majestie's appartement in the East
quarter " ; and Alexander Eizatt, wright, £1360, 19s. Od. for " upputting
of severall lyneings of windowes, doors," etc., etc.
Sir William Binning of Waliefoord supplied twenty-nine dozen great
joists for £2212, 16s. Od.
292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
John Callender was employed as smitli, and Jacob De Wett — the
Dutchman — executed tlie principal paintings.
James Ikin is also found . at work at Edinburgh Castle, Stirling, and
the Bass; and in 1681 his name occui*s amongst the list of royal
officials who claim and obtain exemption from taxiiticm.
In 1696 a house, in what is now known as the Writers' Court, was
purchased and fitted up for the use of the Writers to the Signet ; and
from the Writers' Minutes it appears Deacon Paterson, wright, was paid
£1088 Scots for his work on the same, and one dollar of drink money
was allowed to the wrights .employed in finishing this lodging. Of
course, the Society of Writers now meets in the Signet Library.
In the earliest records it is often difficult to say whether the title
** Wright" applies to the man or his office, and in the case of Friar
iVndrew, who was a lay brother of Cupar, the real surname was
Lisouris.
The office of King's Master Wright is often held with some other
office — as gunner, carpenter, or plasterer — iis will be seen by some of the
Privy Seal Writs given below.
We append a list of the Miister Wrights to the Crown apjxjinted by \vrit
under the Privy Seal of Scotland : —
1 January 1551 John Crawfurd.
James Murray.
4 May 1601 James Murray, younger.
James Cokbume.
13 February 1636 John Scott.
He was apjwinted Master Wright of Edinburgh, 1
February 1637.
1668? James Bain.
He was King's Master Wright during the building of
Holy rood Palace. Thu writ of ai)pointuient cannot
be found.
19 May 1703 Andrew Paterson.
He was appointed on the reconmiendation of James
Scott ol L(^ie, Master of Work.
4 March 1715 Ro!)ert Mowbrav.
31 March 1748 George Canii)l)oll.
24 May 1762 Charles Howison.
29 October 1779 William Butler.
NOTICES OF THE KING'S MASTER WRIGHTS OF SCOTLAND. 293
We now give by way of example, and arranged in chronological
order, the particulars of twelve writs of the Privy Seal appointing
^faster Wrights and ordinary wrights, chiefly taken from the earlier
portion of the record, and one writ of confirmation of appointment.
It may here l>e noted that Sir Alexander Janline, knight, of Apple-
garth, was appointed chief gunner, 3rd July 1526. His name was
imfortunately omitted in the notices of the Master Gunners.
Grant by Queen Mary to John liousitomu
Ane lettre maid to Jlione Boastoun inakand him ane of our soverane ladyis Reglaterof Privy
smythis ordinar for all the day is of his life and to have monethlie thairfore for ^\\q^^' ***•
all the dayift of his life the soume of iij'"* x" of the reddyest of our soverane ladyis
casualiteis to l>e i»ayit to him l>e the thesaurare now present and being for the
tyme Be^'nuand the first payment at the first day of Marche nixt eftir the dait
heirof with command in the samyn to our said thesaurare to ansuer the said
Jhone of the said sowme, etc. Providing that he wark daylie heirfore, etc. At
Edinburgh the xiiij. day of Februar the yere foirsaid — 1547.
Per signaturam.
tiraiiJt by Qtie^i Mary to James Hectour.
Ane lettre maid to James Hectour makand him ane of our soverane ladyis
wrychtis and gunnaris ordinar. And to have monethlie tliairfore for all the
dayis of his life the soume of iij"*^ xv» usuale money of Scotland of the reddyest
of our soverane ladyis casualiteis l>e the thesaurare now present and being for
the tvme Begynnand the first payment at the first day of Marche nixt eftir the
dait heirof with a)mmand in thesamin to our said thesaurare to ansuer the said
James of the said soume, etc. Providing that the said James daylie wark bayth
of wrycht craft ^nnar melting and castmg of gunnis and all utheris laul)Ouris
he can do. And als that he scdbe Teddy to pas to the feildis as ane cannoner or
to sege or to reinane in ony pairt quhair he salbe command it be our soverane
lady or ony uther in hir name etc. At Edinburgh the xiiij day of Februar the
yere foirsaid — 1547.
Per signaturam,
Grant by Qmen Mary to Thonuis Petteyrew,
Ane lettre maid to Thomas Pettecrew gunnar and smyth makand him ane of vol. xxiv. foi. i.
oiir soverane ladyis ordinaris and gevand to him the soume of four puudis
monethlie in his wage during his lifetyme etc. At Edinburgh the first day of
Aprile the yeir foirsaid — 1550.
Per signaturam.
(Jrant by Queen Mary to John Crauford,
Ane lettre maid to Johne Craufurd makand him maister wiycht and gunnar Fol. 48.
to OUT Boverane lady and gevand to him the office thairof for all the dayis of his
294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
life for using and exercing of the qiihilk office our soveraue lady gevia to him
monethlie during his lifetyme the soume of viij"** vj' viij** money of this realme
etc. At Edinburgh the first day of Januar the yeir foirsaid. — 1551.
Per signaturani.
Grant by Queen Mary to Adnm Uamilton,
Vol. XXV. fol. 54. Ane lettre maid to Adame Haniiltoun makand liim ane of oure aoveranc Ladyis
smythifl and ^nnaris and to have monethlie for his wagis during all the dayis
of his life iiij"^ money of this realme to be payit to him be the thesaurar now
present and 1)eing for the tyme of the reddyest of our said soverane ladyis
casualiteis and cofferis, etc. At Lynlythqw the first day of Aprile the yeir of
Gtod j™ v*' liij yeris.
Per signaturam.
Confirmation of Grant to T, Pettegrew,
Vol. xxvi. Ane lettre maid to Tliomas Pettegrew maikand constitutand and ordinand
'^*- ^^- him ane of oure soverane ladyis smvthis and gunnaris ordinar for all Uie dayis
of his lyfe and for gude trew and thankf ull service done and to l)e done to nir
grace, and to my lord governour in the said office be him oure soverane lady
gevis and grantis to the said Tliomas the soume of fy ve pundis usuale money of
this realme in his fe to be payit monethlie for all the dayis of his lyfe Off the
reddicst of hir graceis casualiteis be hir hiencs thesaurare now present and
l)eing for the tyme Begynand the first payment thairof the first day of Januar
nixtocum. And tlmt the said lettir be extendit in the best forme with all claiisis
neidfull, with conmiand in the eamvn etc. At Edinburgh the viij day of
December the yeir of God j™v*^ fiftie-t^re yeris.
Per signaturani.
Grant by Queen Mary to Andrew Littlejohn.
Vol. xxvll. fol. 5. Ane lettre maid to Andro Litiljohne maikand him ane of our soverane ladyis
gunnaris ordinar and wrycht for all the dayis of his lyfe And for his gude trew
and thankfull service done and to l)e done to hir grace And to my lord gover-
nour in the said ottice Gevand and granUuid to the said Andro the soume of
four" usuale money of this realme in his f e to be payit to him monethlie for all
the dayis of liLs lyfe of the reddiest of hir casualiteis be hir thesaurar now
present and l>eiug for the tyme Begj-nnand the first payment at the first day of
Januar nixttocum to be had the said office of gunnarie with the said soume of
four" of f e to be payit [to] the said Andro in maner foirsaid for all the dayis of
his lyfe frelie ([uietlie etc. At Edinburgh the xij day of Februar the yeir of
God i™v*^liij yeris.
Per signaturam.
Grant by Queen Mary to John DicJcerton,
Vol. xxviij. Ane lettre maid to Johnne Bickertoun makand him ane of oure soverane
fol. 85 ladies gunnaris and sniythis ordinare and gevand to him the offices thairof ffor
NOTICES OF THE KING'S MASTER WRIGHTS OF SCOTLAND. 295
all the dayis of hb lyfe and for using and exerceing of the samvn offices (as heir-
eftir he salbe requirit and in sic places or partis upoun the feildis or uthirwayis
as hir grace sail command and think gnde) hir hiones gevis and grantis to him
the sowme of fyve pundis usuale money of hir realme to be pay it to him
monethlie in his feis and waigis for all the dayis of his lyfe be hir Uiesaurar now
present and Ijeing for the tyme Off the reddiest of hir hienes casualiteis and
dewiteis the first payment begynnand at the day of the dait heirof and that
the said lettre, etc., with command to the said thesaurare to mak thankful!
payment, etc. At Newbotle the first daye of August 1557.
Per signaturam.
Orant by King James VI, to John Leischman.
Ane lettre maid to Johne Leisclunan Smyth at the Calsayheid makand him Vol. xivi. fol. 35.
oure soverane lordis smith for schoing of his majesteis horss and ^evand to him
the office thairof for all the dayis of his lyfe with all feis and dewiteis l)e]anginff
and pertenyng thairto with power to the said Johune to use and exerce the said
office in tyme cuming siclyk as ony utheris hes servit in the said office in tyme
bygane With all feis and dewiteis usit and wount^, etc., with command thairin to
his majesteis comptrollar present and being for the tyme and utheris appointit or
to be appointit for payment of feallis To answer and mak payment to the said
Johnne Leischman of all feis and dewiteis usit and wount perteining to the
office foirsaid during his lyftyme etc. At Striviling Castell the xxvij. day of
Auguf^t the yeir of God j"™v*^ tnrescoir nynetene yeiris.
Per signaturam.
Grant hj King James VI. to James M array ^ Elder.
Letter to James Murray, elder, present principal master gunner to his majesty, ^jr s^t vol.
ordaininff him overseer and attender on all his majesty's works of reparations, ' ^^*
eta, for life, and in succession to the late Sir William M'Dougall. Fee £10
monthly, with stand of clothing yearly. Dalkeith, 4th May 1601.
Grant by King James VI, to James Murray^ Younger.
Letter to James Murray, younger, making him principal master wright and
gunner ordinary in the Castle of Edinburgh, and in all other castles, etc. On
dimission of the office by James Murray, elder, his father, his majesty's present
wright and master gunner, with all rights and privileges " as the said James
Murray elder or umquhile Thomas Craufurd " or other master wrights enjoyed.
Fee £10 montlily, and stand of clothes yearly. Dalkeith, 4th May 1601.
Grant by King James VI. to John Sc4)tt.
Letter to John Scot, wright, apix)inting liim his majestv's master wheel- vol. cvii. fol. 94.
wright in Edinburgh Castle, and in all others of his majesty^ castles, etc — the
office being vacant oy the death of James Cokbunie, last jjoseessor thereof. Fee,
296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
£8 monthly. Preaented for the office by Sir Anthony Alexander, H.M. Maste?
of Work, and Snn'eyor-Qeneral. At Edinburgh, 13th February 1636.
Gift by King George III. to George Campbell to he His Majedi^s Howe
Carpenter and Plaisterer in Scotland. Given at S, Jamts^ 31 March 1748.
George, etc.
Whereas we Considering tliat our Royal Predecessors have been in use to finrant
commissions to such tradesmen as ^'ere thought fit for their service in Scotland^
and we being well informed of the sufficiency and ability of Qeorge Camplxilly
House Caq^enter and Plaisterer there.
Tlierefore ^-it ye us to have nominated, constituted, and appointed, Likeas
we by these presents nominate, constitute, and appoint the said George Campljell
to be our House Carpenter and Plaisterer to all our Buildings^ Palaces, Houses,
Forts, works and artillery, etc., within that part of our said Kingdom, and tliat
during our pleasure only, and give and grant to the said G^rge Campltell
during the space aforesaid the aforesaid office with all the freedoms, privi-
leges, fees, and immunities Wlonging thereto, with power to him to exerce iind
enjoy the said office of master carpenter, artillery carpenter and plaisterer by
himself and his servants employed by him for whom he shall be answerable, as
fully and freely as any others his predecessors in the said office exerced, brooked,
and enjoyed the same office before, and to enjoy all privileges and immunities
that are competent by law to Tradesmen having commissions from us : and ]iar-
ticularly freedom and immunity from watching or warding within burgh.
Given at our Court at S. James, and under our Privy Seal of Scot&nd, the
26th day of March 1748 years, in the twenty -first year of our reign.
Per signaturam manu S.D.N.
Regis suprascriptam.
NOTICE OF A CUP-MARKED BOULDER. 297
IV.
NOTICE OF A CUP.MARKED BOULDER, CALLED THE SAJ DI OORONE,
OR STONE OF THE HEEL, NEAR STRESA ON THE LAGO
MAGGIORE. Bv the Rioiit Rev. G. F. BROWNE, D.D., Bishop of
Bristol, F. S.A.Scot.
This is a micaceous Ixjulder on the moor near Gignese, 1800 feet alx^ve
Stresa, at the soutli eml of I-ago Maggiore. The top of the l30ulder is
alx>ut 5J feet from the ground ; but the ground slopes rapidly, witli the
result that the cup-markings on the stone cover an area 12 feet from
top to lx)ttom witli a breadth of alK)ut 6 feet. There are about 150
complete cups, isolated and independent of one another, and a large
number of l)roken cups, groovtjs, ovals, and cups joined by channels.
The largest cup is about 5 inches across, the majority from 31 to 2
inches ; the smallest is only 1 inch. They are mostly bowl-shai)ed, but
the largest is more like a funnel. 1 show a rubbing of the whole cup-
marked surface, taken with leaves of the Spanish chestnut on nine sheets
of the Daily Telegraph ; a cast of the largest hole, taken with linen
blotting-paper ; and casts of twelve smaller holes, an oval, and a
channel, taken with sheets of the Gtiardian softened with fluid flour
|Muste, and left on the stone to dry. I had no proper materials with me.
I show also a photograph of the stone (fig. 1) enlarged from a snap-shot.
The name of the stone in Italian patois, Saj di Oorone, means the
stone of the heel. The peasant girl who told me this pointed out by her
gestures that a heel would fit into the holes. This is curiously true of
the broken holes, where the weathering of the stone has worn away
some of the lower half of the rim and left the appearance of half an
amphitheatre.
It is rather startling to find this same idea of a heel associated with a
flat slab of mica schist 10 feet by 7 J, and about 2 J feet thick, lying not
far from Zmutt, in the Zermatt valley (Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries of LoTuloUy 8th December 1898). That stone is called the
NOTICE OF A CUP-MARKED BOULDER. 299
Heidenplatte, "the flat stone of the heatheu!" It has about 100
circular hollows on its surface, from 8 inches to 2 inches across, and
from 3 inches to ^ an inch deep. The tradition in Valais is that the
Heidenplatte was the stone on which the ^mgan orators stood to address
the assembly gathered round them, and that the rotation of the orator's
heel produced in the course of time these hollows I In this case there is
no appearance of the half amphitheatre, for the surface is horizontal, and
the weathering affects all parts alike.
Julius Caesar was much harassed by a Gaulish tribe, the Salassi, which
occupied the Great and Little St Bernard. They or some neighbouring
tribe of Gauls occupied the Thc^odule Pass, on which many Roman coins
have been found, and the valleys on either side of the Monte Moro
Pass. The Monte Moro Pass leads down to Stresa, and the Th^odule
Pass is connected at its southern end by a very easy way with Alagna
und the Val Sesia ; thus the geographical connection of the Saj di
Oorone and the Heidenplatte is closer than at first sight would appear.
^nd it is evident that there may well be a close connection between the
j>a^n rites of the Gaulish tribes occupying the Alps in the north of
Itioly and the pagan rites of our Celtic ancestors or predecessors who
[xi^tde the cup-markings so frequently found in Scotland. Thus this
ouicident tradition about the connection of a heel with cup-marking is
'-^ll worth thinking over carefully; though it is not improbable that
ft ^ ^«vhole subject belongs to the pre-Celtic period, and that the tradition
o£ modem invention.
11^ "wiU be seen from the rubbing that there are not rings round any of
3 C5iip8. It may be added that I could not find any sign of tool
x-k^. The cup-marked surface of the rock looked weather-worn to a
:Mr^^ -which indicated great antiquity; but if any sharp tool had been
d, tliere would have been marks in some of the cups. They were,
cioTibt, produced by the rapid rotation of some blunt instrument, of
3.^ ^yx' even of hard wood, with the assistance of sharp sand.
300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
NOTICE OF A PECULIAR STONE CROSS, FOUND ON THE FARM OF
CAIRN, PARISH OF NEW CUMNOCK, UPPER NITHSDALE. By Rev.
KIRKWOOD HEWAT, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., Prestwick.
My attention having l>een called some time ago to a peculiarly shaped
stone cross found on the farm of Cairn in Upper Nithsdalc, I took the
opportunity, while at Sanquhar recently, to pay a visit to the farm, which
is situated some 9 miles from that town. The farm of Cairn, or, as it is
sometimes called, The Cairn, is in the parish of New Cumnock, some
3 miles from the village of that name which lies to the north, and some
4 miles distant from the village of Kirkconnel which lies to the south.
The farndiouse stands high and overlooks the River Nith. At a dis-
tance of 300 yards from the steading is the boundary between the
shires of Ayr and Dumfries, the same boundary wall or dyke dividing
the parish of Xow Cumnock from that of Kirkconnel ; while not very far
away on the other side of the Nith the parish of Auchinleck comes in.
The Cairn farm is on the; estate of the Manpiis of Bute, and the present
tenant is Mr James Stevenson, who received me very courteously and
gave me a consideval)le amount of information regarding his discovery of
the cross, which he values very highly. He told me that the Marquis of
JUite had been informed of the find, but had not been able as yet to
come and see it. He also told me that a gentleman from Carlisle hail
recently taken full-sized tracings of the stone, and that a stone mason,
who had examined it, liad n(j doubt that it was ancient and valuable.
The cross is not entire. Two portions have been found which may
amount to one-third of tlie cross as it stood in its entirety. Mr Steven-
son's story of tlio finding of tlio pieces is that about tbree years ago the
little stream, which flows past his farm, came down in exceptionally high
tlood, and, carrying away a considerable amount of soil, laid bare one of
the portions of the cross. This was pretty high up on the hillside. In
the haugh below, while some large stones were being removed to make
302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1900.
way for the plough, the other i>ortioii was discovered about the same
time. Doubtless in some previous floo<l (or in the same flood) it had
been carried down the stream.
The two portions of the cross thus found are apparently the base of
the shaft and one of the arms. The base of the shaft measures 22 inches
in height by 15 inches in breadth and 6 J inches in thickness. The front
(fig. 1) is ornamented with an interlaced pattern which has doubtless
extended all the way up to the head of the cross. The lower part of the
shaft is plain, the ornament beginning about 9 inches from the bottom,
this part having been probably sunk in a socket. The sculpture is in-
cised, the background of the panel and the spaces between the strands of
the interlaced-work being merely picked out with a pointed tool, and the
pattern thus left in semi-relief. The pattern is an interlacement of two
strands, each strand duplicated by a line along the middle, with a loop at
the bottom, and rings interlaced round each crossing of the strands up-
wards. Tlie photograph fails to show the pattern of the reverse face
clearly, but it seems to have a square of four triangles, made by double
diagonals interlacing in triangular loops at the lx)ttom, and over that an
interlacing pattern of double triangular knots facing to right and left.
The edges of the cross-shaft have each a simple plait of two undivided
strands running upwards from a square-ended loop at the bottom.
The arm (fig. 2) shows a rope moulding round the margin on lx)tli
sides, the obverse and reverse faces having each a double triangular loop
of interlacement of two strands not divided along the middle.
If the arm and shaft are parts of the same cross, it must have been a
cross of the form which ha.s a large shaft carrying a proportionally small-
sized and ccpial-arnied cross-head of the sections found.
But how came such a cross to be in this part of the country ? Tradi-
tion siiys tliat a cliapcl, <»r religious house, stood where the larger portion
of the cross was found. At New Cumnock, 3 miles further up the Nith,
tlnTo stands tlie ruins (^f a pr(;-K(;forniation church, and near Kirkconnel,
4 miles further down the rivur, there are the ruins of another pre-Refor-
mation church. Stuart, in the second volume of the Sculptured Stones of
PECULIAR STONE CROSS FOUND IN UPPER NITHSDALE,
303
SroUand, figures 21 erass-slab with interkfed-work found near Mansfield
Iloustj, and the finding of this sculptured cross at Cairn shows that tliere
wen? ecdesiaaticid aitefl in the? district of older origiji than even these
ruined pre-Keformiitiuu chuR-lies. Possibly some pious monk or priest
cjf the aiirly Church, or some chief of the trilw&a owning the land heiT%
Fig. %, Arm of Croaa foumi at Cmrut Nuw Ctnunock, (From a photograph by
Mr J. Mafic WilsouO
may Imve set ix\t the cross to mark a siM^t a pee in Uy eacreil, or to mark
the lx)undary of duireh himb, or the limits of a Siinctuary girth. But
without theorising any further, we nuiy con duel e that tlicsc earvcil sUmes
]m¥e come down fix>ni a far remote past of wtiich we have now no other
recortl.
1
304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
Monday, 9^^ April 1900.
Mr THOMAS EOSS in the Chair.
A Ballot having l)een taken, the following Gentlemen were duly
elected Fellows : —
George Macdonald, M.A., 41 Lily bank Gardens, Glasgow.
Andrew Thomson, Glendinning Terraa*, Galashiels.
The following Donations to the ^luseum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By Rev. J. B. Mackenzie, F.S.A. Scot., Kenmore.
Large and tinely-shaped Axe of Greenstone, 11^ inches in length,
found among ruins at Risklmie, Colonsay, in 1864. [See the sul)sequent
Communication by Rev. J. B. Mackenzie.]
(2) By James Bruce, AV.S., F.S.A. Scot.
Perforated Hammer of greenstone, 3i inches in length by 1^ inches
in breadth and i\ inches in thickness, from Bisset Moss, Forgue, .Vber-
(leenshire. Pair of Barnacles, from Abenleenshire.
(3) By the Hon. Hew Hamilton Dalhymple, Vice-Presuhnt.
Portion of an Encaustic Tile, with horsemen in relief, from the
Dormitory, (Uenluce Abbey.
(4) By Rev. (;eor(;b C. 1>axteh, F.S.A Scot.
Cui)-marked Stone, from (lallowhill, Cargill, Perthsliirc. This fine
specimen of a cujvmarked stone has been described and figured by Rev.
Mr Baxter in the Prorcffh'iKjft^ vol. xxxi. p. 290.
(5) By the KxEcuToRs of Dr Joseph Stevens.
Parochial History of St Mary Bourne, Hants. By Joseph Stevens.
Imp. 8vo ; 1888.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 305
(6) By the Nurdihka Musbbt, Stockholm.
Publications of the Nordiska Museet, 1895-98.
(7) By the Authorities of the Museum, Sarajevo.
Wisscnschaftlichc Mittheilungen aus liosnicMi uiid der Heraegovina,
Vols, i.-vi.
(8) By Mrs Balfour, Balfour Castle, Shapinsay.
Ancient Orkney Melodies. Collected by Col. David Balfour, of
Balfour. 4to ; 1885.
(9) By Messrs Johnston <^- CIreig, the Publishers.
Shetland Folklore. By »7ohn Spence. 8vo ; Lerwick, 1899.
(10) By F. C. Keleh, the Author.
Reservation of the Holy Eucharist in the Scottish Church. 4to ;
1899.
(11) By the lion. John Abeucromhy, Vire-Presuhjif.
Catalogue of Antiquities in the Museum at Devizes. Part 1. 8vo ;
1896.
(12) By the Ix)rd Provost, Ma(;istrates, and Council.
City of Edinburgh Old Accounts, vols. i. and ii. 4to ; 1899.
(13) By 1). Eraser Harris, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
St Cecilia's Hall in the Niddry Wynd. 8vo ; 1899.
(14) By Rev. David Imrie, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
List of over 500 IWks, Pamphlets, etc., printed in Dunfermline from
1729 to 1894, now in the Library of the Dunfcjrmline Archncological
Society. 12mo ; 1894.
VOL. XXXIV. U
306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
(15) By the Keeper op the Records op Scotland.
The Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. ii.
Edited by Sir James Balfour l*aul, F.S.A. Scot., Lyon King-of-Arms.
There were Exliibited : —
(1) V>y the Most Hon. The Marquis of Bute, K.T., LKIX,
F.S.A. Scot.
A Collection of Carved Stones and other Objects found in excavations
at St Blane's Cliurch, Bute, with Illustrative Plans and Drawings. By
R. W. ScHULTZ. [See the subseijuent Communications by Dr Joseph
Anderson.]
(2) By Mr William Dunn, through Rev. J. B. Mackenzie, Ken-
more, F.S.A. Scot.
Small Stone Cup, 2^ inches in diameter by IJ inches in depth, with
remains of the handle at one side, ornamented with horizontal lines
round the circumference, and short vertical lines (m the lip and the
rounded edge of the bottom. It was found on the top of Schiliallion
in 1899, and is the property of Mr Dunn, factor to the Marquis of
Bn^adalbane. [See the sul^sec^uent Paper by ]{ev. J. B. ^lackenzie.]
The followiii<' Communications were read : —
OBJECTS FOUND AT ST BLANE'S CHUKCII, BUTE. 307
I.
DESCRIPTION OF A COLLECTION OF OBJECTS FOUND IN EXCAVATIONS
AT ST BLANE'S CHURCH, BUTE, EXHIBITED BY THE MARQUIS
OF BUTE. By JOSEPH ANDERSON LL.D., Assistant Secretary and
Keeper of the Museum,
St Blane's Church, in the parish of Kingarth, Bute, is now a roofless
ruin, consisting of nave and chancel, mostly of * Norman ' work, but partly
of inferior masonry and rubble work, which has been supposed by some
writers to be the remains of an older and ruder edifice, but is considered by
!Macgibbon and Ross to be due to a later reconstruction.^ St Blane, tlie
nephew of St Cathan of Kilchattan, and a contemporary of St Columba, is
chronicled in the Irisli Calendars as of Cengaradh (Kingarth) in Bute, and
the founder of the ecclesiastical settlement which bore his name there.
In 1896, in consequence of the serious disintegration of the building,
I^ord Bute gave instructions to Robert Weir Schultz, Architect, to have
the walls thoroughly examined and repaired. Some parts were so unsafe
that the only course possible was to take them down stone by stone and
rebuild them. In doing so some sculptured stones were found to have
been used in the foundations of the so-called * Norman * work ; and these
were taken out and preserved.
While the work at the church was in progress the attention of Lord
Bute was drawn by Mr Schultz to the remains of the thick wall of en-
closure of the precinct, locally known as *The Causeway,' and it was
resolved to try to trace it right round. On the south side no traces of it
were vi8i])le, and in digging trenches to discover the line of the wall, the
remains of a series of foundations of early dwellings were discovered, ex-
tending over a considerable area south of the churchyard and inside the
enclosing wall of the precinct. During the summer a considerable por-
* See Mr Galloway's accouut of St Blane's Church in the Archceohgia Scotica,
vol. V. p. 317 ; Bute in the Olden Time, by Rev. J. King Hewison, vol. i. ]>. 182 ;
and Macgibbon k Ross's Ecclesiastiad Architecture of Scotland, vol. i. p. 295.
308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
tion of the site was uncovered and the various objects which were found
are now described and illustrated. At the close of the season the work
was stopped, and the foundations again covered over. Lord Bute had
intended to examine the excavations and eventuaUy to explore the whole
site, but nothing further has been done.
The remains indicate that in all probability the original site has not
been changed. About 50 yards to the west of the church, a line of cliff
forming one side of the little valley runs nearly north and south, and
along its base is an irregidar talus of rocky fragments, mixed up with
which are here and there remains of rude dry-built walling, apparently
forming parts of roughly constructed chambers of irregular circular and
oblong forms. Nearly 100 yards to the north-west, and close under the
shelter of the cliff, is a larger dry-built structure much more solidly and
regiUarly built, consisting of a wall about 9 feet thick, enclosing an
approximately circular area of al)out 30 feet in diameter. The wall is still
complete in its inner circumference, rising to a height of from 2 or 3
feet to nearly 10 feet at the highest part, and showing an entrance at the
south-east side nejirly 4 feet wide at the outside, narrowing slightly
towards the inner side. A massive dry -built wall al)Out 4 to 5 feet thick
encloses the jirecinct, including the church and churchyanl as well as
the remains of dry-built constructions, and a considerable area around the
whole group. SUirting from the clilf a few yards to the north of the
circular structure, the enclosing wall keeps well out to the eastward of
the church till the space enclosed between it and the cliff reaches al)Out
150 yards in width, and then bends round to the south till it comes
towards the clifl' again, at a distance of fully 200 yards to the south of
the circular structure. The area enclosed is thus approximately half of an
oval of 200 yards by 150 yards bounded lengthways by the line of the clill*,
having the circular structure at the northern end, the cliurch and
churchyard near th(; niiddl(^, anil to tlie soutli of the churchyard a space
apparently unoccu[)icd. It was in this space Initween the southern
boundary of tlio churchyard and the line of the enclosing wall that the
princijKd part of the excavation was made.
OBJECTS FOUND AT ST BLANE^S CHURCH, BUTE. 309
The following is a detailed description of the objects found : —
Ovoid Pebble of quartzite, 4 inches in length by 1 J inches in breadth,
and about 1 inch in thickness, bcuiring marks of use at one end as a
lianimer-stone, and highly ix>lished by use as a burnisher on one of its
lliitter faces.
Oblong semi-ovoid l^ebble (fig. 1), of a reddish coloured clay-stone, 4
inches in length by li inches in breadth, and J inch in thickness,
flattened on one side by nse as a burnisher.
Oblong quadrangidar Whetstone or Burnisher of quartzite (fig. 2), 4J
inches in length by l\ inches in breadth, by 1 inch in thickness, the
ends beveUed off, the surfaces highly iM^lished by use.
Oblong quadrangular Whetstone of silicious sandstone (fig. 3), 5 inches
in length by \\ inches in breadth, and J inch in thickness, worn
flat on one face by use.
Oblong quadrangular Whetstone or Burnisher of hard micaceous clay-
stone (fig. 4), 5 J inches in length by 1 inch in breadth, and J inch
in thickness in the mid<lle of its length, tixpering to both ends, and
pierced at one end for suspension.
Oblong ovally rounded Pebble of greywacke (fig. 5), 3{ inches in
length by J inch in breadth, and § inch in thickness, slightly polished
on one face by use.
Oblong quadrangular AVlietstone or Burnisher of hard micaceous
claystone (fig. 6), 2| inches in length by | inch in breadth, and J inch
in thickness in the middle of its length, and tapering slightly to l)oth
ends. (Jn one side there is a groove as if by sharpening a wire or pin.
Broken ijortion of an oblong quadrangular Whetstone of hard
micaceous claystone, 2 inches in length by 1 inch in breadtli, and §
inch in tliickness, highly polished on all sides by use, and having at one
end the commencement of a hole for suspension.
Broken portion of an oblong quadrangular Whetstc^ie of silicious
sandstone, 2 inches in length by 2 inches in breadth, and 1| inches in
thickness, highly polished on all four sides by use.
Portion of a Polishing Slab of red sandstone, 5 inches in length by
30G rKOCKEi^i^^'-
XUeve were Kxl""'
(1) I'.y l^"' ^•
F.S.A.-
at St VAMii-- t 1
Amlorson.l
(2) l-> '■
Snuill S.
in \^''-
T'
I I
OBJECTS FOUND AT ST BLANE'S CHURCH, BUTE. 311
3 J inclies in breadth, and l\ inches in thickness, with three grooves
less than \ inch in width and depth on its upper surface made hy point-
sharpening.
Whorl of steatitic stone, IJ inches in diameter, and | inch in depth,
with a central hole for the spindle, J inch in diameter.
Portion of a Mould of sandstone, measuring 2 inches in length by 1 J
inches in breadth, and 1 inch in thickness, having on one face part of
a mould for ingots, J inch in width, and ^ inch in depth, and on the
other face two moulds for circular objects, partly broken away.
Portion of an Armlet of jet, alK)ut 2 J inches in diameter, the interior
surface flattened, the exterior rounded.
Portion of a roughly-shaped and flattened King of shale or cannel
coal, apparently in course of being made into an annlet.
Five portions of similar roughly-shaped and flattened Rings of shale
or cannel coal, varying from 1 inch to J inch in the width of the
band of the ring, and apparently in course of being made into amdets.
A complete Ring of shale or cannel coal, 3 j inches in diameter, and
J inch in thickness, flattened on both faces, and roughly rounded on
the outside edge, having also a perforation 1^ inches in diameter,
roughly cut through the centre from l)oth lines, with an incised line cut
round it at a distance of i inch, so as to extend the aperture to a
diameter of 2 inches, thus indicating the mode in which these armlets
were fashioned out of the rough shale.
Piece of rough shale, unshaped, but with a circular button-like piece,
IJ inches diameter, and nearly i inch in thickness scooped out of the
centre, and a circular hole bored in the middle of the scooped out hollow,
apparently in process of fonnation into an armlet.
Two of the irregularly rounded button- shaped pieces, scoojied from
pieces of shale like the one last described.
Small Ring of shale, 1 J inches in diameter, and J inch in thickness,
with a central perforation j; inch in diameter.
Thin splinter of shale, nearly 1 J inches sijuare, with an incised cross
on one side, and on the other the letters J) A (see figs. 7 and 8).
OBJECTS FOUND AT ST BLANE's CHURCH, BUTE. 313
Triivugular portion of slate, 5 inches in length by 3 inches in breadth,
covered on both sides with rudely scratclied scrolls. On one side there
are also a number of letters in old Irish script. (See figs. 9 and 10.)
riece of slate (fig. 11), measuring 5| inches by 4 inches, having rudely
scratched on one side a number of letters in old Irish script.
Piece of slate, having a peg hole through it, and one edge trimmed,
and on one side, between the peg hole and the upper margin, a pattern
of Celtic knot- work ^ rudely scratched in the surface (see fig. 12).
Piece of slate of triangular form, 4 J inches in length by 3 inches in
grcat(»st breadth, having on one side a small sfjuare panel of Celtic
knot-work, and alongside of it a letter or monogram with one leg
lengthened, and terminating in a beast's head (see fig. 13).
Piece of slate of irregular form, 3 inches in length by 2 inches in
l)readth, with a figure of an animal rudely scratched on one side (see
fig. U).
Piece of slate of irregular form, 7 inches in length by 3 inches in
greatest breadth, having on one side the rudely scratched figure of a
running dog (?), and on the other side a stag hunt, with a single dog
following the stag (see figs. 15 and 16).
A roofing slate, entire, of coarser texture than the foregoing fragments,
measuring 13 inches by 5 inches, and i inch in thickness, with a peg
hole J inch in diameter in the middle of the breadth, and 2 inches
from the top of the slate. A series of 19 lines radiate from the hole at
irregular distances, meeting an arc of a circle on the lower part about
3 inches from the hole.
Piece of a circular (Jrindstone of red sandstone, 8 inches along the
* There is in tlie British Museum a *'flat piece of slate of irregular form found
alx)ut 1830 at Kilaloe, Limerick, during excavations for a public work. On both
8i<les were sculptured intricAte interlaced patterns, consisting of animals and other
ornainents, in the style which prevailed in Ireland durin>( the eleventh and twelfth
centuries." It was supposed to have been used by some sculptor or metal worker to
trace out patterns which he intende<l to execute. Proc. of the Soc. Anf. Londmi^
vol. iv. (1858) p. 171. Sec also a similar piece of slate, with interlaced patterns
and rude spirals, found in a craunog near Clones. Journal of the Royal Society of
AntiquarUs of Irclnml, vol. xxx. p. 210.
316
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
curve, 5 inches in diameter, and 3 inches thick, which has been much
used for grinding and point-sharpening.
Quadrangular piece of sandstone, 5 inches in length by 4 inches in
breadth, by 2 J inches in tliickness, the edges much grooved by poiiitr
sharpening.
Portions of a large Vessel of reddish pottery, 6 inches in diameter,
Fig. 17. rortioii of Cross-shaft of sandstone. (J.)
tlic sides almost cylindrical, and covered inside and out with a black
glaze. One portion sliows a part of the lip. It hiis a heavy doubhi
moulding 1 inch in dopth, and a flat brim fully 1 inch in width, which
shows the brick-liko. colour and texture of the iwvste.
Portions of Water-jars of reddish ware with a greenish glaze; of two
small Crucihles ; and of horns of the red deer and roe deer.
The following is a description of sculptured stones at St Blanc's, of
OBJECTS FOUND AT ST BLANE'S CHURCH, BUTE. 317
which drawings were also exhibited. Those represented in figs. 17, 18,
25, 26, 27, and 29 were found during the repairs on the church. The
others were previously known.
Portion of Cross-shaft of red sandstone (fig. 17), 9 inches in length by
4 J inches in breadth, and 2 inches in thickness, having on both faces a
pattern of interlaced work. Found in the north wall of the church.
Portions of Cross-shaft of sandstone (fig. 18), 2 feet 2 inches in length
by llj inches in width, having on one side an angular pattern of inter-
laced work of four strands ending in circular loops. Found in the
north wall of the church.
Grave-slab (fig. 19), 6 feet 10 inches in length by 2 feet 10 inches in
breadth, bearing on the upper part a cross forme<l of interlinked oval
rings, with tenuinals of Staftbrd-knots, and a central boss with four
smaller bosses in the intei'stices.
Headstone (fig. 20), being a cross with ])Iain shaft and a circular head,
the cross-form defined l)y four oval sinkings.
Tliree circular Cross-heads (figs. 21, 22, and 23) wanting shafts, the
cross-form defined by four oval sinkings.
Cross-head of circuLir form, showing part of the shaft, the cross-shape
resembling a wheel with four spokes (fig. 24), and having a diamond-
shaped l)oss in the centre.
Portion of Slab, 2 feet 6 inches in length by 13 inches in breadth
(fig. 25), having on one side a plain Latin Cross with double incised
outlines. Found in the north wall of the church.
Portion, probably of the shaft of a cross, 1 f<x)t 8 inches in length by
13 inches in breadth, having on one side (fig. 26) a man on horseback,
and on the other (fig. 27) a rude figure of a man armed with a short
sword, and having in his right hand a spear, and in the left a small
circular target or shield. Found in the north wall of the church.
Grave slab (fig. 28), 3 feet 8 inches in length, 12 inches in breadth at
the head, tapering to 9 inches at the foot, having a defaced panel in the
middle, with a pair of shears at one side, and two panels at the ends with
oval rings intersecting diagonally.
9f
i
//' '/
■/■'',■
I at St \',\m.'' C. .; . ■:.'-. :■....
k iiiY\i.lA v.- M- .'. V.'. -.;. . './,
J
I :
322
PKnCKEiaNCtS OF THE SOCIKTV, APlUt- fl, 1900.
Large ti rave-slat", lirokou ncrciis the luithlle, 5 feet in len^tli hy 1 foot
3 indies ill lireadtli at the on els, having circles nf 6 iuelitis diiuat^ttiT at
each of the fuur (^omers. The surfaee tif the slab (tig. 29) m fUvji{«}
into three paneli^. In the upper yutuei is a Celtic Crijss iiiciaeil, li.iviii|;
a circle connecting the ^mn^ sli^tft, mid summit ; on either siide itt
shaft tlie space ntukr th*^ armn h HUed with lines, which set^m tu 1
intended to outline n pattern of angular iuterbced work^ though the
strands do Tiot iuterlacc i
a pattern of fivtwi^rk, *" ;
in tliree of which the ornamcin; ih
obloug aiul i.>oiuteil riu^s
space iMween tlie eJirlcK ai
incited eroasess of aimjile short li
other vertically.
Portion of a Slah (fig.
breadth, having in a ]Ninei on
a helmet and ^i^ear, the poitu
fore legs, A j martially di
flight, appean* ht^lore the face ul
dlo panel there i:^ a suggi^ation *jI
I »an e 1 i h d i v iiled i n to four q oar t*« m,
£ai;*^d, while the fourth ^howis two
idiagoual interbceinent In %\m
md iKitttjm of the skli are plain
\w one cHJJSi^iin^^ ol»litiuely tuid tlie
iuehes in length by 10 J inche* in
>er part a figure of a horsemau witli
s[jejir !i PI waring between th*5 ht>r»e'e
e, suggeetive^ perhaps, of a liinl iii
hoi^iuiku. ITmienienth is atiofcher
panel, tilled with liiagonal ciiequera with a dot in the centre of eadu
Portion of a Cross-shaft with semicircular iioUowe at th« ititejs*ecti*mi
(ti^r 31), tljc arms and t^unimit broken nwny, a boss in the eentn* *»f iV
uj>per part, a murginid border of lines crossing ea(4i other diagoniilly, ^^
on the lower |>art the figure of a nondescript aninml, with tlefaeed Oi||^tii#
over it,
(Intvo-slah (fig 32), 6 feet 4 inche^s in length hy i^Ti hiclic* in htT-a^Uli
at the top, uu<l 22 inches nt the foot, having in tliu upper pail a i^n^
18 inches scpiare, sulMlivided intij four squares, in each of vthi^
two iival interlinked rings, placed iU^igonally with ii duunn
in the centre.
Gmve-Blub (% 33), 4 feet in lengtli by 21 ijieh*,-
figure of 0 broadd>lade4 ^wonl 30 inches in Imijk'th,
guanl and yhdvuhir ponnneb
324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
Grave-slab (fig. 34), 5 feet 10 inches in length, but imperfect at the
lower end, 1 1 inches in width at the head, tapering to 9 inches at the
foot, the edges bevelled and ornamented with a chevrony running
pattern, on the lower jmrt a square figure with triangular ornament
round the margin, over that a pair of shears, and over that, occupying
four-fifths of the length of the stone, a stem with alternating branches,
all set at the same angle and each terminating in a quadrilobate leaf.
Over this branching stem is a circular interlacement of four oval rings
with a geometrical quatre-foil, the whole forming a symbolic cross with
a circular head, in the manner frequently seen on the grave-slalxs of the
West Highlands of 13th century or later.
Fip;. 36. Book-clasp of Brass.
Grave-slal) (fig. 35), 6 feet 4 inches in length by 1 foot 9 inches in
breadth at the t<»p, and 1 foot 6 inches at the foot, having in the upper
])art a panel 16 inches sfpiare, sub-divided into four squares like the last,
in each of which are two oval interlinked rings placed diagonally, with a
diamond-shaped boss in tlie centre. The rest of the stone seems to have
been covered with foliaccous ornamentation.
Not the least intens^ting among tlie many relics recovered during the
l)r()gress of i\n* excavations is the book-clasp of brass, here figured
(fig. 3G) of tlie actual size. It measures 1 J inches in length by ^ inches
in breadth, thus indicating a volume of considerable thickness. The
OBJECTS FOUND AT ST BLANE*S CHURCH, BUTE. 325
ornamentation, which consists of a scroll of foliage, prettily arranged,
with an oval in the centre enclosing a peculiarly shaped cross fitchee,
seems to indicate a date somewhat later than the majority of the other
articles found.
II.
NOTES ON SOME CUP-MARKED STONES AND ROCKS NEAR KENMORE,
AND THEIR FOLKLORE. By Rev. J. B. MACKENZIE, F.S.A. Scot.,
Kenmore.
In the Proceedings (vol. xxix. p. 94), I have described a remarkable
cup- and ring-marked boulder discovered in 1894, on the slope of the hill-
side of the Braes of Balloch, a little more than 1000 feet above sea-
level, and about a quarter of a mile to the east of the house at Tombuie.
Its precise situation is about 100 yards to the south of the fence which
separates the arable land from that portion which was partly arable,
but mostly moorland pasture, and witliin a few yards of the old road
from the arable land to the liill. The boulder, which is about 4 feet in
length, and the same in breadth, is of a hard, coarse schist, presenting
a fairly level surface, which is almost completely covered with boldly
marked sculpturings of concentric circles surrounding small central cups.
The manner in which they have been pecked out by a pointed instrument
is clearly visible even in the small-sized photograph, of which a reproduc-
tion is here given (fig. 1) from the previous volume of the Proceedings,
Since then I have frequently visited the site of the boulder, and
examined its neighbourhood, because 1 felt sure that it must be associ-
ated with something older if I could but light ujK)n it ; but it was only
this summer that I found at least a portion of what I expected. Not
far from the boulder, on the toj) of a knoll, the rock comes to the surface,
and here I found two rows of cups of the ordinary plain pattern (fig. 2),
deep, large, and well marked, ])ut without enclosing circles. It was only
by peeling off the turf which had almost covered the flat rock surface
326 PKOCEEDlKGa OF THE StXIETY, ArUlL \\ 1900.
Ftg. 1. Bouhlei with tn)>- euuI riii^ muikiii^Hj <jii Him^^ of Ballots b«
From u photo^rnijih l>y Rev. J. B» Maeken/ie.
Fig. 2. Two 1-0 via of ciijwi in n imV-aurfRCP mi Braes of Ballocli*
From a pUotojjrajib by Rev. 4. H. Mackenzie,
CUP-MARKEIi STONRS AND ROCKS NEAR K.ENMORK. 327
"t; hat I camt.» \i\\on them, lii the one I'ow tliere are four cnpa, and in the
« '■ther five. From these cups the seuljitured bouMev is distant 80 feet
T^} the aouth-wost, and the ruin of a l>eehive-slia|Kjd huikling 300 feet
£90uth. The latter is not nearly so j>erfect as when I first saw it. The
^rabbits have taken up their abode among the rubbisli, and in digging
"^em out many of the stones have Iwen displaced from their former and
sipparently original position.
These rock cups appear decidedly morc^ ancient than anything on the
lK>alder which I have pre>'iously described. The sculpture on its upjK»r
3)ortion seems more archaic in cliaracter than those further down, while
lowest of all, and apiwirently unconnected witli what is above, there is
a symbol which is often introduced among sculptures of thi» Christian
period. The work done on the lower lialf of tlie stone is almost as fresh
08 when newly executed, and shows quite distinctly the marks of the
UxA used. A tool like the iiifKlern granite pick would leave marks of
a similar kind. This {K)rtion is thus distinct, because soon after it was
iinished it got covered up by the soil as it is now. One cannot look at
it without asking oneself: How came it alnrnt that this lalwrious work
is no sooner finished than it is al)andoned ? War or some such catas-
trophe dispersing the trilxi may have been the cause ; but 1 rather incline
to the opinion that it was the advent of Christianity which led to the
abandonment of the old high place, and to the building, in its stead, of
a Christian church on Sybilla's Isle in the lake IkjIow. The old high
place is now lonely enough on the edge of the heathery moor, but it
was not so in even comjMiratively motleni times. On all sides you see
the ruins of hamlets and wide traces of formcjr cultivation. Then, also,
till quite recent times, the main road from Crielf to the far highlands
passed it closely by.^ After this the old road went on past the circles of
upright stones at Croftmorsig,- and at that point entered what is
* It is from this 8iK)t that Sir Walter Scott, in The Fair Maul of Pert h^ makes the
Glover get liia first view of Loch Tay.
* These are figured at p. 356 of vol. xxiii. of the I*ro<:e€di7i(js, Most likely they
are moonmeDtal, but no one &in say, till the spade is freely used in its exidoratiou.
The name means the Croft of the littlo priuccss, and (toints that way.
\
328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
now tlie park of Taymouth Castle, and crossed the Tay at the ferry
of Muttonhole, a little ahove the present New Hall Bridge. Further
on, it passed another group of standing stones, five of which are still
erect, before it crossed the Lyon and merged into the present liighway.
But to return to our high place, not only is it central among the
mountains of the district, but it was the centre round which the native
spirits of the old mythology grouped. The only one of the seven chief
ones whose place of abode is not in full view is " Kelpidh," called " Kel-
pidh an sput " (Kelpie of the waterfall), and it is just round the comer.
Kelpidli was the spirit of the raging flood, and when things were going
quietly abode among the waterfalls of the Moness Bum, issuing forth
in gleeful triumph when the floods were high, and sweeping away flocks
and crops and the alx)des of men — if themselves, so much the better.
She was not truly malevolent, only glad when her work was
prospering.
The next spirit was " Brounaidh an eilan " (Brownie of the Island).
In some parts of the country he is more commonly known as " Ourisk."
His passion was for work, and it was always much easier to set him
agoing than to stop him. Any work which seemed of human origin,
yet which appeared altogether too stupendous for mere human
labour to eff'ect, was ascribed to him. Here he is located on Sybilla's
Isle.i
The next spirit was " I^rg luath na Leitir " (swift footprint of the
Leitir). Leitir is the name of the wind-swept slope of Drummond
^ This island, on which there are the ruins of the well-known monastery, is about
100 yards from the shore of the lake. When the lake is at its lowest this channel
is not more tlian about a foot deep. The island is on the outer edge of a sandbank,
and about an acre in extent. About fifteen years ago, a large portion of the island
was levelled and cleared of rubbish. The workmen having slightly miscalculated their
level, opened up two or three pits down to the level of the lake, filling them up with
stones and using the soil for surfacing. I was often on the spot and saw that tbey
nowhere came to any natural layer of gravel or sand : all was artificial. From tliis
I felt satisfied that the whole island was artificial, probably at first only a lake-
dwelling of the ordinary type, but extended from time to time as it grew in import-
ance and more space was reiiuired. In locating "Brounaidh** here there seems to
bo preserved a tradition of its artificial character.
CUP-MARKED STONES AND ROCKS NEAR KEXMORE. 329
facing the island and the lake. Here was the special home of the
wind.
The next spirit was " Trusdar Fhartingall " (the rascal of Fortingall).
This spirit is our modern devil, and why he is located at Fortingall I
have never heard. ^
The next spirit is " Paterlan na Fhearnan " (I'aterlan of Feaman).
His special abode was Alt Phaderlidh, a wild mountain stream a little
to the west of Fearnan. I have never been able to ascertain what were
his characteristics beyond having some connection with rain and snow.
Neither can I make out his identity with any of the ordinary spirits of
mythology.
The next spirit was " Sligeachan a Bhlarmlioir " (Scales of Blairmore).
His abode was among the waterfalls (near the lake on the farm of Blair-
more), on a stream which issues full grown from a rock half-way up Ben
Lawers, and rushes straight and foaming to tlie lake beneath. He was
undoubtedly the Dragon of mythology and exercised the usual functions
of a dragon.^
The seventh and last was Fuadh Corry nan ghaimhne (hatred of the
corry of the deer stirks). He was the spirit of cold (fuachd), and was
much feared. In Gaelic there is a play upon the words for hatred and
cold, so that at times one hears him called Fuachd Corry nan ghaimhne.
The former is, however, his correct designation. I have not been able
* I have, however, sometimes heard him called ** Truis du " (black trousers). It
may be but another way of referring to the same gentleman in black, but more
likely a mere accidental corruption. It surely cannot have been with any intention
of getting rid of the old gentleman, for a district which prides itself on being the
birthplace of Pontius Pilate would certainly conserve its interest in black Donald.
^ Although the dragon had his lair among the water&Us of this stream, they were
not his work, as those on the Moness Burn, where she abode, were the work of
Kelpie. These are in Gaelic called *' Obair phealidh " ( Al>erfeldy), the ivork of Kelpie.
Neither had he anything to do with the remarkable spring whence it issues. It was
under the guardianship of '* Cailleach bhere'* (the old lady of the thunderbolt) — a
very subordinate spirit with no initiative power as the seven hatl. She had merely
the delegated duty of covering up the spring at sunset. On one occasion she failed
to do so (being tired with hunting she fell asleep), when it burst out, and before it
could be checked by the returning sun it had dug out and formed Loch Tay.
330 PROCEEDINOS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, IfiOO.
to asc<Ttaiii the oxact iKxsition of tlie Corrj which was his chosen home.
The wliolo of this district was aiicieiitl}' a r<\yal deer forest, and it must
liav('< Ikhmi souk? sixjcially cold ami dismal glen to which the young deer
W(?re driven by the older and stronger.
Many ages nnist have elapsed since the ideas represented by these
IH^pular myths were re^d here in the lives of men and women like
ourselves.
l>ut to r(»turn to the sj)ot from which I have been looking at the cup
marks at my feet, I am struck with the extreme scarcity of any real
tradition regar<ling them. Only once do 1 rememlier hearing anything
genuine. Tiu^re had lH?en a gotxl deal of illness in some miserable old
hous(»s where I was visiting, and in s|>eaking to an old man a1)out it, 1
expH'sscd my wonder that the j>eople did not remove some boulders
which obstructed the light of the small windows, and the drainage about
the dooi-s ; and a<lile<l, that it couhl easily \ye done and would make the
houses more healthy. No doubt it would, he agreed, but then it would
not do to destroy these old worship stones (clachain Aoraidh). He said
that there had l>een one near his own door which was very much in the
way, but that he had, with great lalnmr, dug a hole into which he had
let it «lroj> and covered it up, for it would never do to incur the anger
of the spiritual beings by breaking it up. This was more than thirty
y«'ars ago. The iKuddcrs seemed to me natural and of no significance;
l»ut my attention In'ing thus called to them I found similar stones at
almost every old house or site — many of them, undoubtedly, placed
tlu-re of intention. Some of them hail cup marks, but on many 1 could
liiid none. I aisn found that any sort of hollow in a stone, even when it
siM-nu'd to me natural, wa< sutlieient to give it a sacreil character; and
tliat anuu' nf these stones wei*e undoubte<lIy ancient boundary mark^
wliile ntluTs lia«l K»en used in the pre|xiration of food stuffs. AH have
.1 rcrtain mystery aUnit them, and several still preserve around then
traditions of i]w [H^i^^ssion of su|ieniatura] powers.
So till as I have examined them, these stone^MM to ftll into tbnt;
CUP-MARKED STONES AND ROCKS NEAR KENMORE. 331
Tlie first group consists of the rock cut cups, often single, but more
generally in groups, with at times (piite an elaborate arrangement of
cirttles and connecting channels. The meaning of these is very obscure.
Nothing which 1 havci ever liwircl seemed authentic or simple enough —
very sim[)le the ideas must have been, or they wouhl never have been
so common or wide-spread.
In the second group, the stones present a natuml hollow, smoothed and
shaped a little by art. This fonn may have been used, among other pur-
jxises, for the ix)unding and rubbing down of grains before the invention
nf the cpiern.
The third group, which is almost certainly of later date, comprises the
entindy artificial stone cups (smidl ones are oft(*n called elf cups) and the
y^tone basins used for the manufacture of pot barley.
The hist two groups have generally some tradition associated with them.
Many of these have been collected. They most fre<piently relate to the
jKDwer of curing different kinds of diseases possessed by them. This, how-
ever, was not by any means their only power. There is one belonging to
the second group, in a rock near Scallasaig in Colonsay, and the tradi-
tion with regard to it is, that by means of it the chief of the MThees
could get south wind when he chose. Hence it is called "Tobar na
gaoith deas " (the well of the south wind). One of the third group is
at Riskbuie, also in Colonsay, near the ruins of an ancient ecclesiastical
building. Nothing now remains but a heap of rubbish with no history,
yet at one time it must have been of considerable importance. Over a
well quite close to it I found more than thirty years ago as a roofing slab,
a stone with a well-cut sculptured figure, which some have supposed to
be of Christian origin, and others to be a representation of Thor and his
hammer. It is figured at p. 121 of vol. xv. of the Proceedings, I was
also told of another sculptured stone which hiul been taken from this
ruin, and built into one of the ohl cottages in the vicinity. It was
known as "iomhaigh na leasg" (the image of laziness). There was a
well-known stone called by this same name in the Castle of Carnassary
near Kilmartin. I once hunted it up and found it in a rockery, in the
332
PKOCEKDIKGS OF THE 80CIKTV, AmiL W, 1900,
neglected giYjund& of tlie old mansion-house of Largie. It had appiirently
been ft gni'goyle, and prtjliably tli© one at Riikhuie may have once served
tli« same useful piirjjo&e.
Among the ruins at Eiskbuio, au<l lying on the surface, I found, in 1869,
a fine atono celt (lig, 3), which I liave now presented to the National
Fig. 3. StoEiD Axe from Kiskbnie, Qolun^ay. (|. )
Museum as an exceedin^^ly iuteresting example, hotli on account of itg
mzB and its iiei-uhar shaiw. It \a of greenstonej 11^ incht»a in length by
4J inches across the cutting face, the edge of which is romided, and
slightly expanded beyond the width of the body of the implement,
CUP-MARKED STONES AND ROCKS NEAR KENMORE. 333
which is almost circular in section in the middle of its length, tapering
to a conically-i)ointed butt. The surface is not polished, but bears the
marks of picking all over it, as if it had been reduced to shape by this
process.
Another of this tliird group is at Kilchattan, also in Colonsay. Like
the one at Riskbuie it is of the pot barley type, and cut out of the solid
rock. It is near the ruins of the Church of St Chattan, and of the house
of the chief of M*Mhurich (Currie), who owned this portion of the island.
His house was called "Tigh an torn dreis" (Bramble Knoll House), and
according to highland custom he himself was generally known as "fear
an torn dreis." As chief of the more fertile moiety of the island,
M*Mhuri(!h was, of course, a much greater man than MTlieeat Scallasaig.
If MThee could get south wind, M*Mhurich could by means of his rock-
basin get any wind he liked. The basin was called " Cuidh Chattain."
It is quite a mistake to say, iis I have heard at times said, that any
Currie could operate the well. It was only " fear an tom dreis " himself
who could do it. He could get the wind to blow from any quarter he
wished, by the simple expedient of clearing out any rubbish which it
might contain on to the side from which the wind was desired. It was
sure to come and blow it back again into the Imsin.^
According to Adamnan, St Columba did not even need to change the
wind, but showed his superior power by sailing rapidly in his boat on Loch
Ness, against the strong adverse wind which the Druid Broichan had
raised.
Before passing from the subject of rock basins and cups, I may mention
as bearing on the subject a tradition which I heard from my friend. Rev.
J. M*Lean of Grantully. We were about half-way up Glenlyon, when
he pointed out to me some isolated patches of rock by the road side,
remarking that they indicated the limit to which the plague had reached
' Originally I am persuaded it was not any accidental rubbish which was cleared
out, but (with undoubtedly certain ai»j)roi)riate ceremonies) the ofFering of food to
the supernatural powers, which had been left in the basin when last used for its
primary purpose of making i)ot barley.
334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
in the glen ; St Adamnan, it seems, stayed its further progress by boring a
hole in one of these rocks — catching the plague and stopping it up in the
hole. In the time at my disposal 1 could not find on any of the rocks
any artificial markings which might have started tliis tradition.
A short time ago, ^Ir Dunn, factor to the Marquis of Breadalbane,
showed me a small stone cup (fig. 4), a regular elf cup in the popular
estimation, which was recently found by a shepherd close to a sheep-path
near the top of Schihallion. It is of very hard stone, with a simple orna-
Fig. 4. Stono Cup found on Schihallion.
mental pattern running round the outside. At one point there is a
projection wliich looks like the remains of a handle. There is no jmssible
natural use, of which I can think, which could induce any one to carry
sucli a vessel to near the top of a very high hill. It must surely have
been in connection with the idciis wliich they entertained of the super-
natural, that our remote ancestors were impelled to cut out these cuj>s in
the rocks, ])Iace them in their graves, and carry tliem up to the high
places of the earth. What were tliese ideas?
ROCK-BASINS, ETC., CASUALLY MET WITH IN INDIA. 335
III.
NOTES ON SOME ROCK-BASINS, CUP -AND RINGMARKED STONES,
AND ARCHAIC CUSTOMS CASUALLY MET WITH IN INDIA. By
Captain J. H. ANDERSON, F.S.A.Scot.
Rock-Basins. — At a camp in the hills about 70 miles north of Rani-
khet, I found a rock with several l)eautifully-rounded " pits " or " rock-
basins," about 6 J inches in diameter and 6 inches deep. None of the
other rocks were marke<l in any way, and as this occurred at the junction
oi two streams (always more or less a sacred spot to Hindus), I came to
the conclusion that there might be some similarity l)etween these " pits "
and the Scotch cup-marked rocks. But alx)ut 30 miles further on, 1
found other pits of the same kind, which required no theoretical explana-
tion, because I found them in use. They were simply a kind of primitive
mortars for shelling rice. The rice is put into the rock-basin, and is
pounded and worked round by an iron shod beam about 3 inches in
diameter and 6 feet long. Afterwards I found many more of these
mills in use, and, on my return journey, found the old foundations of
several huts, that I had not ol>served at my first inspection, hidden in
the brushwood close to the original pit-marked rock.
Ring-Marked Stones without Cenlral Cujys. — In a Hindoo temple
inclosure near Dwarahat, a small town about 13 J miles north
of Kimikhet, in the province of Kumaon, I found a stone with
two concentric rings, incised, to the depth of about half an inch,
• the channels being a little wider than their depth. The inner circle
was 23 inches in diameter, tlie outer circle 6J inches in iliameter, and
from it there proceeiled a "duct" 11^ inches in length. The stone is a
slab al)out 23| inches by 17 inches, and is lying face uppennost on a
j)il<' of loosely built up stones, and is very much weathered. The
inclosure contains numerous stones more or less ciirved, chiefly of the
usual Phallic types, but there are only two othei-s, broken and very
much defaced, which at all resemble this one.
336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
In the Terai near the Hundspoor camping ground, about 18 miles due
east of Huldwani, I found another stone with a single ring incised, the
channel being about | of an inch in depth and J an inch in width, and
the interior diameter or space enclosed by the ring 1 inch in diameter.
From this ring tliere proceeded a " duct " 8 inches in length. The whole
was surrounded by an oval channel of about f inch in width, narrowing
towards tlie outer end of the " duct." There is no temple or any other
carved stone in the neighbourhood. The stone was propped up against
a tree, and is evidently still held in veneration, as there were numeroiLs
rags and threads tied to the branches of a tree close by. The few native
cowherds who live near for a few months in the cold weather professed
to know nothing about it.
Though I examined many stones, more or less carved, over a very
wide area, these are the only ones I found presenting these particular
patterns.
^^Dug-Out" Canoes, — On the Sarda River, which for part of its course
forms the boundary between Nepaul and British India, I found numerous
(lug-out canoes in use.
One I examined, in the neighbourhood of Tanackpur, was about 36
feet long, 2 feet wide, and over 18 inches in depth. Both ends
were neatly rounded, and tapered oft' from underneath. It was made
out of a single log, and I was told was hollowed out and shaj>ed entirely
with the ordinary native axe.
I imderstand that when the river is in flood, two of these canoes arc
lashed several feet a})art by bamboos at the bows and stern.
The canoes are propelled by long poles in shallow water, and by
paddles in the Canadian fashion in deej) water.
In this ncighbourhuud (Tanackpur), I found the natives storing their
grain in large vessels often 4 feet high. These vessels are constructed of
onlinary basketwork, covormI with slime (mud), and then dried in the .sun.
FishiiKj. — Abuiit 20 miles south of Tanackjjur, in the Chouka River, a
triVnitary of the Sarda River, a sluggish stream with large weed-covered
pools, the native method of fishing is curious.
ARCHAIC CUSTOMS CASUALLY MET WITH IN INDIA. 337
A small erection of piles is made in the i)ool, just far enough out to
emible a man to wade out to it waist-deep. The fisherman sits, or rather
squats, on the pile erection, and has at his right side, floating on the
water, alxiut a dozen lengths of thin ])amlK)<)s, roughly shaped at the ends
to allow of their l>eing jointed into wich other.
The hook is baited with a paste of coarse flour. The line fixed to the
end of the first bam]x)0 length allowing al>out 4 feet of free line, the
remainder of the line is coiled up on the seat l)eside him. This first
length of l)aml)oo is now pushed out and rested on top of the thick bed
of weeds. Another length of himhoo is jointed on and jmshed out and
so on till the made up ro<l measures 45 t<» 50 feet, al)out 4 feet of the
first point projecting btiyond the weed lied, thus allowing the sj)are end
of the line and the hook to Ikj susi)ended in the open water on the far
side of the weeds. Pei'sonally, I never saw any fish caught, hut was told
tliat they were frequently up to alxKit 2 feet long; and that when
hooked they were simply hauletl in over th<^ weeds — the line being pulled
in and coiled with the left hand, while the right hand disjointed the rotl
as it came back, the joints Ixjing allowed to float in the water close at
hand and ready to be used again in making up the rod.
Methods of itnarinf/ mid animals. — When on a shooting trip in March
1 900, on the borders of the liickaneer Desert, 1 found the natives snar-
ing black buck and chinkara (or ravine deer) in two ways : —
(1) /n pitfalls. — These are deep holes alMjut 8 feet deep and al)out 4
feet by 5 feet. They are either dug in gaps in thoni or grass-wattle
fences or else on the far side of a low part of the fence, so that the decir
just clearing the fence will jump into the hole. The pits are covere<l
with tliin brushwo(xl, over which Siind and loose earth is carefully spread.
A very similar method for catching wild elephants was carried on in
the Kumaon Terai, till stop[)ed many yeivrs ago ])y the British CJovoni-
ment. I have seen the remains of many of these old pits, which app<iar
to have l^een generally in groups of four or five. I was informed by the
mahouts and natives that these pits were covered with brushwood, with
a layer of alxmt 6 inches of fine earth on the top. This was then sown
vou xxxiv. r
338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
with rice, which began to grow alK)ut the rainy season, and attracted the
elephants right on to the pitfall, the sides of which were too steep and
deep to allow t)f the elej^hant scrambling out.
(2) By means of tuiares. — The second method is by means of an
ingeniously contrived snare of peculiar construction, a specimen of which
I have presented to the Museum. It consists of a hoop of bamboo, 7 J
inches in diameter, covered witli skin, and having a large number of slim
l)egs of wooil set radially within tlie hoop, these pegs being firmly
attached to its inner circumference, but free in the centre. This appara-
tus is attached by a rope of sinews with a running noose at the end to
a rough piece of branch. The method of its use may be thus described :
A round hole is dug in the earth al>out a foot deep and just large enough
round to support the " disc " part of the snare, which is placed so that
the small sticks forming the rays are inclined downwards. The noose
of twisted sinew is carefully adjusted round the cii-cumference of the
disc, and attached to an " anchor '' consisting of a rope of hair, or some-
times hair and hemp mixed, about 1 J to 2 feet long, fixed with the aid
of a short stick, placed crosswise, tinuly and j)erpendicularly into the
ground. Sand and tine eartli are then scattered over the wliole con-
trivance.
AXHion a deer places its foot on the disc, the rays (or spokes) give with
the weight and the foot sinks through into the hole. On the leg l>cing
withdrawn the disc remains, the spokes catching hold of the leg, thus
supporting the noose on the leg. (_)n the leg being carried forwaixl or
shaken to try and kick oft' the ilisc, tlie noose is drawn tight, and the
deer snare<l. These snares are i)laced just outside the croj^s, or on paths
leading through the crops, and in groups of five or six. Although 1
never personally saw an animal snared, I was a^isured by tlie natives that
they caught a great many by this method.
Since writing the above I have come across an interesting notice by
Sir Samuel Lkiker ^ of the use of a trap of precisely similar con-
struction : —
' IVild Beasts mid Tlicir IVaya. l>y Sir Samuel Baker, 18^0, p. '196,
340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
NOTICE OF THE DISCOVERY OF A PRE-HISTORIC BURIAL-PLACE
AT QUARFF, SHETLAND. By Rev. DAVID JOHNSTON, Ministke
OF QuARFF.
The valley of Qiiarff, in which tlie pre-historic remains were found,
is situated where tlie mainland of Shetland contracts to its narrowest
dimensions, one other place only excepted. The trend of the valley is
east and west, and it may he descrihed as a ravme in the range of hills
which terminates in the promontory of Fitful Head. These hills are
among the highest in Shetland, and carry their bulk upwards to the
rounded summits, which slope gradually away to the moorlands beyond.
The rocks which guard the eastern entrance of the ravine are buffeted
by the waves of the North Sea, whilst the strand at the western extremity
is washed by the waters of the Atlantic ; the distance between the two
seas being so short that small ])oats are sometimes dragged overland
from one to the other.
From time immemorial this valley has l)eeu inhabited. On either
side, at greater or less elevations, " tonus " or hamlets are dotted down.
These are the dweUings of crofters, and in close proximity are the crofts
or pieces of land allotted to each tenant.
Until very recently all the land was prepared for crops by the slow
and laborious method of delving; now small ploughs are being intro-
duced, and the ponies of the country are utilised for the work. It is
probably owing to this innovation that the antiquities now submitted U*
the Society were discovered. The crofter upon whose land they were
found adopted the new system of i)lougliing, ])ut a certain mound on one
of the " rigs " proved an insurmountal>lc obstacle to his ponies, and he
resolved, with the help of his sons, t(» clear the obstruction away. He
and liis forefathers, for generations, toihng with the spaile on the stime
land, had always been confronted with this mound. They dug around
its base, and finding only gravel deemed it a wortldess heap. Year
DISCOVERY OF A PRE-HISTORIC BTTRIAI^PLACE AT QUARFF. 341
after j-ear it was left un(listurb(»(l, and doubtless would have been passed
by, in like manner, for years t<> come, liad it not proved a hindrance
to tlie plougli.
The work of levelling; down the heap havinff l>een l^egini, the
laljourers soon found that tliey had struck u|x>n something else than
a mere hillock of gravel. After a porticm of tlie surface had been
removed to a depth of al)out 18 inches, a stone slab was laid bare, which,
on lieing lifted, disclosed a cist, in which were found a skull and jmrt
of a steatite urn (fig. 1) measuring 13 J inches in diameter at the mouth.
Fig. 1. Urn of Steatite found at Quarff, Shetland, (i.)
and partly broken away at one side, the more entire side being about 5
inches high, and the eilge nearly an inch and a half in thickness, and
roughly smoothed and rounded.
A further clearing away of the material of which the mound is fonned
brought to light more of these cists, in one of which the fragments of
another steatite urn were found, but no human remains; and on raising
the cover of one of the smaller cists, another urn, apixirently made of
clay and full of ashes, was discovered. This urn (fig. 2) is quite whole,
and in a gootl stiite of preservation. It measures 9 J inches in height,
and 9J inches in diameter across the mouth, having a rounded taper to
the l>asc which measures 4] inches in diameter. The lip, which is ^ inch
342
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
in thickness, is ])e veiled inwards, and the upper portion of the exterior
is smooth and blackened. Clay ums are of very rare occurrence in
Shetland, wliihi urns of steatite are common.
So far as the work of excavation has lx»en carried, there have Ixjen
eight of theses stone cists unearthed. Two of them, unfortunately, have
been so desi)oiled by the workers that nothing can be said regarding
them; the others, which have not been broken up, I have carefully
examined and measured. Their dimensions are as follows : —
No.
length.
Width.
Depth.
1
4 feet
2h feet
2 feet
2
24 V
18 inches
18 inches
3
2 „
18 „
18 „
4
22 inches
14 „
18 „
5,G
About the
same as No. 4.
Fig. 2. Urn of Clay from QuarlF, Shetland. {\,)
The covcrin<^ slabs were in no case more than 2 feet beneath the sur-
face. A (listaiico of Ixitwcen 2 to 3 feet separates the cists. They have
been carefully made, as all the apertures, formed where the uneven etlges
of the stones meet, arc Idled in with clay. A rim of clay had also been
placed upon the upper edges of the cists before the covering was placed
DISCOVERY OF A PRE-HISTORIC BURIAL-PLACE AT QUARFF. 343
in ix)sition — with a view, proliably, of making the cover so close fitting
that water would be excluded.
Looking at the cists Jis they stand enibedded in the gnivel, 1 am
inclined to think that the stones of which they are composed were set
up, the ashes of the dead, alone or inclosed in an um, deposited within
the chaml)er, the cover adjusted, and this being done gravel was then
carried from the sea ]>each and piled around and over the cist.
If this were the mode adopted by the people in connection with their
interments, then the artificial nature of the mound would be accounted
for— and that it is artificial hardly admits of doubt. It does not consist
of the i^eaty soil of the surrounding land, but of sand and pebbles similar
to those found on the shore, about a quarter of a mile away.
The slabs of which the cists are built must also have been brought to
the spot with great labour, as there are no stones of a like kind to be
found in the neighbourhood.
I have closely inspected the slabs to see if they bore signs or marks of
any kind, but found nothing.
It is to be regretted that the skull, which was found in the largest
cist, fared badly at the hands of the labourers. It was thrown into a
burn which flows past the place. Afterwards it seemed to occur to the
men that they had not dealt in a seemly way with the relic ; and resolv-
ing to give it, what they considered, decent burial, it was cast into a hole,
and covered with stones. I had these stones removed in the hope of
recovering the skull, but found it in fragments, and quite useless as an
anatomical subject.
One tooth, a molar, was found in the jaw, and is now l>eing carried
about in the pocket of the crofter, airefully wnipped in paper — perhaps
as a charm. The tooth is in a wonderfiUly sound condition.
The aslies found in the clay urn were treated with almost as little
(ceremony as the skull, having been scattered at the side of the cist.
Enough, however, remained for the purpose of examination. They were
dark in colour, and intermixed with white particles which had quite the
appearance of calcined bones.
344
PlOClWlNnR OF TWK SDCIRTT, AFKIL fl, Wm.
A layer of earth of a bright tf^i colour was foimd near oim of ihv idsia
which^ I t.liiuk, i?t ('(mi;*ojwMl of |it}Lit allies. There is a ccrtaiti kind of
peat ill this ili^^trirt, whicli, ftri Imn^ humt*d, Imvtv^ h**!ihul «i rtwl iish^ ttJiil
which Viecoiuffs iioo|i«*r in colour when auhjccttKl to mtniitun?.
If tin* inhahiuuits f4 this eoiintry hi pro-historic timc8 i!idi>os<Hl nf th^
dead l^y the [mK^esst of cwmatioD, one might ex j wet U* find tnu'i»s of tlw*
fuel empioy^'d, and as Shetkml h a treeteaa rej^non, that tnvl ^rouJil, of
necessity, ha peat or heather, poa h.
[Tbrutigh thci cfond ofHt^es of tht i Mr ,Iohnston, the (/tinrfiT nm*»
have Ik^cii actjuirnl for the National (Mini,]
NOTES ON THE HERALDRY OF E
INCLUDING TlIK CATriEDRAL
ANiniKsn STREET IN KLr;iN\
TRINITY AT srVNIE, LHAK
BIRNIE CHURCH, KINLOSS a^j
? AND ITS NEIGH nor Rtioon,
SlTorS HOUSE, nEHYFRlAllS.
NIE I' A LACE, CHURCH OF HOLY
D CHURCH, COXTON TOWER,
SY, KURGIE CASTLE, DUFFUS
CHURCH, GORDON STOWN HOUSk, OGSTON CHURCH. KINNEDEE
CHURCH. DRAIN IE CHURCH, ST ANDREWS CHUKCK, IKNKS
HOUSE, TLUSCARDIN PKIORY, GCLLEN CHURCH, DESKFOKD
CHURCH, AND BANFF. Bv W. RAE MACDONALD, F.8,A, Soot.
Tht^ town of Kl^n and surrounding^ district is rich in objects of
antiquarian interest^ *;s[>et;ially in ancient euclesiastical hull dings.
Intimately associuted with fchej?e are the sculptured eimts of amis, %vhirli
form so imiiortiint a feature in their decoration, and tlie t^fubsUMi^
which vfftwn record valuable genealogical infommlion.
With the object of examiuirtg thest^ I spent some time in tlie tlistrict
in the autumn of 1899 making rubbings or sketches and copying inscrip-
tions. The results I now submit to the Society with short descriptive
notes.
Tlie idea of putting my notes in any ])ermanent fonn was not |>re-
HEKALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 345
sent to me at the time, otherwise the particulars might, in some instances,
have }>een more comi>lete.
The descriptions of the carvings ami the bhizons of the arms are given
jis they are actually seen, and do not procisel}' correspond in all cases with
the illustrations, f)wing to the mechanical difficulty of rejiroducing neces-
sarily imperfect ruhlungs.
The Cathedral. — The cathedral heing conspicuously the central
feature of the district, on which the other ecclesiastical edifices all more
t^r less depended, we commence with it.
It consists of nave, choir, and transepts, with octagonal chapter-house
on tlie north side of the choir and l^idy chapel on the south. At the
west end are two great square towers and at the east end two octagonjil
turrets richly decorated. There was also a central tower which fell in
1711, greatly damaging the nave and transepts, tlie north wall of the
former being almost levelled with the ground.
( )f the architectural features of this or other buildings it is not my
province to speak ; for full detiiils I may refer to the two invalua])le
works of Messrs !Macgibbon & Koss, viz., 'The Castellaietl and Domestir
Architecture of Scotland, in five volumes, and the Eccledadical Archi-
tecture of Scotland, in three volumes. The cathedral is described in tlio
latter, vol. ii. p. 121.
Commencing with the west front and its two nuissive towers, we find
l>etween them and al)ove the great west window three shields. The one
to the dexter (fig. 1) l>ears: — Three cushions lozengeways within a royal
treasure. It issusixindwl by the guige from a branch of oak, and the
arms on it are those }x)rne originally by the family of Kandolph, and
afterwards adopted by that of Dunbar on succeeding to the Earldom of
Murray.
The shield in the centre (fig. 2) bears : — The royal arms of Scotland.
It is suspended by the guige from a branch of oak.
The shield on the sinisti»r (fig. 3) bears : — A lion rampant within a
Iwrdure charged with eight roses. It is couchc, though shown erect in
:U6
PROCKKDIKCIS OF THl SOCTim. APRIL % JPGO.
thtj illiisitmtionj and is ^u^iM^udi^l bj^ a long giiige ; li^hind thf abield Is 4
cFoaier» The ai'iiu^ aiv the orij*iiial |iatenjal iiinia of the fiujily wf I>uubaT,
rtiul luv (ihikiUly tlioBt^ iif Bishop Ccilumba I>«nlxir(1429-35)»
AUivt; the r'iintnil |Hllar af the ilocirway u i\ vesicii'SlirnHHf sj^rwi? now
fib Ilk, Imt siiid to liavf^ ct)nt4iiuiHl a fipiro of the Yirj»i»i and ChUil, on
fiju'h siilo iif wUicli kiioeis an angt4 waving a thuriljlu.
Fig^ 1,%S, Arms above the West Window of Blffiti CnthedmL
Entering by the great west door and keeping to the left iheie is nothing
of iniix>rUince in tlie north aisle of the nave, the north wall of which, as
above stated, is ahnost completely demolished.
In the north transept, on the west wall, is a stone (31 inches by 24)
with two sliields at the top, a sknil and thigh bone between them, and
an inscription lK?neath (tig. 4). The arms on the first shield are not
properly marshalled, but may Ix* descril^ed as : — Three cushions lozenge-
ways (Diinkir), imjHiIim/, throe lH)ar heads erased (Gordon or
rnpihart ?), awf Mwem thesp ^oafs: — Throe buckles in bend (I^slie).
Tho arms on tho socoml shiohl aro : — Throe cushions lozengeways
(Ounbar), inipah'jhj, A star in chief and a eresoeiit in base.
F
1-1 ■■' ^tf r^
rDVf*ii^
Fi^. 4 Tombilone of Jolm Dunbar of Benuetficld.
iJ
348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
The inscription in Roman capitals is:—
HIC . lACEXT . Mr . lOH . DVNBAR
DE . BENNETHFETLD . QVI . OBI
IT . 2 . DER« . 1590 . ET . MAR .
ET . ISSOB . DVNBARS . EIVS . CO
NIVGES . QVE . OBIERVNT . 3 NOR
1570 . ET . 4 DERSs 1603 ET . NICOL
DVXBAR . FILIVS . DICTI . M« lOX
QVOXDAM . BALIWS . DE . ELGIN
QVI . OBIIT 31 . lANR' 1651 . ET . GR
ISS . MAVER . EIVS . SPONIS . QVE
OBIIT . 21 . IVLI . 1648 . ET . lONE .
DVNBAR . SPONSA . lOH . DVNBAR .
SPONSA . lOH . DVNBAR . FILII
DICTI . NICOL . QVE . OBIIT 8 . SEP
1648 . IDEOQVE . HOC . EXTRVENDVM
In Stodart's Srottish Anns, vol. ii. pp. 6-1 8, there is a valuable notice
of the heraldry of the family of I)unl)ar, by ^^i^ Archibald H. Dunlvir of
Dufrus, the in'osent barunot. On ]>. 15 it is siiid that the fii*st shield
al)()ve mentioned "suj^gests that jH)8sibly the mother of ^Ir John's first
wife may have been an rnpihart, and tliat tlie motlier of his second wife
may have been a Leslie," but it s(;ems more natural to supi)ose that the
wives themselves may have borne these names. The second shield is
said to be "probably f«»r Nic<»l Dunbar and his wife (Jrissel Maver."
(hi the north wall are two rcK'umbent ethgies : — The one of a knight
in armour enslirouded in his cloak. The other of a knight in armour
having on his breastplate (lig. 5) :— Three cushions lozengeways (Ihmbar).
Said to be the statue of Sir Alexauder Dunbar of Westfield, knight.
lUiilt into the wall, behind these statues, is a stone without inscription
or initials, bearing on a shield (13 inches in wi«lth at the top) the arms
(tig. 6), viz.: — A fess between three geese passant in chief and in Uxsui
a cushion an«l a star in fess, inijtuHiKj, Parted i»er fess, a hen head erased
in chief and a cock i»assant in base. Above the shield is a helmet with
mantling (omittecl in illustration) and wreath but no crest.
J
.VJ >"—
\ I
€?;.
5
^
be
i
En
350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
On the c<ist wall a stone with the following inscription is built into
an aiimrv : --
MONUMENTITM D' RO"
DUNBAR DE GRANGE
HILL DURRSIORUM TRIB*'
PRINCEPs 1675.
IX MEMOREAM CHARISSIME
CONIUGIS (CURAVIT) MARIT
A HOLY VIRGIN IN HIR
YOVNGER LYFF
AND NIXT A PRUDENT
AND A FAITHFUL WYF
A PIOUS MOTHER WHO
WITH CIIRISTIEN CARE
INFORMD HIR CHILDREN
WITH THE LOVE & FEAR
OF GOD AND VERTUOUS
ACTS WHO CAN EXPRESS
MORE (READER) BY A VOL
UM FROM THE PRESS. c^
Opposite th(* cast wall of the transei)t and in a line with the north
wall t>f the chancel is a ccltic sculptured stone of giimite, figured in
SLuait's Snil^ftured StoiicSy vol. I. \)\. 16.
77/'' ClKi}if(-r-}nm'<e is octaj<«nial and has a central pillar also octagonal
witli st<Mi<' desk for a readtT (on the west and north-west sides). On the
ei<;ht faci's nf the cai»ital, comniencin^' with the c»ne opposite the entnince,
are the followin^^ seulj»tures : — (1) Shield (oj inches hroad) with the ro^-al
anus of Scotlancl {\vj^. 7), tlie toj* of the royal tri'ssure beiiig omitteil.
{'!) Sldelil with instninients of the Passion, similar to those descrilKnl
JM'lnw. (3) Slii<'ld (5] inclies at top) with arms of IJishop Andnnv
Stewarl. (1 lSL>-ir)01) <»f tlie family of Lorn (li^^ 8), viz. :— Quarterly, Ist
and llh, A lymplia<l ; 2iid ami ord, A fess eluMpiy. Ahove the shield a
mitiv. (I) Shii'ld {1\ inelu's at. widest) liearing (li^'. 9): — the Cros.s with
till' Cinwu of tlmrns and piercrd ln-arL, 1' A feet. (5) St An<li'e\v
i
pr"
d
•« r^^z*^^^'\ «p ^' "
t§
I
I
S
£
S3
'jf-'-r^
Rom*'^
Fig. lli.
c
VIVE II T
ijBglf
mm'
F
VIVAS
Fig. 16.
Frgs* 15, 1^. Siualda of A^rtua ia the Chapter Hoiuie, Elgui Cathedrals
35G rROCEEDIXOS of THK society, APRIL 9, 1900.
On the oast wall i8 a monuiuent t'outaiiiing two tablets divideil by
Pinal's. Oil the onv is the followinj^' instTiption in Roman capitals, viz. : —
A srilVIVIXU HUSBAND, I). JAMES THOMSOK, MINISTER OP ELQIN,
CAUSED THIS MONUMENT TO BE ERE(TED TO THE MEMORY OK A BELOVED
WIFE, ELIZABETH PATER.SON, DESCENDED OF VERY WORTHY AyCB»TOK»,
MOST FAITHFUL OFFICE BEARER.S IN THE CHURCH OF 8C0TLANI). SHE
DIED ON 12TII AUOUST liKW, IN THE SOTII ^^AR OF HER AGE.
ELIZABETH HERE LYES, WHO LED.UER LIFE
UNSTAINED WHILE VIRGIN AND TWICE MARRIED WIFE
SHE WAS HER PARENT'S IMAGE-HER DID GRACE
ALL THE ILLUSTRIOUS HONOURS OF THE FACE:
WITH EMINENT PIETY AND COMPLAISANCE
ALL THE DECOREMENTS OF EXALTED SENSE
DAVIDS SWAN SONG MUCH IN HER MOUTH, SHE HAD
MORE IN HER HEART ON IT ESTABUSHED.
DEPARTED HENCE, IT BEING HER DESIRE
ALL AND DELIGHT, Jl'ST WHEN SHE DID BX^RE ;
BY ALL BEWAILED. SHE. IN THE FLOWER OF AGE
AS JACOBS RACHAKL, WAS TURNED OFF THE STAGE;
ANE ONLY CHILD BESIDE. DEATH. BY HIS STING,
UNTO THIS URN WITHIN THREE DAYS DID BRING.
On the Other tablet the inscription is: —
HERE RESTS IME KEVEKEND AND I'lOUS ROBFJ(T LANGLANIW, ONCE A
Mt)ST BRILLIANT siAU OF THE CHURCH. AN ELOQUENT PREACHER OF THE
NVOKI). A FAITH FIL STEWARD OF THE MYSTERIES OF GOD; FOR .SEVERAL
YEARS A MOsr YUJILANT PASIOR OF THE CHURCH AT GLASGOW, AND, A
LIITLE BEFORE HIS DEATH. TRANSLATED TO THE CHURCH OF ELGIS, BY
A DEt'KEK OV THK GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THIS CHURCH. WHERE HE CALMLY
AND DKVtU lEDLV BREATHED His LAST, 12TH AUGUST, 1(»0.
HIS FRIENDS AND HIS REVD. COLLEAiJUE, D. JAMES THOMSON, CAUSED
THIS MONl MENI* H» BE ERECTED Tt) HIS MEMORY.
(V/d/i'v/. — In ihi- u«'iih wall is an aivhetl rwess for a tomb in which
.III' pi.iced three iletaehed siiMies, pn»lnil)lY i«rts of tomlistoiies, beariiig
.iiniN hill without ins^Tiptions. (1) A shield ^14 inches at top) bearing
^tii;. 17) :— A fess ehargixl with two hiicklcs between alien head erased
in v-liief and A star in base (King), ic "o, A lion rampant with-
in .1 Kuxhm' chargeil with [eight f] r . (2) Arms: — A stag
h. 1 1 e.iK'ssiHl, 1)otwoen tha attinf 4ueld a hehnet
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
357
with mantling and wreath but no crest, over that the motto COELUM
FIDE CERNO and at foot the initials ^^^'^ ^"^ M^M (3) Shield
(10 inches at top) bearing : — On a chevron three stars.
The three stei)s up to the high altar remain in situ. Where the altar
stood is a granite monument in memory of the Rev. I^achlan Shaw, the
historian of the Province of Moray.
Fig. 17. Shield of Arms in the Chancel.
In the south wall has been a sedilia of four seats. In front of it lies
a detached stone with shield bearing arms, viz. : — Ermine on a fe^s three
crescents (Craig). Initials J. C. and M. I. ?. Crest, on a helmet with
mantling and Avreath, a stiig head. Motto undecipheral)le.
Near to the south wall <)pi)osite the entrance is a large blue stone, the
matrix of a brasvS, siiid to 1)0 the tombstone of Bishoj) Andrew Murray,
whodietl 1242.^
St Marifs aisle or tfie Ladt/ chapeU — On the north wall are two
monuments, viz. : —
' Keith's Binhftps.
358 PROOERDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APKIL 9, 1900.
(1) At the west end, on entering, a recessed tomb. The recumbent
effigy rests on the ground. At each si<le of the head there remains
part of a shickl, that on tlie dexter showing : — A lion rampant
within the royal tressure — hut that on tlie sinister not noted. In
the Guide to Elgin Cathedral (1897), by Mr James S. Pozzi, p. 34, it is
said : — " The figure on the tomb is that of a mitred abbot. It has also
l)een called the tomb of Bishop Alexander Stewart, 1482-1501," but in
the Proceedings^ vol. xxix. p. 358, it is stated that the " mitre is of the
type prevailing in the 13tli or eiirly 14th centuries."
(2) Near the east end the recessed altiir tomb of Bishop John Win-
chester (1437-1458), with an inscription in decorative Grothic letters
on the bevelled edge now almost illegible.
There are shields at each end of the arch, but no arms have been
carved on them. On the arch within the recess are traces of frescoed
angel figures in black outline.
On the south wall are two monuments, viz. : —
(3) Marble monument to Her (Jrjice Henrietta, Duchess of Gordon,
who died 1760.
(4) Marble monument with following inscription in Roman capitals : —
NEAR THIS TABLET,
IN THE TOMB OF THEIR ANCESTORS,
LIE THE REMAINS OF
ALEXANDER, DUKE OF GORDON,
WHO DIED IN JUNE, 1827 ;
AND OF HIS SON
GEORGE, FIFTH AND LAST DUKE OF GORDON, ;
WHO DIED 28th MAY, 1836,
ALSO ELIZABETH, WIDOW OF
GEORGE, FIFTH AND LAST DUKE OF GORDON,
WHO DIED 3l8T OF JANUARY, 1864,
AGED 69 YEARS.
(5) On the floor ;it the cast end is a sijrcoi)hagU8 tomb with recum-
luMit <^lliuy of the first Earl uf Huntly in his cloak. Koiind the
HKRALDRY OF ETXIIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOl).
359
margin (Imt not at head or foot) is this inscription in Gothic
letters: —
bic tacet nobilia et potent bne alleiaOet cordon ptfmud cornea de buntlie bne
be dotbone et bab3enocb qui obift apub buntlie \5 iulii anno bni t470.
fr*'!^!^^^?*^.^
Fig. 18. Date on the Tomb of the First Earl of Huntly.
The (late, it will be ol)8erved, is in Arabic numerals (tig. 18), an early
example of their use in such inscriptions. On the front of the sarcopha-
gus has been inserted (probably in tlie seventeenth century) a coat of
arms, viz. : — Quarterly, 1st. Three boar heads couped (Gordon) ; 2nd.
Three lion heads erased (Badenoch) ; 3rd. Three crescents witliin a royal
tressure (Seton) ; 4th. Three fraises (Fraser). The four quarters within
a royal tressure. Aljove the shield a coronet, over that a helmet with
mantling and wreath, and thereon for crest a stjig heiul. Supporters,
two hounds collareil and leashed.^ Underneath is his title, now nearly
obHteratcd.
On the floor are ten other tombstones.
(6) Stone with sliield bearing arms : — Tlirec lx>ar heads. Underneath
are emblems of mortality, viz. : — Bell, sand-glass, coffin, skull, and bones.
The marginal inscription is hi Roman capitals, viz. : —
HERE LYES ANE HONOURABLE WOMAN LUCRETIA GORDON
SPOUSE TO GEORGE CUMINE
SOMETIME PROVOST OF ELGIN WHO DIED 1G8H.
(7) Stone (77 inches by 41) with shield l)caring arms (tig. 19), viz. : —
rruixeifiti'jftf vol. xxix. {k 303.
;^:.s
ri:tX^EKI»INT,S OK Till
•' IfKK).
(1) At tllO west Oiul, im rllli
v\\\\;y it'sts III! tlu' i^rouiul. A
]»art of a shicM, that on
witliin \]\v roval tivssun' — i
iho (f #//./«• to Kii'>-
s;iiil : " Tho li^m* mi i\w u
Uvii »m1Km1 the t<mih of
t!u» Pn^^ee^Nutjii^ voL xx., r
lyjH* pri'vuilin^ in tbt* 13tb
(2) Noar the
oliosior (U37-M
oil iho Ivvclleil
Tliori' an^ sliirktu ^
carvinl on I hem ' ' ■
iuigol ti^ures in
Oil iho !«outh
(3> Marbli" \
whoilu-a 1760.
(4^ Marblr •
.;i); 2ml. Tliir^-
'.vitliin a royal :rr
ilu' shit'Ll a cmhoik-:.
\iJjr'
Mol:
KIVVXE
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 361
Some distance beneath this is a skull with legend round it, "MEMENTO
MORI." The marginal inscription is : —
HIER . LYIS . ANE . HONORABIL.
MAN. ALEXANDER. GORDO VNE.SVMTY[ME]
MARQVEIS . OF . HVNTLY . AND . FATHER . TO . ALEX* . GORDOVNE.
OF . DVENKYNTIT . QVHA.
DEPERTIT . YE . lANVAR. 1622.
(8) Stone with marginal inscription only, in Gothic letters, viz. ; —
bic • tacent • nobilis
ailia • et • robert • frat • [eius] • cantor • orate • p • aia
(9) Stone with shield (25 inches in width) bearing impaled arms (fig. 20),
viz. : — Three holly leaves (Irvine), impaling ^ Three boar heads couped
(Gordon). Initials I). I. and E. G. Some way beneath the shield a
skull and thigh bone, and under that the date " 1603," which is really
the conclusion of tlie following marginal inscription, viz. : —
HEIR . LYIS . ANE
HONORABIL . VOMAN . ELEZABETH.
GORDOVNE . SPOVS.
TO . DONALD . IRVIN . QVHA . DEPARTIT . THE.
LAST . OF . MARCH.
1603.
(10) Stone with inscription recording the burial here of the five
successive Dukes of Gordon.
(11) Tombstone of Thomiis Calder, precentor of Ross, with marginal
inscription in Gothic letters, viz. : —
bic facet venerabfUa vix mgt tboai? calbar quoba pcetot xo^sc
Q. obiit t^ifi Ne
mens ^c be . . . bcr a© D» 1519
gotoon.
(12) Blue stone, the matrix for a Ijriss, siiid to cover the remains of
three bishops.^
^ Oaide^ p. 34.
Fig. m. Furl of Buriifcl SLub in St Maiy*^ Aialt;, Elgiu C^thedtmL
HERALDRY OK EUilN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
363
(13) Stone (36 inclies in widtli) witli cross in centre having ends of
liead and arms l»e veiled off, and foot encircled by wreath which rests on
four steps. Above the arms of the cross are two shields, each bearing the
same arms, viz. : — A bend (charged with three buckles (Ijcslie). Below
tlie arms of the cross are a chalice with paten on the dexter side and
ail open book on the other. The marginal inscription is : —
bic • tacit • wnerabilis •
t>ir • magtrter • tbomas • leflg • quonba
rector • be • ftsn9t>rs •
qt>i • obiit • octa^ • mot>i • an^ • bomini • m^ • ccccc^ • jv^ .
Alonteith in his Tlieater of Mortality ^ p. 222, in giving the inscrii>-
tion, omits the day and month.
(14) Stone with shiehl (12 inches in width) bearing arms (fig. 21),
Fig. 21. Shield IiniKiling Caldcr iiiul Muiiro Anns.
viz. :— A stjig head cnui>e<l, and in chief a nmndlo lu'tweeii two
stars (Calder), inqyalirifj, An ciigle head erased (Miinro). Above
364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
the shield a helmet with wreath and mantlmg but no crest. Initials
W. C. and L. M. Two winged boys support the shield, and beneath it
one under the other are carved : — A cherub ; an hour glass ; an escroll
with the words " MEMENTO MORI " ; a skull ; cross bones ; and
finally a skeleton in a coffin beneath a mattock and a shovel. Inscrip-
tion in Roman capitals round margin : —
HERE LYES THE CORPS OF
THE MUCH HONORED WIELIAM CALDER OF SPYNIE LAIT
PROVEST OF ELGIN WHO
DEPARTED THIS LYFE 14 OF NOU« 1692 WITH HIS SPOUS
MRIS LUCIEA MVNRO
WITH HIS SPOUS ELSPET DVFF WHO DYED THE 8 DAY OF
MARCH 1690 AND THEIR
CHILDREN ALEXANDER & lAMES & MARGRAT CALDERS.
( 1 5) Slab with two shields at top, (one broken off) bearing : — A l^nd
charged with three buckles (Leslie). Inscription in Gothic letters round
margin : —
bic iacet
quon6am rector 6ero
Tlie following extract from ^lonteith^s Tlieater of Mortality^ p. 216,
relates to this monument : — " Hie jacet Archibaldus Lesly quondam
Rector de Rothes qui obiit 3 Julii 1520. Orate pro communi Patria "
— the rest worn out.
Between St Mary's aisle and the south transept are three monuments,
viz. : —
(1) Sarcophagus tomb with recumbent figure of knight in armour; on
his breastplate are: — Three escutcheons (Hay). On the dexter side
of the bevelled edge of the sarcophagus is this inscription in one long
line in Gothic letters, the latter part being illegible : —
btc iacet wtlls 6e le bas quo6a 6115 6e locblos QUt obttt Pitt
bie meCbecebris aiio but m cccc ili
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. , 365
Tliis inscription, though continuous in one lino, terminates on a
s«'parate stone^ which projects ]M»yoml the feet of the effig}*^ and the
original position of which it is difficult to understimtl. Dascril)eil and
figured in Prorpr-Jiwj.'i^ vol. xxix. p. 393, wliere it is said the in-
scription is " now ahnost (piite illegible." Tliis must he a mistake, as if
it was illogi])le tlien, it must have l>een recut ; but it does not look as
if tliis liad been done, an«l Mr Pozzi, tlie keei>er of the cathedral, who
has l)een tliere many years, has no knowledge of any restoration.
(2) Recumbent slab (83 inches by 30). In the centre is a cross with
entls of head an«l arms bevelled off, tlie foot encircled by a wreath rests
on five steps. On the dexter side is a chalice with paten and on the
sinister an open book showing the cover. Round the margin is the
inscrii>tion in (Jothic letters: —
bic iacet •
vcnerabiliB • viv . mafliftcr • pilclmua • l^el •
quonda • Bnbbcca
nu6 • ecclerie • motauien • q • ol>iit bic - met • anno
^m mo . cccco
iiit •
(3) Recumbent slab with shield of arms, viz. : — A chevron between three
garbs. Above the shieM a helmet with wreath and mantling but no
crest. On an escroll above, the motto " COURAGE ", and on another
benciitli, '' ( ;E0R( rE CUM[ING OF LOCHTER]VANDICH."
Round the margin is this inscription in capitals : —
HERE LYES GEORGE CUMING
OF LOCHTERWANDICH SOMETIME PROVEST OF
ELGIN WHO DIED THE 20 OF
SEPTEMBER 1680. AND HLS SPOUS MARJORIE LES
LIE WHO DIED IN SEPTE
MBER THE YEIR OF GOD 1^56.
t. — On the cjust wall is a deUiched HUmc (35 inches in
of arms (fig. 22) : — Quarterly, 1st and 4th. Three
366
T*EOCEEDIXGS OF TFE SOa^TT, APRIL 9, 1900.
f^tars (ruiipii); 2ml ami SnL Thrrf* l>nfii" h(^jnl« mui>f*il (Aljen^liiinlor ?X
impaUn*j^ A t^ti'vrou l>(*twc'int thivo Itoar \muh v^mm^A (El|thiii.stoiip),
AIhjvo tLo shiekl is aJiL^irjet witb munLtiiig, wroatli, ami for I'resta hniiiid
lieail eolJarml. The aiipportcm art} : dexter, ti hound colhiixni, smigter, n
savage with cIuK On an eaemll above is the motto *' [KEIP] TRAI8T/*
The iintial?^ ni-p R, I. ami E, E,
Fig. 2^, Armort&l Stone in Soiitli Tnascitit of Elgin Cathedral.
The ftilluwing iivsoriptiun from Moil teith'a Timater of Moriaiiti/y p, 220,
is prohably fn>m the nioimment (*i which the alx>ve arms fonned part :
— **Requie.«*cimt hie Ri»bertiia Tiine^ nh eodem i^ Eli}uibetha Elphin.stone
ejim Conjux {^111 Fatis concoaaenmt 25 Septcinh & 26 Febr Anno Sal.
hum. 1597 ^ 1610 Ideoq^ in piam gratamci' ^feinoriam charifiaimomm
Parentum hoc Moniimentum extniendnm curavit Rol>erti!s Filiui?/'^
^ Macphftil'u Pluscardht, ju 121.
IIEKALDKY OF EUWN AND ITS XKIGlIBOURHOOh.
3t)7
Oil tin* aniitli wall i\w two r(MM*ss<^(l altar tombs. The fii-st has a shield
with arms on oarh si«lo, viz. : DcxtiM", shirM for Ah'xandcr Stewart, Earl
<»f Mar an<l ljm\ of Oari<K*h. (^uartorly, 1st and 4th, A f(»ss chwjuy
iKitweon throe oyum (•n)wn8 ; 2nd and 3rd, A \mu\ lx»tween six crc)S8
crosslets (see anna at Bishop's House des<'rilKMl p. 381). Sinister, shield
(tij^. 23) for JUshop James Stewart (1460). A fess cluMpiy l>etwoen throe
o^Kin crowns: l)ehind the shiehl a crosier. His senl is descrilxjd and
^^
<*«!
Fi^'. 23. Shield of Arms of Bishop James Stowart.
tijj^ured hy Ilcuiry \a\uv^ in his first volume, \o. 909, where it l)enrs
similar arms, hut with a double lim^ round them evidently of no heraldic
sijrniHcanee.
Keith, in his Catalogue of S'^fitfix/i liishopn^ states that lUsht^p James
Stewart l)elon|^e«l to a braneh of the family of I^»rn, but jud^inj; from
the arms this do(»s not appear to have been the ease.
The arms lx>nu^ by members of the family of Lorn are usually in the
form (»f a fess e.hequy quartered with a lymphad. Tluwe l>ome by
368 PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
Bishop Andrew Stewart of this family have been already described
and figured (]>. 350). The question therefore arises what family of
Stewarts bore "A fess chequy l>etween three crowns" or similar anns?
Five such coats are known to me, viz., those of : —
(1) Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar and Lord of Garioch, who lx)re
them in the first and fourth quarters as represented on this tomb (p. 367)
and on a stone in the bishop's house (p. 381). Also on his seal, as de-
scribed and figured by lAing in his first volume, No. 796.
(2) Bishop James Stewart, who bore the undiflferenced coat as on tliis
tomb. Also on his seal. (Laing, I., No. 909.)
(3) Bishop David Stewart, the brother and successor of the last, who
l)ore the arms differenced by a cross crosslet instead of the lower crown
as on stone at Bishop's House (p. 379) and at Spynie Palace (p. 394).
Also on his seal. (Laing, IL, Nc». 1039.)
(4) The impaled arms on the dexter shield of the tomb next following
(p. 369), which, however, are somewhat doubtful.
(5) A detached seal in the General Register House with a shield bear-
ing "A fess cliecpiy between three «»pen crowns" and the legend
" 8. VALTERI 8TKVART." This is believed to l)e the seal of Walter
Stewart of Strathoun. Particulai's of his descent are given below.
King RoV>ert II. luul, as liis fourth son, by his first wife, Elizabeth
Mure, Alexander Stewart, to whom he granted, in tlie first year of liis
reign, the lands of Stratliown or Strathavon, in the shire of Banff. This
Alexander, known Jis tlie Wolf of Badenoch, wius afterwanls Lord of
Badenoch, and, in right of his wife, Earl <jf Buchan. By her he had no
heirs, but by " Mariota tilia Athyn " he left several natural children,
among whom witc Alexander Stewart, in right of his ^\•ife Earl of Mar,
and Andrew Stewart of Sandliakli who also is said to have |)ossesse«l
Stratliown. The latter had a son, Walter of Stratliown. From a cai-eful
exaniinati<ni of all the documents availal)le reganling the above gene^ilogy,
the transmission of lands among the parties, etc., and by a process of
elimination of th(» other Walter Stewart*^, the Rev. John Anderson,
Assistant Curator of the Historical l)ei)artment of the Genenvl Register
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 369
HoiiHO, is of opinion that the seal No. 5 was that of Walter Stewart of
Strathavon, that pi-oUihly the two bishops were his brothers, and thus
that all three who bore those arms were of the Str.ithavon family, and
were nephews of Alexander, Karl of Mar. Further, that the three crowns
used to dilferen(;e the Stewart arms had nothing to do with the Lordship
of Garioch, but weni probably derived from some lands possesses! by
Alexander, Earl of l>uchan, in Badenoch. T"n fortunately, his seal is not
known, but it is to l>e observed that three crowns are borne by the Gmnts,
whose pro|>erty of Bally ndala(!li is situated in Strathowne, and three
crowns are aho quartered by the Frasers.
These particulars are given as showing the, line in which future
research might be prosecuted in (jrder to ch^ar up the origin of the Ijear-
ing of the three crowns, which are combin«'d with the fess checpiy in this
group of Stewart arms.
Within the recess has been place»l the recumbent ligure of a knight in
armour, probably brought from some other part of tht^ cathedral, show-
ing on his breastplate : — Thre(^ stars (only two visil>le) (Innes). On
the bevelled edges of the stone on wliich he rests is an inscription in
Gothic letters, commencing at the head on the dexter side, viz. :— -
[bic • ja]cct • nobilie • vix • robcrt9 • innee • t>c • (nnmFiBc • qui • obiit • •
The |K)rtion on the sinister side was not tlecij)hered. The effigy is
prolably that of Robert Innes of Innermarkye (circa 1511 to 1528),^
ami has evidently not been intended for its present position, Iwing much
too short. -
The second recessed toml> has also on each side a shield with arms,
viz. :— I )ext<;r shield (tig. 24). A fess chequy between two crescents
in chief and an open crown in base, inij^afinfj, A f(;ss chequy between
two open crowns in chief and in bjise some charge broken oil*. Sinister
shield (tig. 25). A tree (dexter sitle broken away), but on sinister a
wjuirrel seatetl on its hind legs on one of the branches, on a chief three
buckles. These shields, though dilapidated, are jn-obably not original, as
' Dow^i^^ L'lrow I ijc of Scotland^ p. 78.
- Prvcccdirnjs^ vol. xxix. p. 398.
VOL. XXXIV. 2 A
870
PKOCKKDIXGt^ OF THK mCWn, Al'UU. !», liKKJ.
they arB on stones wliich afvi.iejir ti> hii%*e beeu inserted, the curving i*ii
the liivvtiv Kules Iwing inforior to that nf the rest of the tomb, Tlicy may,
howevt^r, be facsimik^s ijf tlie original iinntj. On tliu sjircui^hiijrin* ri^t£
a slalj with eftigy of a knight in armovu'. There nre no cljargea un liU
breastphite^ hut on the iMsvelled edge of the slab hiis Twtm an ini^cription,
in ( tothic letters, now illegible. In the Gidfh to FJffin Cathedml, ]k 29,
the knight isi sjiid to be *^ Walter Stewmt, Duke of Allmny, who fi-oni thi^
anaoml bearmge must have l^eeu alltod to the fiiinily *if Miir. Ht* ilietl
Xs.
Ftgs. 2^, 25* Anns on Woat Tomb in South Tmii3e|*l.
in the yeitr 1481." Tn the Fme^^^ingn ^ it is mud the monument is ustuUly
ascribed to Alextmtlerj Duke of Albanj, the second eon of Jamm IL,
ncitluM' stJiteiaeTit being very credible,
On Uie west wjdl \^ n. sedilia of four gicats.
South Aisle of NaVG.^-\ii ihe angle furiucd by the ^uuiL Uaixbtipt
wall arc portions of three colossal statues believed to have formed part
of the decorations of the central tower.
(1) Statue of a l)is]i(»i) found at the base of the north-west pillar of
the central t<>W(;r, and stated to be that of Bishop John Innes, 1407-
1111 {Guih, p. 29).
' Vol. xxix. ]). 384.
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 371
(2) Kneeling figure of an ecclesiastic, headless.
(3) Torso of a knight.
Built into the south wall is a stone coffin, also two stones with arms.
The one has a shield (10 J inches in width) bearing arms (fig. 26) : — A
denii lion issuant from a fess of three bars wavy between three stars
in chief and a fleur-de-lys in base (Chalmers), impaling^ A chevron
l)etween two stars in chief and a heart in base (probably for Tares).
Initials I. C. and B. T. The inscription beneath is in Roman capitals,
the lines lieing often continued on the Ijevelled edge of the stone, viz. : —
HERE . LYIS . ANE . HONEST
WOMAN . CALLIT . BEATRIX .
TARES . SPOVS . TO . lAMES .
CHALMER . GLIWER . BWRGIS .
IN . ELGIN . WHA . DEPARTIT .
THIS . LYF . ON . THE . 13 OF
AGWST . 1644 . ALTHO
THES . CORPIS . IN . DVVST .
DIETH . LY . THEIR . BET
TER . PEARTES . SHALL . NEWIR . DIE .
On the other stone is a sliield (8 J inches in width) bearing arms
(fig. 27) : — A he^irt transfixed l)y two darts, points downward, and in
base three stars in fess (probably for Wilson, but differing from usual
arms), impaling, Tliree liearts (2 and 1) between two swords, points
upward in bend and bend sinister (Boynd). The initials at side arc
G. W. and M. B. Above the shield is a cherub and beneath is the
following inscription : —
THIS IS THE BURIAL PLACE OF
GEORGE WILSON LATE BAILLIE OF
ELGIN
AND MARJORIE BOYND HIS SPOUSE
& THEIR CHILDREN.
Some further particulars Jire obtained from a slab on the ground
flfe-^^^4^^^f
Wi^ ±^.
&
•^V^.J'-
I
Fig. 27.
Figs. 26-27. Shields in Soutli Aisle uf Xave ; and tig. 28, in Burying-ground, Elgin Cathedral.
HERALDRY OF EI/IIN AND ITS NEIOHBOURHOOD. 373
immediately in front of the tablet. The first part of tlie inscription on
it is : —
IN MEMORY OF UEORGE WILSON ONE OF THE
BAILLIES OF EI/5IN WHO DIED 20 JULY 1753
AND OF MARJORY BOYND HIS SPOUSE
WHO DIED 20 FEB 17r)5 ....
At the west end of the wall is the south doorway, outside which can
be seen the foundations of the porch.
Cathedral Burylng-Grounti, — On the north wall, third space from
west end, is the monument of Alexander Douglas, said to have l^een
removed from the old church of St Giles when it was tlemolislied. It
lias the following inscription in capitals on three separate tablet^!, viz. : —
HIC . DORMIT . IN . DO
MINO . REVEREN
DVS . IN . CHRISTO
PATER . M . ALEX
ANDER . DOVGLAS .
PRiESVL . VIGILAN
TISSIM' . QVI . SV
MMA . CVM . LAV
DE . HVC . VRBI .
PASTOR . TOTIQVE .
MORAVIiE . EPIS
COPVS . PROFVIT .
ET . PRiEF\^IT . 41 . ANNOS .
OBIIT . JilTATIS . SViE . ANNO . 62 . ET . CHRIS
TI . 1623 . MAI . 11 . RELICTIS . ALEXANDRO .
ET . MARIA . LIBERIS . VXOREQVE . GRAVIDA . FE
MINA . NON . MINVS . VERE . RELIGIOSA . QVAM .
GENEROSA . C\aVS . SVMPTIBVS . HOC . MAV
SOLEVM . STRVCTVM . EST .c^ac/3ac/3
374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 190a
SEMPER . VIGI
LA . VT . SI . XES
CIAS . QVAXD
O . VKXIET . P
ARATVM . TE . I
XVENIANT . BE
ATI . MORIEXTES .
IX . DOMINO .
HEC . CORRVP
TIO . INDVET .
IXCORRVPTI
ONEM .<JOn
riulonicatli aro four sliieMs with amis, viz.: — (1) Ermine, a heart,
on {\ cliief tlin»o stiirs (Doujrlas), imifoling, Quarterly, Ist and 4th, Three
stars (Inues); 2nd ami 3nl, Tliree l)oar hoixdn couped (Alierchirrler).
(2) On a IxMid tlireo Imckles (Leslie). (3) Three cushions lozengeways
(DuuK'ir). (A) On a l)end three binis. Tlie following extract from
Montei til's Theater of Morfalttt/, p. 215, shows that probably neither
the alxno inscTi])tions nor the four ct^ats of arms are those of the
original nioniimrnt. '• Uishoj) ALEXAXI)P:K I)0rGL.\S8'8 Monu-
nuMit, St (lih's C.'hunh. Mr Alexander Douglass, Minister at Elgine, for
the spaee «>f 25 Years, was promoved to the see of Morray in the vear
1606, di«Ml 162*5, was burietl in the South Isle of St(Jiles Kirk (now the
Paroch Kirk of Elgine). He had married to his 2 Wife, Mary limes.
daiigliter t<» K«»bert Innes of that Ilk he was Bishop of Morray 17 yeiirs.
T1h» ins('ripti»>n of his Monument n(»l legible.''
In till' ci'ntre of the m(»nument alH)ve the inscription is inserted a
stone (19 inches in length), bearing arms (Hg. 28) :— Three irushioiis
iMzengeways within a r<»yal tressure (the latter forming the Ixiuiidarv
line instead of a >hiil<lK IJcliind is a en»sier and l>eneath the initials
A. P. TlieM' aif >ai«l i<» Im- the arms of Alexander Dunliar, Prior of
Phiscanlin. ((V/vd ir».S:>-156<' > p. 409.)
On the south sid<' of Si kum the west buttress, is a slab
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 375
al)out 15 feet in lieight by 2 feet 2 inclies in width. It has a long
inscription in capitals commencing : —
THIS
IS THE BURIAL PLACE
OF THOMAS ANDERSOX
IN BAHTAHCKAT WHO
DIED 4 MAY 1674 ....
A few yards south of this is the base of what has been a cross or
monument of some kind, which is known as the " Bishop's Cross."
A few yards south of the west door, in the south wall of nave, is a
recuml>ent stone (26 inches in width) with arms, viz. : — Three crescents,
imjyalinr;, A stag head couped. The initials liave been tlefaced as well
as the inscription round the margin, the greater part of which has been
carefidly chiselled out. All that remains decipherable is : —
HEIR • LYIS • ANE • HO
NEST • PERSONE • MASTER
1619
On the ]x)undary wall, a little south-west of this, is a tablet with
inscription in capitals (Guide, p. 51) : —
" HEIR IS THE BURIAL PLACE
APPOINTED FOR JOHN
GEDEES, GLOVER, BUR
GESS IN ELGIN,
AND ISSOBELL
M*KEAN, HIS SPOUSE,
AND THEIR RELATIONS.
" GRACE ME GUID, IN HOPE I BYDE.
MEMENTO MORI, 1687.
376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
THIS WORLD IS A CITE
FULL OF STREETS, AND
DEATH IS THE MERCAT
THAT ALL MEN MEETS.
IF LYFE WERE A THING
THAT MONIE COULD
BUY, THE POOR COULD
NOT LIVE, AND THE RICH
WOULD NOT DIE."
Cathedral Precincts. — In the street bounding the north side of the
])iiryinf?-gr()und, built into the gable of a stable nearly opposite the
chapter-house, is a stone (20 inches in length) bearing amis (fig. 29) : —
A lion rampant double queu(Ml. Behind tlie shield is the head of a
crosier. This coat is similar to one on a detached stone in the chapter-
house, only here the lion is not collared (see p. 353).
South-ejist from the catliedral, at tlie east end of North College Street,
still stands one of the city gates. Continuing along the street, which
turns south as far as the end of the lx>undary wall of the house calle<l
the " South College " (Miss Cooper's), a fragment of the massive old
boundary wall of the cathedral precincts is seen, and beside it the dead
stump of a lnig(; tree, which, not many years ago, was known as " the
l)eech tree."
The house called the " South College' " has l)een mentioned above ;
a somewhat similar house stands north-west from the cathedral next to
the l)ish()p*s house. It is called the North College. Both houses are
no doul)t named from the colleges wliere the higher clergy had their
residence, and which occupied sites north and south of the cathednd
now forming part of the grounds of these houses. The North College
is said to have boon the d(*anory and the South College the sub-dean's
house.
BisHOi*'s llousK. -Tlie bishop's house stiinds opposite the north-west
angle of the cathedral.
On its east wall is a panel (32 inches in height ])y 25 in width) within
.S7<S rR()CKEI>IN(;S ok TIIK society, APRIL 9, IfiOO.
a iin»nM«Hl Ih^nler (li^. .SO), containinj^ thn*o shiolds, one in cliief and two
in l>asi». That in <*hi»'f Invars : — A lion ram])unt within the royal treasure
(fnr Si'ntland). AIma'c; tlio shioM is a closetl crown, an<l issuing fr«>m
hehiiul tlie fornior arc^ two branrlios of thistle, on each side one, oousi»tin<;
of a hea»l, one small leaf and three* large ones, not shown in illustration.
TIh' slii<*ld in dexter Iwise Inmrs : — A staj? head couihmI (Reid). Alxive
the shield is a mitre with initials R. R. at sides of the last. Tlie anns are
tluKse of R«>lH;rt Reid, Ahlx)t of Kinloss (a mitred abbot), from about 1526,
and l)ishop of Orkney from 1540. His arms appear on the ablxit's house
at Kinloss* and at IWuly Priory.- The shield in sinister base liears : — A
lion i-jimpant within the nn-al tressure (for Lyon). Tlie initials / y
•,\rv at top an<l si«les of the shielil. These are pnilMil)ly the amis of Mr
Alexander Lyon, Master of Murray, a younger son of John, fourth I^r«l
(llamis, who «lied in 1 54 1, and "lyeth burietl in the quire of Tnrreflt*
whieh he built."'* Al)ove the jmnel is a dripstone ornamented with a
vine liraneh eonsisting of a bunch of grapes and a vine lenf, Iwth repeatcnl
alternately on each side of the stem.
On the skewj)Ut on the east wall of the stain*ase is a Trinity
of heads, consisting of three faces hniking to dexter, fr«3nt and
sinister : tlM'ir arc four «'vt's. Above this is the date ,,.zl^' and
1557
in th«» correspiMuling position on the west side is a shield bearing anus,
viz : — On a fcss a ri>s*' an«l in chief three hearts. The initials J. XT. are
at tlte si<lcs in (lothic capitals. A shield with same arms and initials
I. T. in K»unan cajutals is carve«l over the fireplace of a room on the first
lloor, and still auntlicr example of thct^i* urms (llg. 31) but with*HU iuUf-u-
is t<» be seen on tl*e Hutel of a lireptaco n^wdetfl^bf^l (shield 5| inehei^ in
width). Mr 'lohu W, Siiuill^^^||||g|^ s hfw a. sketch
<,inu' arms and itiitUls
1
)
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
379
demolislied which stood in Clialmers' Close, Canongate, Edinburgli. If
any information could be obtained al)out this liouse, it might help to
throw light on tlie ownersliii) of the arms and initials. Over the fire-
place in the small room at the top of the stair an^ the letters I. H. 8. in
monogram.
Inside the entrance door in the wall of tlie courtyard are three stones
with sculpture.
Fig. 31. Anns in tlie Bishop's Houso.
That al)ove the door is rounded at top, and has in the centre a mono-
K C
gram, over whicli is a coronet and at the sides the initials j ^^v and , ^.
said tf> 1x5 for the P]arl and Countess of Dunfermline.
That on the dexter side hiis a shield (7 inches in width) with arms
(fig. 32) : — A fess clie(juy l)etween two open crowns in chief and a cross
crosslet fitchee in l)ase. Al)ove the shield a mitre. The same arms are
at Spynie Palace, and are those of Bishop David Stewart, 1461-1476.
See note to description of arms of liis brother on tomb in south transept
of cathedral described above (p. 368).
'^^^ !
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 381
The stone on the sinister side l)ears on a sliield Scotland with an open
crown al)ove it.
Within the courtyard there jire also two important detached stones : —
(I) The one (27 incites by 15 within the moulding), lying among a heap
of stones near the entrance, has on a shield the following arms (fig. 33) : —
On a chevron two lions pulling at a rose and in base a star. Above
the shield a mitre with the initials P. H. at sides, and on an escroU
l)encatli the shield the motto "EXPECTO." The arms are those
of Patrick Hepburn, l^ishop of ^Foray, 1535-1573. His seal is
described and figured by Henry Laing in his first volume, No. 913.
He is erroneously stated to have been son of Patrick, first Earl of
Both well, in Keith's Bishops^ Douglas' Peerage, etc. He was really
brother and heir to Master John Hepburn of Beinstoun,^ who was son
of Patrick, first of Beinst<jun,*- who got the lands by charter, dated
26th Xov. 1478, from his father, Patrick, first I^rd Hailes.^
(2) The other and more imi)ortant stone (37 inches in length) is
lyhig in a vaulted passage under the main building. It prolxibly came
originally from the cathedral, and is perhaps the finest piece of decor-
ative heraldry in Scotland. The shield (11 inches at top) is couche, ami
Ixiiirs the following arms (fig. 34) : — Quarterly, 1st and 4th, A fess
chwjuy between three open crowns ; 2nd and 3rd, A bend between six
cross crosslets fitchue (Mar). Above the shield, and strapped to it, is
a tilting helmet with tasseled capeline, and thereon a coronet out
of which rises the crest, two demi-serpents entwined, their heads (which
have large teeth and eyes) looking l)cfore and behind. The arms are
those of Alexander Stewart, natural son to Alexander Stewart, Eiirl of
Buchan, who became Earl of Mar and Lord of CJarioch in right of his
wife Isabella Douglas. A seal with the siime arms is described and
^ Hef/ister of Ads aiul Decreets^ vol. iii. p. 836.
- Acta JJfjinhiorutu Coticilu, vol. xxxii. f. 6.
^ RegiaL Secreti Sigilfi, vol. liii. f. 176 ; Protocol 15ook of JanicH Nicolson,
f. 5J0 (preserved in the General R<;gister House). For the relerences in these three
notes I am indebted to Colonel the Hon. K. E. Boyle.
■^^^'
Fig, 34. Arois of Atexuuder Stewart.
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 383
figured by I-^ing, vol. I., No. 796. They are also on a tomb in the
south transept of the cathedral (p. 367).
Grbyfriar-s Chukch. This church is presently being restored by
tlie Marcpiess of Bute, and Conventual buildings are being erected on the
old foundations atljoining under the 8U])ervision of ^Ir W, Scott.
There are several monuments in the nave of the church : —
(1) (hi the west wall is a monument consisting of two tiiblets within
columns, over each of which is a shield with impaled arms. The
shield on the dexter side (13 inches in width) bears arms (fig. 35) : — On
a fess, Ijetween a lion head erased and a star, three buckles (King),
impaling^ Three garl>s (Gumming). Crest, on a hehnet with mantling
and wreath, a hand holding a swonl. Motto along the top, Audaces
Fartuna Juvat, Inscription in italics on tiiblet beneath : —
In BesHirtctionu Beatm Spem
ComluiUur Hie Relvinire Viri
Dujniasimi (tulielmi King De
Neumiln Urhis hiijm Elgini
Quondam Prcefecti qui 27
Septenihri^ A. .^. G. MDGGXV
^EUUis 11 Animam Deo Reddidit
Necnon Reliquiw Mulieris
Spectattssinue Margaretm
Gumming Filifs Viri meritissimi
(ieorgii Gumming De LodUer
Vandich Urhis etiam hujus
Quondam Prcefecti Prcpfati
Gulielmi King Gonjugvt char
immoi qiuv 2 January A. .E.
G. MDGGXIV ^Etutis 61 Animam
efflavit Relviuifn et Liherorum
ex his Prognatorum.
The shield on the sinister side (lOi inches in width) bears arms (fig.
36) :— On a fess, between a lion head era.sed and a star, three buckles
'sedt^aaixci^,.vra
<s
! m fii
X'-.^^ir.-.
,^1: ^ A
^„-' «]©■ 11
1!
FiK. 3r..
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 385
(King), impaling, On a fess between three cross crosslets fitch^e as
many sUirs (Tulloch). The crest and motto are the same as al)Ove, and
the inscription beneath, also in italics, is : —
Hie Quiescit quod Kduiuum
est Mulieris omatimmce Anruc
Tulloh Filiiv, Viri Sjyectatimmi
Thoni(t Tulloh de Tanachiy
Gulielmo King hodit d^ Neu
Mihi Nuptam datas qua I
Septembris A, /tL G, MDCCXVI
u^Jtatis 21 ad Godites abiit.
(2) On floor of north jnissage, a shield (12 J inches at top) with arms,
viz. : — A chevron Ix'tween three l)oar lieads couped (Gordon),
impaling, On a fess, l)etween a lion head erased and a star, two buckles
(King). Crest, on a ludmet with mantling an<l wre^ith, a boar head.
Motto on an escroll at k>i) "AU1)ACP:S FORTITNA JUVAT." The
above achievement occupies the centre of the stone, the upper part is
blank, and on tlui lower part is an inscripticm in Roman capitals,
viz.: —
HERE LYES THE CHILDREN
OF WILLIAM GORDON AND
MARGARET KING HIS
SPOUS VIZ ROBERT GORDON
DIED 27 AUGUST 1712 LUCR
ETIA DIED 12 JAR" 1717.
(3) Stone on floor of south passage. It has a shield (11 inches at top)
with arms, viz. (fig. 37) : — P]rmine, on a fess three crescents (Craig),
impaling, On a l)end, between two lion heads erased, three buckles
(King). Crest, on a helmet with mantling and wreath, an open
book. An escroll above but no motto. This achievement occupies the
centre of the stcme ; the upper part is ])lank, and in the lower part is an
inscripticm in Roman capitals, viz. : —
VOL. xxxiv. 2 B
386
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
HERE LYES THE CHILDREN
OF JAMES CRAIG WREAT-
ER IN ELGIN AND AGNES
KING HIS SPOUS VIZ
MARGARET MARJORIE
& MARGARET CRAIQS
AND JAMES CRAIG.
(4) Another stone further west in the passage is non-heraldic.
Fig. 37. At Greyfriars Church, Elgin.
(5) Stono on soutli wall of nave. The shield (15 inches at top)
bears (fig. 38) : — ( )n a fess, hotween a lion head (erased ?) and a star,
two Inickles (Kin<;), impalimj, Three garbs (Cuniming). A helmet
with mantling and wreath Imt no crest. An escroll l>eneath the shield
but no motto. Above is an inscription in capitids, viz. : —
HKRE LYKS MARCJARET CVMM
IN(} SPOrs TO WILLIAM KING OF
NEWMIL LAT PRO VEST OF ELGIN
WHO DEPARTED THE 2 DAY OF lANUARY 1714.
QUOD FORTLTNA DEDIT TOLERE
Xenio Potest etc
wall of the Nave at Grey friars Church, Elgin.
388 PROCEEDINGS OK THE SOCtETTT, APRIL 9, 1900-
At tha sitle of the panel coiitaininfj the aniis^ the initials 1^"". K. and
beneath the inscrii»tioii : —
HERE , LVES , THE , CHILDREN , of
WILLIAM , KIN{J , AND , MATiCURAT
CUMMINtJ . R. K. L. K. A K.
L.K.
In thn south mthr of tlie tlomeMtic |mrt of the buihliugK tliore atv
built into the wall two old st<.irie^ : —
(1) A lintel over doorway with inacrij^ti on in cai>ittils : —
NVLLI . CERTA . DOMVB,
(2) A stuue built into tlie wall, i\ li fch? to the west, coiisUting of
a panel (ubout 15 iiidiea )iy 12) with u a mouhled Iwmler, which
contjiInB a ahield beiirtiig {irme * (fif<. ^) : — Quarterly, 1st and 4th5
A liun rampnt (Wrtlkce) ; 2nd and . d, A fpas i-hexjiiy (Liiuli*ay).
The charges in the seetind i\m\ thin! i trtor are defectivt*, rescinhling
a cross couped and quarterly piercer , but no dotibt reprt^seiiting
a fesK chequy, PenOi<^d on tliy upper comers nf the shield art* twa
papiiiga^, holding between tbeni in their beaks a horsie shoe — - an
original ^v^ay tif repreaenting sujiporteri and creist it intended for the^tv
Benpjith tire i^hield are the initials T, V, (for Thomas Widlaee !),
In the room at the south- west eorner of the domestic buihlingg are
renin ijiH of jwiinting on some of the i-afters, and niao, I understand, on the
ceiling which is temponirily removeti
In the street^ Ui the north of the church, on the opi^osite siiie, is a
quaint old liuilding now used as a stiihle, hut originally connected with
Greyfriai-a.
High Street of Elgin and adjoining Lanes. — Proceeding west from
the cathedral, at the junction of North with South College Street, is
what is known as the Little Cross, consisting of a pedestal with a round
pillar and square ornanu'iital top. On two of the faces are rude repre-
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
389
sentations of the Virgin and Child, on each of the other two faces are two
crosiers, grasped on each side backwards by the Virgin and by the Child.
Opposite this is the Museum (High Street, No. 1). Among many objects
Fig. 39. Shield at Greyfriars, Elgin.
of interest is an old carved chair from Dallas, which has on the back a
shield (9 J inches in width) bearing arms (fig. 40) : — On a fess, between
a star flanked by two garbs in chief and a cinquefoil in base, a saltire.
At the sides are the initials R. B. and beneath the date 1620. Below
is an ornamental panel.
390
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOClEtY, APRIL 9, 1900.
A few doors along (Xo. 7) is the house of Duff of Dipple, ancestor to
the Earls of Fife. Over tlie dormers are, in the one case, the initials
I. D., with date 1694 al)ove, and, in the other, M. I. with star above.
Fi^. 40. Back of a Chair horn Dalljuu
Xext we cninn to Dr Adani^s hom^ '*St GQcf*' (No, IS^ « '
now ImiMini,^ (lesi\Ljiio«l by Mr lleiton (^^H[k^_On Ihn w»U at tlie mh '
of tlic (Milrinco door is built ill ^^^^^^Qk^^^HllbJlOO^f^
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
391
It has on it a shield bearing anus (fig. 41) : — A chevron between three
garl)s (Gumming of Lochterwandich), impaling^ Out of a fess a
derai lion issuant and in base three stars (Chalmers). Initials I. C.
and I. C. The date beneath the panel is 1576. The stone is said to have
been taken from an old house in a close nearly on the same spot.
Down a close (No. 37), opposite the County Buildings and named
" High House Buildings," above a garden gate is a lintel having carved
on it in the centre a hammer crowned, with date 1667, and at each
side a shield. That on dexter bears: — Three escutcheons (Hay), with
Fig. 41. Shield built into Dr Adam's House, Elgin.
initials I. H. And tliat on sinister : — Three boar heads erased
(Gordon), w^ith initials M. G. Over the lintel is a triangular stone with
a monogram apparently for D. M. M. S., under which is the date 1688, and
at top two fish in chevron. On the opjwsite or south side of the street
houses from Nos. 42 to 52 rest on a series of low j)illars with arches.
A little further along is the town cross, rising from a platform, a
pillar with a lion at the top holding a shield (which is of 17th century
work).
Close to this is the parish church occupying the site of the old church
of St Giles. When the latter was pulled down, its carved oak pulpit
was taken to Pluscardin, where it remained till the present 'year, when it
has been sent back to Elgin, and is to Ixj put up in a hall in connection
with the parish church.
3d2
PHOCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIKTY, APRIL 9, 1900.
Nearly opposite the cross (No. 103) is Dr Macka/s house, with a
round tower on which is a panel, within a moulded border, containing a
shield bearing arms (fig. 42) : — Quarterly, 1st and 4th, On a bend three
buckles (Leslie) ; 2nd and 3rd, A lion rampant (intended for Abemethy).
Initials A. L. and I. B., date beneath 1634.
Again, on the south side of the street, up the close (No. 78, I think),
there are some pieces of carving from the cathedral built into the wall
of a house on west side of close. In the south gable of a house on the
same side of the close is a coat of arms.
On same side of the street (No. 150), hut entering off Batchen Lane,
is Thunderton House, now the Gordon Temperance Hotel. There are
Fig. 42. Shield built into Dr Mackay's House, Elgin,
some pieces of carving at entrance and above dormer windows facing
south. Two large figures of lieraldic savages from this house arc now at
Pluscardin.
Nearly at the west end of the Higli Street, a little to the north, is the
Lady hill. On the toj) are remains of the Ciistle of Elgin. In earlier
days it had been a native strongliold ; traces of the surrounding ramparts
still remain.
Spynie Palace. — Here there are five coats of arms remaining.
Over tlie main gateway in the east wall of courtyard is a shield
bearing arms (fig. 43) : — On a fess, between three keys paleways, as
many stars. Behind the shield a crosier. These are no doubt the arms
of a Bisliop of Moray, but not of Bishop Innes, as commonly stated.
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
393
On the south wall of the great keep, said to have been built by Bishop
Da\'id Stewart (1461-1476), and comparatively low down, are a group
of three heraldic panels, one above and two beneath.
The upper (fig. 44) contains a shield bearing : — Scotland, surrounded
by thistles at top and sides and resting on the back of a unicorn, couchant,
gorged with a cro\vn and chained.
The two lower panels each contain a shield also.
^±A^
Fig. 43. Shield at Spynie Palace.
The arms on the dexter are (fig. 45) : — A chevron charged with two
lions puUing at a ro6e and in base a star. Above the shield a mitre
with initials P. IL at sides. Beneath shield an escroll without motto.
The anns are those of Bishop Patrick Hepburn (1535, died 1573). A simi-
lar panel in the Bishop's House is described above (p. 381), and there is a
i^eal with the same arms described and figure^l by Laing, voL L, No. 913.
The anns on the sinister shield are (fig. 46) : — A fess chequy lietween
crowns in chief and a cross crosslet fitchee in base. Above the
A mltn^ The arms are those of Bishop David Stewart. A stone
i-[^ mii\
Fir?, 1 1- it; BhUUH il ^yymt Va\ml^
396
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
ROBERTVS . LESLIE . COMITIS . QVI . FILIVS . OLIM .
ROTHVSIiE EV . ERAT . SIMVLET . SVAVISSIMA . CONIVNX .
ELPHSTONIl . SOBOLES . HEROIS . CONDVNTVR . IN . ANTRO
HOC . LICET . OBSCVRO . CELEBRES . PIETATE . SVPERSVNT .
HOS . QVONDAM . BINOS . HYMENCEVS . IVNXIT . IN . VNVxM .
CORPVS . ET . HIS VIVIS . SEMPERFVIT . VNA . VOL . VINTAS .
VNVS . AMOR DOMVS . VNA FVIT NVNC . LVMINECASSO .
VNA . DVOS . ITERVM . CONDIT . LIBITINA . SEPVLTOS.
On the west wall are two stones, one on cither side of the entrance.
Fig. 48. In the Wall at Trinity Church, Spynie.
They have each in the centre, near the top, a shield with impaled anns,
above which on an escroll is rudely incised the motto *' SUB SPE," under
the shield a skull, and round tlie marj^in an inscription in Roman capitals.
The first shield (14 inches at top) bears (fig. 48) : — Three cushions lozenge-
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
397
ways (no royal tressure or mark of cadency) (Dunbar of Burgie), impaling^
Quarterly, 1st anil 4th, Three buckles in bend (not on a bend) ; 2nd and
3rd, A lion rampant (not debruised ])y a ribl)on) (Leslie quartered with
Abernethy). Marginal inscription continued down centre : —
HERE . LYES . THE .
BODIE . OF . MISTRIS . ISSOBLLA . LESLIE . LADIE .
BVRGIE . WHO . DE
PARTED . THIS . LIFE . THE . TENTH . OF . JANUARIE .
1688.
Fig 49. In the Wall at Trinity Church, Spynie.
Tlie other shield (13 inches at top) bears (fig. 49) : — Three cushions
lozengeways ( Dunbar of Bishopmiln) ; impaling, A cross engrailed
between four roses (Ayton). Marginal inscription continued down the
centre : —
lllE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
-TRIS . MARGARET .
■{<» . DEPARTED . THIS .
NTH .
— '.-. V '1. ii. p. 17, is tlie following note: — " Alex-
•.. .-iti.-. :p>ii his chimnoypieco, l>etween initials and
- ■ ;.: -iii^e onshions; impaling on a cross indented, l>e-
--^•-1. .11 less point, for his wife,Margaret Aytoun."
uviv monumont. The upper part, wliich is tri-
:- *:uL v»f the inclosure and has on it an achieve-
.- L-.-*.L The shield hears: — Six buckles in l)end
»;.:. - v'\»mKitiUit (intended for I^slie quartered Avitli
• Lir -liiield a helmet with mantling and at the sides
.. . 1. The lower part of the monument consists of
Ar< with the following inscription in script : —
Here Lyes
' ./«'»; Leslie Esq'' of Findrafsie
ivbo was Heir Male
of
;.■ ^'b Earl of Rothes bis Lordsbi^
■ f J hatber of T{obert Leslie tbe
" ^s: :^' tbe Family of Findrafsie
:i: died at Findrafsie House
26 May 1793
. hid to the Mewo7'\ of an
. Iffectionate Husband
Ibis Monument is erected by
Mrs Jea^' ^ '^> bis iridoiv.
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 399
Lhanbryd Church. —This churcli has also now disappeared, but the
churchyanl remains.
On the east side is the Innc^s inclosure. On its east wall is a recessed
tomb witli recumlxint effigy of a knight in armour, with hehnet open
from brow to chin, lion at feet, sword at side, and on his bretistplate an
escutcheon and a star (but no charge in l>ase).
On the south wall is a stone with two shields. The one l)ears Innes
arms, viz. : — Three stiirs within a l)ordure. The other ]>ears the arms
of the Earl of Iluntly, viz. : — Quarterly, 1st, Three boar heads couped ;
2nd, Three lion heads erased ; 3rd, Tliree crescents within a royal tres-
sure ; 4th, Three f raises. The inscription commences as follows : —
HIC REQUIESCIT ^lAIA GORDON FILIA
On the north wall is a large stone having in the central space near the
top a shield bearing the arms of Tnn(»s, viz. : — Three stars. With initials
A. I. at sides. Round the margin is an inscription in Roman capitals
commencing at foot of the dexter sid(», viz. : —
HIC . REQVIESCIT . IN . DNO . ALEX . INNES . COKSTONVS
EX . ILLUSTRI . FAMIL
lA . INNERMARKIE . 0RIVNDV8 . QVI . FATIS CONCES
SIT . G . OCTOB . 1012 . SV
E . VERO . .ETATIS . 80.
In an inclosure a Httle east of the gate in the north wall is a stone
with arms (fig. 50) : — On a fess of three bars wavy, a lion passant
contounie and in base three fleurs-de-lys. The inscTiption records that
it is " Tn memory of »James Chalmers, eldest lawful son to John
Chalmers, sometime in little Coxton died the 9th of Decem-
ber 1766 "
CoXTON ToWBK. — Less than half a mile west of Lhanbryd and about
three miles east of p]lgin is Coxton. It is built of stone throughout, the
ceihngs vaulted alternately at right angles to each other, and the roof
covered with stone.
400
PR0CKEDING8 OF THE SOCIKT7, APRIL 9, 1900.
There is a s^uai^ o):iening in the centre of each floor, closc'd by a ^tone
which fits in, TJie ontmnce is on the first st<;n'y, an*i is iiroteoted by a fine,
iron yett with an ofik door on the outuide almost touching it, Tfie pre-
sent stair up to it ia tin addition, a ladder having lieen originally use^L*
Over the entrmice is a cnat of arm»/^ viz, r— Quarterly » Ist, Three stairs
(Innes) ; 2nd, Three Ktarw (Innes) ; 3nl, A j?tiig Lend conj.*ed (Reid) ; 4tb,
Three boar hc^ids erased {tJoTdon), Above the ahield is a coronet, ami
there are ff>nT sets of initials, two al>ove and two beneath, viz. : —
R. I,, A, J., R., tmd K, (?. The coat is evidently composed of the
Fig. 50. At Lhanbryd Church,
arms applicable to these four sets of initials. Above is an older stone
with the date 1641 between two sets of initials, the same as appear above
the shield, viz. : — R. I. and A. I. In the first floor room over the window
in the south wall is another coat ])earing (fig. 51) : — A stag head cabossed
with star botwoen the attyres, on a cliief three stars. There are no
initials or date.
BiRNiK Church— St r»iiKN'nAxs.— The Norman church of St Brendans
at Birnie, 2^ miles sDUth of Kli^in, was founded aWit 1160.^
* Casttflatfif ntui P^>m(Mttr AirhitectHr>\ vol. ii. p. 23,
5 IVseribovl in A\v'. Arxh., vol. i. p. 21 S.
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
401
The most noteworthy objects in it are : —
The chancel arcJi, which is in perfect condition.
An txrtagcinal stone font with hemispherical basin undecorate*!.
A Celtic })ell, rectanj^ukr, with rounde<l corners, formed of two pieces
of iron riveted t4:)gether down the sides, with handle at top, and which
appears to have been plated with bronze.^
A bronze han(l-])ell of usual shape.
Fig. 61. Shield in Ck)xton Tower.
On the north wall near the west end is a monument with .shield (12 J
inches at top) l>earing arms (fig. 52) : — A chevron couped between
three crescents (Sanders), impaling^ A heart with a falcon head issuing
therefrom (Falconer). At the sides of the shiidd are a cofhn and hour-glass,
and alwvo it Mr. W.S., M.F., the last four letters forming a monogram.
' This bell has beou figiircil and described with other Celtic bells, by Dr Joseph
Anderson, in Scotland in Efirfy Christian Times, i». 178.
VOL. XXXIV.
rr c
402
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1900.
The whole is inclosed in a semi-circular headed frame, outside of which
are the initials W. S., and on a slab beneath the inscription : —
HERE LYES UNDER
This pulpit the corps of
M^ W"™ Sanders lait . min-
ister . of this parochin
who deceased . the 13 of
may 1670 & of Kather-
in & Elspet sanders his
children.
Fi^. f '2. On a Monument in Hiinie Church.
In the churcliyard near the west f^ato is a granite ]>oulder with
incised symbol.
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
403
IviNi.oss AnnEY. — lii the Ecrleaiastieal Architecture of Scotland^ vol. i.
I». 416, is <,qv(Mi a doscriptiou of all that remains of this building,^ and
of the a])]M)t's house adjoiuin^i,', toj^ether with a sketch of the panel over
the door of the latter, which contains the arms of Ahlx)t Robert Reid,
viz. : — A stag heiul cal)ossed. Behind the shield a crosier and at the
top the initials R. R.
Fig. 53. Shield at Burgie House.
Burg IE Castle. — This castle is described in the Castellated and
Domestic Architecture of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 260.
The arms there referred to as over the great fireplace in the hall
(p. 260, fig. 715) api)ear to be those now built into the outside wall at
L (p. 260, fig.
ftlso Stuart's Records of the Monasierif of Kinloss, issued by the Society,
1872, 4to.
402
The whole is inelosti*! in a aemi-Dircalar headed fmme:, out^^it-
are the initials \V, S,. and oti a ^hih betieuth tlii? )Tisc*rlpt,inn
HERE LYES UNDER
ThiB j>ulpit i\m oorpB nf
M^ W"^ Sautk'rK la it . jni«-
ister . tjf this p^irothiti
who dec.'4au£e4l . tlie 13 of
^may 1070 ^i oi KathtT-
in k Elflpet aaudertj hi^
oliildreiL
In the chuKhyfinl tr
incised syml)ol.
HERALDRY OF EI/ilN AND ITS XKIGIIBOURHOOD.
405
head between the lettei-s K. R. in base ; })eing the arms and initials of
his father and mother, Mr Alexander Dunbar and Katherine Reid ; and
.^i9^
Fig. 51. Shield and Monogram at Burgie House.
below, outside the garter, R. 1)., his own initials ; all the al>ove in relief ;
the date 1602 is cut into the stone. This Robert Dunlwr of Burgie
married — first, in or l)efore 1609, Isobel, daughter and co-heir of Sir
404
i'i:(h;eki>in(;s of tmk society, a
the side ni the stair leading to the entrance
floor.
Th«* shiolil is partial jM*r fess. 7;i /7if<^/', Tli
(Duuhar) : witli initials ^f. A. I>. Iji />««(% A
with initials K.U. Ahnvo thn shioM n liehii
iK'hind the helniot an«l surmundinj^ tho shieb
OuUido of this and at foot are the initials i
motto, '• MANET 1MMVTA151LP: YIKTV.-
ZKIKIS." This is evidently copied fnuu
into the wall of the trench snntnindin*; tli-
and rlose to the front d(K)r. Tt has a
and initials, and may 1h^ deserilK'il ;
o})lon«< panel (Hi inches by 81) willii-
per fess. In rhipf. Three cjnshions '
M. A. J)., the fn-st letter within Xhr
In hasp^ A rttii^ heml (eras(;d ?). "
shield. At the foot and outside tin* s^
A coat now huilt in cUwe t»» th>
in width) with arms (fiy. 54):— Th'
inipalvif/, A hand holding; a sw(»nl e^
of the initials K. I)., I. S., and I'.u-
The followin«^ notes are tii-m >:
15. "Mr Alexander Dunhai,
f«)rmer Dean Alexander), mIso ^! ""
the Senators (»f the (.'ollem» of J-
Katlurrine Ki»id, sister-i^i'MiKii
Kinlc^ss, ami niere of Kuln'i
Ahhot (»f Kinloss. Tlu' !»•■
three cushions within th"
Pa-e. 10. ''KoIhtI I>m,I.
of I)('an Alexanihr. ': ■ '
wilhin a j^arter, l"----
tlih'.- rii^hioii^, \\V'
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
407
St Michabl^s Church, Ogbtox. — On the site of this church is a
mausoleum, recently erected with stones said to be from the old church
of OgstonJ
In the churchyard are a numl)er of 17th-century stones. There is one
bearing arms (fig. 55), viz. : — A saltire couped between a star in chief,
a hunting-horn in base, and two crescents in flanks,- impaling^
Three birds passant.
Fig. 55. Shield at St Michaers Church, Ogston.
()\i the dexter side of shield is a scythe and hour-glass and on the
sinister a spade and mattock in saltire. Beneath is an escroll with
initials T. Z. and M. W. Under that an anchor between two axc^, then
a blank jKinel, and at foot a skull and cross bones with the motto
"MOKS ^lETA LABOKViM."
' Eccl. Arch., voL iii. p. 554.
- These bear uo resemblance to the usual arms uf Youug.
406
I'ROCRKDINGS OF THE 90CI1T?, Al
John Sharpe of Houston, knight, lulvtJCiitf. TTjB
nion^igtum of thoir initiali? R. IK, I. S., unil
euBbions ; impling a ilext*^r hanil ho Ming a cliJ
id the ckt*' 1621— all in relifif."
IiurFus Castlk. — ^TUiH must iutt'toatiiig ;
reiufiiiis. It iH «leacril*od in tlic Cwtf/^llnit^
vol i, n. *279.
8t 1'kti^k's CutmoH, Uuffus. -Thin churcli
In the eentre of the chiircJiyard is a curio«>
shaft alwut 12 foet high^ fixed tn aaockpt**.! t
tlie base, ftUtl with au oniamoutiil toju Theril
all very nmch overgrown with moaa, hut tiosi
only decoration being ikiills with rroas l*cmi»j
T aside the ehiirch are two shields on orunniAfl
a monument. They aji|iear to 1^ Keith coiit
CEOsa cfosatetB fitchde, on a chit^f thre« ]iti]
Throe piles eupfrailed^ in point, ou & zbiei thf^^
tiURBoNHTiiWK HouHK. — The princiiml fnf|
arc two full acliievement^. That to the fi^t '
Lennox, viz. :— Quarterly, 1st, Tliree boar hi.
heads enused. 3rd, Three crescents within •
fraisiis, impaling^ Quarterly, l^^t and 4 th,
bonlure charged with eight buckles ; 2nd i
II Ijonliire engrailed. 8urtout, A mltire (i^u^
Crest, on a helmet with mantling (and
portersj twti hounds collared. Tlmt
lluntly and Times quartered, viz, :— 1,
boar ]\i\uU i-oiiprd. 2ud, Three Hon he*n
IV i thin a rtiyal UessiurLs ithj Tiiree fn
iSurtout, thi? lutdge of a bartrnet of Natj
with MinnlHiig ;iTid wrnith, a mhHt i
a hinind niid u s;tva;:f- with rhib, etc*
f
HERALDRY OF EIX5IN AND ITft NEIGHBOURHOOD. 409
Pluscardin Priory. — The architectural features are described in the
Ecclesiastical Architerturey vol. ii. p. 146, and other particulars are given in
TJi£ Rdigums Hou^e of Pluxeardiiiy by tlie Rev. S. R. Macphail, or in
its abridgment the Guide to Pluscardin Priory,
On our way to the church we jwss tlie Dunlwir vestry which stands in
the angle l)etweeu tlie dioir and north transept. On its central boss is a
shield bearing anus, viz. : — Three cusliions lozengeways within a royal
tressure. I^hind the shield is a crosier and on each side a draped
figure. There are also initials.^ The arms are those of the last prior,
Alexander Dunbar (1533-1560), who built the vestry. He is supposed
to have l>een a descentlant of Mr Patrick Dunbar, chancellor of Aberdeen
and Caithness, who was sixth son to Sir Alexander Dunbar of Westfield,
and died 8th Septeml)er 1525.- Another stone with his arms is
described under Elgin Cathedral burying-ground (p. 374). The lintel of
what was formerly a doorway into the choir is formetl of a tombstone
with incised cross of somewhat unusual pattern.^
Entering the church by the north door of the north transept, we find
in its eastern (and only) aisle some tombstones on the floor. The most
imix)rtant of these is that of Sir William Byniet (fig. 56). The slab is
34 inches wide, and the part remaining is 44 inches long. In tlie centre
of the stone is a cross with arms pointed, and a circle at the intersection
containing the Oothic letters 1 b B- At the sides a chalice and closed
book. The inscription round the margin in (Jothic letters is : —
bic : iacet
bii5 • ttilbclmuB • &c • bgrnet • •
• if • ano &ni • m*^ cccc*^ octogcrD<> ^
Another stone, the upper part of which only remains, has no lettering,
* Figured in Macphairs PltiscartHVf ]>. 121.
2 IbOl.f p. 127, and Stodart's Scottish Arimff p. 15. ^ Ibid.^ p. 162, fig.
* Ibid., p. 164.
• ' :!£TY. APKIL 9, 19<X).
■ -> with anns crossleted, luargiiia]
-^. 11' 'FH uuKlern in date, and all i>f
ldf(^t
Ilh?
>
j^i.
en
•?>
<->*3
I
!<
^ I. s;i'».it Pluscanliu Priory.
-. .' • -I'l'-. The iiiseriptious in Kuman
d
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 411
AND HIS SPOUS
ISOB. . MURDACH
WHO DYED IAN
EUARY 28 1715
AND THER CHILD
REN lAA lOA AAA
The inscription reads round the margin and then down the centre of
the stone, beneath are the initials I A. I M., and immediately under them
and at the foot of the stone a panel with emblems of mortality.
The second stone has the following inscription : —
HERE . LYES . JAMES . ALLAN
SONE . IN . DWELLAR . IN . EAST . HILL . OF
PLUSKERTE . HE . DIED
THE . 12 . OF . APRIL . 1703
lA . IM.
The third stone is inscribed : —
HEIR . LYES . lOHN . DUNCA
N . LAFULL . SON .TO N AND ISOBLE . GR-
GORE . SOMETIME . IN
DUELL . . R . IN . REDEYE . WHO DEPARTED . THE . 29
OF MAY THE YEAR OF
GOD 1722 lOB THE
I KNOW
THAT MY REDEEMER
LIVETH AND THAT HE SH
ALL STAND UPON THE
EARTH AT
DAY TH
.... WORMS DE . . . .
IS BODY YET IX ... .
SH SHALL I SEE GOD
WD I -
1 —
Beneath is a panel with emblems of mortality, similar to that on the
first stone ciIkjvc mentioned.
412
PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, I90a
In the choirs uear the ceutre, lie two stones aide hj side, Oae (74
inches by 27) lias ld the upper ]K>rtion a ahield (fig, 57) with initials A- 0,
at top and L R. ^t l^wt, the anna on which nre : — A lion mm|iiuit (not
passant) (for Clgilvy), impaling, Tlin^e (jiciwcts or tadpoles T) {Russell?)
The lower portion has on it a skull with an escroU, alwve, inscribed itt
Roman capitals, *' MEMENTO MORI. ' Round the niai^nn (coTomencing
at the lower left hand tionier) ifj tl^- iiisr-^-^tion in Roman cupitals : —
. . . . Kt: [.YKTU . ANE . HON'Ei^T . 1 S'DROW . tKIILBY - Q
(V)HA . DWALT IX TH
E KSTKH . HIL - OF . FLVSCARDEN . SOV 18 DEfEBTBT OV"l' OF TH
18 I
Fig. 57- Shield OD Sppukbral Skb at Phiitcarilin Priory.
The otlier stone has rotuid the margin the following in^riplion in
Roman capittds :—
AN(E) . (HON)EST . MAN . (CA)LED (OKOR)GB . OGILBIE .
WH(A) . DEPART
KD . THE . » . DAY OF . (I)VLIK THE YEARE . OF GOD . 1643
EN . ALR .
. KD . I DO.
Initials in centro. 'VUvw aiv still Ugilvics in the glen who claim to
helong to tho snnn' family.
' Fi^:;iiicd in Macpliail'is J'li(i>C(inUn, p. 168.
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AXD ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
413
A roughly dressed blue stone lies on the north side near the entrance
to the choir. It has on it an incised cross, with top and arms bevelled,
on a base of four steps. On either side of the cross above the arms are
Fig. 68. Sepulchral Slab at Pluacardin Priory.
the Gothic letters g & and below two objects somewhat resembling a
heart and a knife or ploughshare.^
In the crossing under the tower two stones have been discovered,
' Macphail'a Pluscardin^ p. 168,
y^wTTS
L^cuns
■'I'll xrtttv ^ftl 'T^
tirtrr^
:.-± .»oi
JU, rr-u. -l
■ ' *^ -^ !:ro!iii —
..I lTlTWi« »f -.
i^'-t-i. •ir.
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 415
eontiiins a uuiiibt»r of recumbent tombstones, all incised, of which the
following are the most interesting : —
(1) Nciir the east end a stone (39 inches in width), the upper
portion of whicli is occupied by a sliield bearing arms (tig. 59) : —
Three cushions lozenge ways (Dunliar), impaling^ A stag salient
(Strachan). Initials A.I), at top and M.S. at sides. Lower down
are the words "MEMENTO MORI" with skull and cross bones.
Inscription round margin in Roman capitals, viz. : —
HEIR . LYIS . ANE . GENTIL
MAN . ALLEXANDER . DVNBAR . OF . VASTEKHIL . IN . PLUSCARDEN
QUHA . DEPERTIT . THE
TVANTIE . FOURT . DA YE . OF . APRYLE . THE . ZEIR . OF . GOD . l(J26.i
(2) Stone (61 inches by 30), near centre of chaiKjl, with incised cross,
the head and arms bevelled, resting on three steps. Inscription round
margin, in Gothic letters, in relief, viz. : —
bic : iacct :
bonotabilis : vtt : alesan^et : &ubat
: &C : &Unir : Ct
blaw : &c : plufcartc q o : a<^ : &* : m<^ : q : V :
c» : b : m* : r* -
(3) A stone at the west end has in the upper part a shield in relief
bearing arms, viz. :— Three boar heads eraied contoum^e and in base a
chevron couped and inverted (Urquhart), impaling, A stag head cabossed.
Initials at sides I. V. and I. B. In the lower part are a skull and cross
bones with two hearts at their intersection. The marginal inscription
is in Roman capitals : —
HERE . LYES . lA
MES . VRQVHART
:i
* Figured in Macphail's Pluxardiv, p. 171, fig.
- IhUL, p. 172, fig. See remarks. ' Ibid,, p. 174.
;^ ^ij^iitj.^- <vu^y»»
Fig. 59. Sepukbnil Slab it PhiRcardm Priory*
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.
417
(4) A large slab (74 inches by 40) with incised design and inscription
now broken and some parts lost. It formerly lay at the door opening
into the cloisters, but has recently been fixed to the south wall of the
chapel close to its old position. The centre of the stone is occupied by
a cross on a base of five steps with curved ends, the head and arms
also ornamented with curved lines. Above the arms of the cross the
dexter side is broken away, but on the sinister are the Gothic letters
VXV^, over which are faint traces of an indented line. Beneath the
arms of the cross, on the dexter side, is a shield (fig. 60) bearing : —
A cross between two crosses pattee in the first and fourth cantons and as
many stars of six rays in the second and third, all within a bordure (the
Fig. 60. Shield on Sepulchral Slab at Pluscardin Priory.
cross and bordure, which are of double lines, may simply be intended to
divide and bound the shield). The initials i I are at the sides of the
shield and t I below it. On the sinister side of the cross are a skull (?)
and leg bone. Round the margin of the stone is the inscription in Gothic
letters : —
[Die iacct bo]norabiliB vir
5acobu0 : l[8Cl (?) qui o]biit : viii : 5bU0 : aprilis :
a[nno ] : p[
]ra : /ft"^ : ccccc"^ : fit : IRobart^ : iBCl : [ ]
In the centre of the base of the cross is a hole in which is an iron bolt
perhaps for a ring by which to lift the stone. ^
^ Figured in Macphail's Pluscardin^ p. 173. See remarks.
VOL. XXXIV. 2 D
418
PEOCSXDINGS OF THK eOClfi'lT^ APBIL 9, 1900.
A stone in Elgin Cathedml ta William Lyol, died 1^04, k dtsscriljQAl
above, p. 3G5.
South of tlic! Lady Cliapel k the Chapter-Hoiise with central ptlkr^
Next that is a |mssage in which are deposit ^ various objects of interest
Fig. 61. Shield in the Chapter-House, Pluscardin.
found during the excavations and alterations presently in progress.
Among the carved stones there is only one which is heraldic, viz. : ^A
slab with a shield (8i inches in width ^||n) bearing arms (fig. 61) >^
On a chevron three niascles. Beb ^^^^■t-u -~ j^ crosier
AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 421
crowned (Ogilvie) ; 2iid and 3rd, A cross
fo//j Quarterly, 1st, Three boar heads couped;
erased ; 3rd, Three crescents within a royal
fraist^a (bring the arms of the Earl of Huntly).
iieatli, LAVB DEO.
liR'Ms is an insifL-ription in Gothic letters, viz. : —
\b ^ a [est ' ogilup ^ne • ^e finMater beros
^0port5c ■ cle^abctl) oor^on vtrumq^ • eabat
fucsi&c ^ prrls btstcr • pwrifg^ ^uobus
baa ificiiit cOcs - iwtus vterg^ • plus •
iniGravut c? bac luce • bic bie 4^ mefis fuUf
1554 5lla Me mefis • • • • 155 •
On the opi)osite or south wall is a handsome gallery of carved oak,
having tw<» shields witli arms carved and coloured on the front, viz. : —
The dexter. Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Argent, a lion passant gules
crowned or (Ogilvie) ; 2nd and 3rtl, Argent, a cross engrailed sable
(Sinclair). The sinister. Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Argent, a heart
gules, on a chief (depressed and resembling a fess) azure three stars of
the field (Douglas) ; 2nd and 3nl, Argent, on a chief from which issues
tliree piles gules, two stars of the field (Douglas of Locldeven). The
arms of an Earl of Morton ?
On one of the pillars is the date "18. AP. 1608," beneath that a
shield, and under that arms not on a shield (fig. 65) ^ : — A crescent
between tliree stars (for Innes), with initials I. I.
The enti'ance from the church to the south transept or St Ann's
Chapel is by an arch, and on its west wall is another arch over what was
formerly the recessed tomb of John Duff of Muldavit, who died in 1404,
and whose efiigy was removed to Duff House, near Banff, in 1792.- There
are numerous inscriptions about these arches and in other parts of the
transept.^
^ Ecd. Arch., vol. iii. p. 404, fig. - ProceeduujSj vol. xxix. p. 336.
'* Jbid., vol. ix. p. 278.
422
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APBIL », 1000.
Outaide the church on the fiouth wall of the choir are threa eont^
vbi, :— West shield. Qimrterlyi 1st and 4th, A lion passant crowtied ;
Fig. 66. Shield in Korth Wall of Cullen Church.
•Jiul ami 3nl, Thivo Kxir heads coui>ed. MotU) "TOVT IO\T^/'
Initials I. O.
Contn* shioM. Quariorly, 1st and 4th, A lion pa.ssant crowned:
•Jiul and 3i\l. A vvoss oui:r.uK\l, ///?^'(l/^'^;, Quiirterly, 1st, Tliree boar
HEKALDRT OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 423
heads couped; 2nd, Three lion heads erased; 3rd, Three crescents
within a royal tressure; 4th, Three fraises. (The Huntly anns).
Motto "LAVS DEO." Initials L. O.
East shield. Quarterly, Ist and 4th, A lion passant; 2nd and 3nl,
A cross engrailed. Motto "TOVT IO^^l." Initials A. O.
Against the north wall of the church are two tomhstones with arms.
One is at the east comer (fig. 66), and has the shield parted per fess. In
chiefs Three boar heads erased contoumee (for Abercrombie). With
initials I. A. In hase^ Three stars and between them a crescent (Innes).
With initials I. I. This is a somewhat unusual arrangement for
the arms of husband and wife, the correct method being that of
impalement Two similar examples at Burgie Castle, with arms of
Dunbar and Reed, are described above, p. 404. The inscription is in
Koman capitals, but is, unfortunately, much damaged, the commencement
round the margin of the stone being quite indecipherable. The latter
part above the shield is as follows : —
HIC . ETIAM . lACET . 10
AIXES ABERC . EOR
VM . FILIVS . QVI . OBII
T . 2 FEBR . 1603.
The other stone is near the west end, and has in the centre a shield
bearing arms, viz. : — Three cushions (Dunbar) and round the margin
an inscription in Roman capitals, which was not copied.
Deskford Church. — The old chuich, in the village, is now roofless.^
It contains two objects of interest which are well protected, each
being inclosed in a wooden frame with padlocked door. Both are on
the north walL
The more important is the Sacrament-house, which is close to the east
end of the church, and is described and illustrated in the Proceedings,
vol. XXV. p. 109, and also in EccL Arch., voL iii. p. 406. In
' EccL Arch., vol. iil p. 406.
424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCISTT, APBIL 9, 1900.
the lower compartment are two shieldB side by side. The <me
bears: — Quarterly, 1st and 4th, A lion passant crowned; 2nd and Srd,
A cross engrailed. With initials A. O. and motto "TOVT lOVB."
The other bears : — Quarterly, 1st and 4th, A lion passant crowned ;
2nd and 3rd, A cross engrailed (same as above), impalmg^ Quaxteilyy
1st, Tlireo boar heads couped; 2nd, Three lion heads erased; 8id,
Tliree crescents witliin a royal tressure; 4th, Three fraisee. With
initials E. G. and motto "LAYS DEO." The same coats are on the
monument to Alex. Ogilvy and his wife Elizabeth Gordon in Cullen
cliurch, described alxjve, p. 421.
The oUier monument (fig. 67) has for its principal part an oval pointed
at top, with a shield (9 inches at top) in the centre bearing arma, via. : —
A lion passant between a star in chief and a (dagger 1) in baae. Initials
y 0 at top and sides and a rose above the M. The inscription, which
is in Roman capitals, is arranged in (me and a half concentric lines, vijs. : —
MR VALTRVS OGILVY VERBI DIVINI . MINISTER . PIVS
NUNC . INTER . COELIES . BEAT .
and is continued in an oblong panel beneath
QVI . FATIS . CES
SIT . XV . KAL . FEB
ANO . DV . 1658.
Close to tlic north-ciist augle of tlie church is a fragment of the old
Ciistlo of Deskford.
IUnff. — At the comer of tlie main upper street or High Street and a
steep narrow lane called Straight Path is an old house, said to be the town-
house of Ogilvy, Lord Banff, but described as the town-house of the
Bairds of Auchmeddeii by ^lessrs Macgihbon and Roas.^
( )ver the entrance to the courtyard in Straight Path is an oblong panel
wit) I moulded sides and base bearing arms : — A lion passant between two
crescents in chief and a rose in base. Above the shield a helmet with
^ CfisUUated aTid Domestic Arch, of Scot,, voL ▼. pt 88.
I
^[■FM
'S-
\mmus%,
Fig. 67* Otia SUbut Deakford.
426 PROCBKDrKGS OF TirE SOCIETY, APBIL fl, 10<XX
mantling and wreatli, thereon a lian<l holding a palm bmiich, Alwv<*
that an escmll with the niutto "SEC . DAT . VERRA , F[T>Ea"
Beneath the shield the initials T» 0. and E. 0. Above the oblong iwiiiel
is a triangular one, with moahled sides and onmment at top and sides^
inclosing a toonograni of the letters T. E, (J. between a star at the top
and two fleur4ie-lya at the aides.
There are three dormer windows to the High Street^ all with more r»r
less triangular-shii|>ed oniamuntal pedlmentB over thenuieeoratedasfoUowsr
— (1) A rose ui eight petak, beneath the initiidw T* (.>,, and under that
"THOMAS OGILVy," with the date jTsj-M at the sides ; (2) Mono-
gram of the letters T, E, O. ; (3) A ahitdd hearing:— A lion pas^jit
with a creeeent in ehief.^
The house forms the west side of the courtyuiHl, In u recently
erected building on ita nortli ^de are inserted three other sculp-
tured stones with the foUoi\4ng *Ie vices, ™. :— {!) Monogrmm of
the letters T, E. 0.; (2) A slneld Ijearin^ a lion passant with n
crescent in chief ; (3) A shield 1 muring the cre^t, a dexU^r hand erect
holding a jialni branch with the motto on an escroll *' SEOUKDA BAT
VER FIDKt?,"
In a biitMiiiL-^ ^m the east side of the court opposite the honsu> i^
inserted a triangular stone with moulded sides and scroll ornament
inclosing a rose of twelve petals, beneath the initials E. O., and under
that ELIZA . OGILVY.
In the lower town on a gable next the County Police Buildings in
Low Street are inserted tliree i)ieces of sculpture, viz. : — The Virgin
witli Child on right arm surrounded by an aureole of tongues of flame —
the arms of the burgh. Above the foregoing is a very rude figure of
the Virgin with a very small child on her left arm, the date beneath
being |l628|. The other is a full achievement of the Royal arms ^vith date
1634.
The churchyard is in tlie low town. Near the centre is a vaulted aisle
^ Castellated and Ihrncstic Arch, of Scot. ^ vol. v. p. 84,
HERALDRY OF ELGIN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 427
containing a recessed tomb. Within the recess, on a semi-circular slah,
is an inscription in capitals, viz. : —
ANO . DNI . 1558 . NOVE
OBIIT VALTERVS
OGILVY . DE . DVNLVGVS .
MILES . PR^POSIT^ . HV19 . VRBIS .
ET . HIC . lACET . CV . ALISONA . HVME .
EI' . SPOSA . OBIIT . 25 . IVLII . ANO . 1557 .
At the top are two small shields. The first bears : — A lion passant
(Ogilvy), with the initials V. 0. The other bears : — Three birds (for
Pepdie, part of the Hume arms), with the initials A. H. At either side
of the recess above the pillars are two coats. The dexter bears, A lion
passant, with a helmet over the shield. The sinister bears : — Quarterly,
1st and 4th, A lion rampant (Hume) ; 2nd and 3rd, Three birds passant
(Pepdie). At the fess point something like a star.
The above inscription is quoted in Douglas' Peerage^ vol. I. p. 191,
and also that on the lower portion of the tomb is given as follows : —
GEORGIUS OGIL\^ DE DUNLUGUS HOC EREXIT OPUS IN
HONOREM DEI ET IN MEMORIAM SUI PATRIS ET MATRIS
QUORUM CORPORA HIC SEPULTA SUNT. REQUIESCANT IN
PACE.
The said Alison Hume is stated to have been daughter and co-heir of
Sir Patrick Hume of Fastcastle.
Other tombs that may be mentioned are : — A recessed tomb containing a
recumbent effigy said to be of one of the Bairds of Auchmedden. A table
tombstone to " John Junes of Knocko volte, who died — day of , and
Margaret Gordon, his wife, daughter of Sir John Gordon of Park."
It has two shields bearing arms, viz. : — Dexter^ Three stars within
a bordure chequy (Innes of Knocko volte). Sinister^ A mailed arm
embowed issuing from the sinister, holding a sword erect between three
boar heads couped (Gordon of Park).
On the outside of the wall surrounding the churchyard are three
armorial stones, viz. : —
428
FROCKEDE^GS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 0, 1900.
On the cast side next the river Deveron a shield bearing armfl, vix. : —
A fess between two cross croeslets fitchk-s in chief and a star in \ma/e.
Above the s^liicld a pheon point upwards. Above that the motto '* FERIO
SED SAKa'^ Beneath the shield the name ** ROBERT SHARP," said
to be the father of the Archbishop of St Andrews.
Above the gateway at the south-west mrner yf the buryiug-ground n
shield suinx)Tted by two strap** bearing Jirms : — A chevron between
three boai- heads erased. At the sii" ar tht"* fwit of tlie shield the
initials I. A. and l>oneath tliat the na: AKKT AnKHCR03rBYK-*^
A few feet to the east of thia i rge tiibkt (42 inches by 24)
is inserted in the wall It has in th^
arms : — A fess charged with a heart, in
ermine, with initials at top and sides
capitals is : —
ower part a shi*d«i bearittg
uf three Htars and the hme
A* D, Tlie inscription iii
DOCTOR . J
BOYGLAS . JiA M
PR.EFECTVS .
VICECOKITATI
COMMIBSAHIYS.
HOC ; OPVS . EREXIT
And beneath tho sMeld-
ANNO . DOM
CIO . DC . L
1 . 6
. YIII
5 , 8
I I
On a wall nearly opposite the above tablet^ on the other side of thi*
open spaci , is an achievement hearing impaled arms on a shield : —
A buckle lutween tlime Tniar h^^dsernijed (Gordon), impaluifj^ A chevron
between three crescents (Sanders ?). With initials beneath shield I. G.
and I. S. Crest, on a helmet with manthng and wreath, a three-
masted ship with sails set. Motto ^' YIRTUTE NIL ^VRDUUM."
Date, "1675."
%"^/'^l«.S.#^
OMMISSARIVS
V Tf*.* •'*—.«
'^•^s,'"
^t^^fi^. -*^^>«w^^«<.V^<ii^^.^
i\kY~
,AMNO "-.^
:Ji» ^«^5'8'
Fig. 68. On a Slab at Banff.
430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900
Monday, UtJi May 1900.
Sir AKTHUR MITCHELL, K.C.B, M.D., LL.D., in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly
elected Fellows : —
James W. Drummond, Weaterlands, Stirling.
Sir Kenneth J, Mackenzie, Bart., Queen's and Lord Treasurer's
Remembrancer.
Rev. Robert Scott, M.A., Minister of Craig, Montroee.
Rev. James Primrose, M.A., 27 Onslow Drive, Qlasgow.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on the
table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By Dr K. de Brus Trotter, Perth.
A pair of Draught-Ox Shoes, from Killin, Perthshire.
(2) By Rev. W. E. Scott-Hall, F.S.A. Scot.
The Oxfor<l Portfoho of Monumental Bnisses. Part ii. Folio.
Oxford Journal of Monumental Brasses. Vol. ii. No. 1. 8vo.
(3) By W. Bruce Bannerman, F.S.A. Scot.
The Visitations of Surrey, 1530, 1572, and 1623 (Harleian Society).
(4) By tlic Master of the Rolls.
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1685-88.
Calendar of State Papers, relating to Ireland, 1599-1600.
Year Books, PMward III. Vol. xvi. Part ii.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND UBRARY. 431
(5) By the Kebpbr op the Records op Scotland.
Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots.
Edited by Joseph Bain. Vol. ii. 1563-69.
(6) By Lieut.-Col. William Johnston, M.A., M.D., F.S.A. Scot.,
the Author.
Some Account of the last Bajans of King's and Marischal Colleges,
Aberdeen.
(7) By Dr William Cramoxd, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Old Memories — a Walk in the Churchyard of CuUen, 1899; Rothic-
may House, 1 900 ; The Truth about ( reorgc Wishart.
(8) By James M. M*Bain, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Eminent A]>erbroathians — being Sketches Historical, Genealogical, and
Biographical, 1178-1894. 4to; 1897.
(9) By Rev. James Primrose, ^f.A., the Author.
Strathbrock ; or, The History and Antiquities of the Parish of
UphalL 4to; 1898.
(10) By the Trustees of the British Museum.
The Book of the Dead, folio, 1899 ; Description of Anglo-Gallic Coins,
4to, 1826; Catalogue of books printed in Iceland, 4to, 1885; Term
Cotta Sarcophagi, folio, 1898 ; Designs from Greek Vases, folio, 1894
White Athenian Vases, folio, 1896; Ancient Greek Inscriptions, folio.
Parts ii. and iii., 1883 and 1890; Antiquities from Benin, folio, 1899
Catalogueof Greek and Etruscan Vases, Vols, ii., iii., and iv., 4to, 1893-96
Catalogue of Bronzes, 4to, 1899 ; Catalogue of Sculpture, Vol. i.
8vo, 1892 ; Handbook of Coins of Great Britain and Ireland, 8vo, 1899
Catalogue of Greek Coins, 5 vols. 8vo, 1892-99 ; Catalogue of Seals,
Vols, ii., iii., iv., and v., imp. Bvo, 1892-98.
432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
The following Articles acquired by the Purchase Committee for the
Museum and Library, during the Session 25th November 1899 to 14th
May 1900, were Exhibited :—
Fabricator of brown flint, 3 1 inches in length by yf of an inch in
breadth by ^ inch in thickness, found at Cranloch, Lhanbryd, Moray-
shire.
Urn of clay, 9\ inches in heiglit and 9| inches in diameter at the
mouth, tapering to 4^ inches in diameter at the base, the lip slightly
bevelled to the inside, and the exterior plain, found in excavating a
moimd at QuarfF, Shetland.
Portion of a Vessel of steatite, 1 3 J inches in diameter at the mouth
and 4 J inches in height, tapering slightly to a rounded base of 11 inches
in diameter, and having a lip 1 1 inches in thickness, part of one side
broken away, found in excavating a mound at Quarflf, Shetland.
Four portions of a Vessel of steatite, apparently about 17 inches by
14 inches when com])Iete, with a groove round the edge, and a portion of
a smaller vijssel, also of steatite — all found in excavating the same
mound, at Quarff, Shetland, as described in tlie previous paper by Rev.
David Johnston, minister of (JuarlF.
Seven polished Stone Axes, viz. : — (1) Of indurated clay-slate, lOi
inches in length by 3 J- iiiclies in breadth and 11 inches in thickness,
from Cruden, Aberdeensliire ; (2) of gnionstone, with a roughish surface,
10^ inches in length by 3 J inches in breadth and 1| inches in thickness,
with pointiMl l)utt, from Aberdeenshire ; (3) of greenstone, with a
roughened surface, 8 J inches in length by 3 inches in breadth and IJ
inches in tliic.kness, from Inverkeithny, Banflshire ; (4) of greenstone,
rough surface, with a (lej)ression in the centre on each of the broad faces,
and pointed butt, 8^ inolies in length l)y 2 J inches in breadth by IJ
inches in thickness, found at Benachie, A]>erdeenshire ; (5) of indurated
c!ay-slate, smooth surface, and pointed butt, 4^ inches in length by 2|-
inches in breadth and 1^ inches in thickness, from Aberdeenshire ;
(G) of indurated slate, with a polished surface, 4| inches in length by
PURCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. , 433
2 inches in breadth and | inch in thickness, from Aberdeenshire ;
(7) of grey flint broken, and butt wanting, 3 J inches in length, locality
unknown, and possibly Danish.
Three Stone Balls, with projecting knobs or (liscs round the circum-
ference, from Aberdeenshire, viz. : — (1) Of greenstone, 3^ inches in
diameter, with six projecting knobs ; (2) of greenstone, 2J inches
in diameter, with six j)rojecting discs ; (3) of greenstone, 2| inches
in diameter, the surface divided into four circular discs, with four
triangular spaces between.
Three Arrow-heads of light brown flint, barbed and tanged, from
Gordonstown, Banfl*8hire.
Twenty-four Arrow-heads of flint from Banftshire, viz. : — One long
and narrow and hollow-based, eight barbed and tanged, and fifteen
leaf-shaped.
Twenty-two Arrow-heads of flint, from Aberdeensliire, viz. : — One
small and hollow-based, seven barbed and tanged, and fourteen leaf-
shaped.
Two small Cores, three Flakes, from Aberdeenshire, and one Scraper
from Bisset ^[oss, Forgue, Huntly.
Thirteen Beads of glass or vitreous paste, jet, etc., from Aberdeenshire,
viz. : — (1) Dark blue, 1 inch in diameter, with rings of white, each
having an amber-coloured centre ; (2) flattened bead, black, with bright
yellow streak ; (3) triangularly compressed, blue, with a yellow spiral on
each of the three sides ; (4) flattened bead, greyish, with narrow perfora-
tion ; (5) small octagonal bead, blue ; (6) of jet, double-cone shape, 1
inch in length; (7) cylindrical, black, with white and l)rown wavy
streaks ; (8-13) smaller glass l>eads, various.
Whorl of fine-grained sandstone, li inches diameter, deeply lined
round the middle of the periphery.
Nine sniiill clay Tobacco Pi[)es, found at Cloister-Seat, Udny, Aber-
deenshire, and Orchardtown, Bantfshire.
Oblong round-backed C(mib of horn, 8 inches long by 2 inches wide
in the middle, inscribed "John Chalmers, Logiemar, 1793."
VOL. xxxiv. 2 E
434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
Long-handled or Weaving Comb of deer-hom, 4J inches in length,
with a saltire-shaped marking scored in the butt end of the handle, found
in Shetland.
Stone Axe of greenstone, 7 J inches in length by 3 inches in breadth
and 1| inches in thickness, made from a naturally shaped boulder, from
Kirkton of Aberlemno, Forfarshire.
Stone Axe of mica-schist, 6 J inches in length by 3 inches in breadth
and 1 1 inches in thickness, found at Balglossie, Aberlemno, Forfarsliire.
Thirteen polished Stone Axes from Peeblesshire, viz. : — (1) Of serpen-
tine, 6 inches in length by 2| inches in breadth and If inches in
thickness, from Stobo; (2) of greenstone, 5 J inches in length by 3 inches
in breadth, from Spitalhaugh ; (3) of indurated claystone, 5 J inches in
length by 2 inches in breadth and I^ inches in thickness, from Garvald,
Dolphinton ; (4) of indurated claystone, 5 J inches in length by 2 J inches
in breadth and IJ inches in thickness, from Harlaw Moor; (5) of serpen-
tine, 5 inches in length by 2| inches in breadth and IJ inches in
thickness, from Scarlaw, near Biggar; (6) of serpentine, 4 J inches in
length l)y 2J inches in breadth and 1 inch in thickness, from West
Linton ; (7) of felstone, 4 inches in length ])y 2 J inches in breadth and
I inch in thickness, from Hare Stanes, Castlecraig; (8) of felstone,
35 inches in length by IJ inclies in breadth and J inch in thickness,
from Hare Stanes, Castlecraig; (9) of felstone (broken), 5i inches
in lengtli, from Dolphinton ; (10) of indurated claystone (broken), 4
inclies in length, from Wester Pentland ; (11) of indurated chiystone
(broken), 4 J inches in length, from Drochil ; (12) of felstone (Imiken), 3i
inches in length, from Xoblehouse ; (13) of indurated claystone (]>roken),
3i inches in lengtli, from X()])lehouse.
Nine iM)lislied Stone Axes, from Lanarkshire, >nz. : — (1) r)f indurated
claystone, 8| inches in length by 2 J inches in breadth and li inches in
thickness, from Caniwath ; (2) of felstone, 8} inches in length by 2i
inches in lavadth and IJ inches in thickness, from Carnwath ; (3) of
greenstone;, nearly cylindrical in the cross section, 7f inches in length by
2i inches in l)rea(lth and 2 inches in thickness, from an earthwork near
PURCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 435
Libberton ; (4) of felstone, 5 J inches in length by 2J inches in breadth
and 1 J inches in thickness, from Carnwath ; (5) of felstone, GJ inches
in length by 2| inches in breadth and 1| inches in thickness, from Mill-
rig ; (6) of claystono, 5| inches in length by 2 J inches in breadth, from
Crawfordjohn ; (7) of serpentine, 3| inches in length by 2 J inches in
breadth and J inch in thickness, from Bissbery ; (8) of serpentine, 2 J
inches in length by IJ inches in breadth and | inch in thickness, from
Braid wood ; (9) of serpentine, 3 inches in length by li inches in breadth
and f inch in thickness, from Coulter.
Adze-like Implement of felstone, flat on the under side, convex both
ways on the upper, narrowing in the middle of its length, and having
both ends slightly expanding to a rounded edge, from Easter Cairnhill,
Peeblesshire. Similar imi)lements are already in the Museum : of flint,
from Ferny Brae, Slains; and of greenstone, from Little Barras,
Kincardineshire.
Bronze Sword, (imperfect), 18 J inches in length, wanting the point
and three-fourths of the handle plate, found at Auchencorth.
Flat Axe of bronze, 5 J inches in length by 2 J inches in greatest
width, with incipient flanges, and the flat faces ornamented with a
chevTony decoration, much worn, from Harlaw Moor.
Bead of pale green glass, J inch in diameter and J inch in thickness,
ornamented with intersecting lines of red and white, from Lesmahagow.
Three Beads of jet, J inch in diameter and J inch in depth, from
Peeblesshire.
Eight Stone Whorls, all flat and undecorated, and varying from | inch
to 1 J inches in diameter, all from Peeblesshire.
Smoothing Stone of black Iwisalt, 5 J inches in length by 2^ inches in
breadth and 1^ inches in tliickness, from Broughton, Peeblesshire.
Three Stone Moulds, f<>r buttons, circular discs, and bullets, from
West Linton and SUnv.
Four Stone Balls, from 2 J inches to 1^ inches diameter, all plain, from
Peeblesshire.
Stone Hammer, of reddish quartzite, 3 inches in length by 2^ inches
436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
in breadth, having the perforation begun on both sides, but not carried
through, from Whitfield, West Linton.
Oval Disc of greenstone, 3 inches in length by 2 inches in breadth
and I inch in thickness, perforated from both sides, from Castle Law,
Pentlands.
Rudely circular, water-worn Pebble of greenstone, 3J inches in lengtli
by 3 inches in breadth and 1§ inches in thickness, having a sluillow,
circular, concave depression in the centre of each of its flat faces, from
Noblehouse, Peeblesshire.
Large Whorl of red sandstone, 2| inches in diameter and 1;^ inches in
thickness, from Blyth Bridge, Peeblesshire.
Two oblong water-rolled Boulders of greenstone, 11 inches in length,
and one 5^ inches in lengtli, with grooves round the middle, from
SherilT Muir, Stobo, Peeblesshire.
Seventeen Arrow-heads of flint, from various localities unspecified in
Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire.
Fifteen Flint Implements, mostly Knives and Flakes^ from Peeblesshire.
Six Saws of flint, mostly found in the neighbourhood of West Linton.
Twenty Scra]>ers of flint and a quantity of flakes, trimmed and
iintriinined, fnun the neighKiurhootl of West Linton.
SktMiOHlhu, the Made 3 J inches in length and notched on the back, the
haiulle 3 inches in length and (Ornamented with studs and a small shield
of brass, ftnnul on ilie wall-liead of an old house at Roslin.
The followiiii; IxH^ks for tlie Library: —
l>er Honiisehe Limes in Ostereich, Heft 1; Small's Scottish Market
Crosses: Thipsou's Choir-stalls and their Carvings; Cormac's Glossary ;
Koi-sviirs Beauties of Scotland, 5 vols. : Handbuch der Waffenkunde
Von Wendelin Rrhmen : Catah»^e of the Sculptured and Inscribed
Stones in tlie Cathedral Library, Durham ; Wagner's Tranalatioii of
the Islendinua^ok : c1ephan*s I>efensive Armour and Wespon% and
Lupines of War of Moilit'eval Timea^ and the Benaiiwance.
Til'' f.'lL'wiiiu' Comr
t>lLE STRtJCTtJRE ON Tllfc NORTft BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 43?
NOTES OF THE DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION OF A TILE STRUC
TURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE, EAST FROM
DUMBARTON ROCK. By JOHN BRUCE, F.S.A. Scot., Helensbukcil
Position and Const iiMction, — The structure, which from its proximity
to the Hill of Dumbuck lias been called tlie Dumbuck Pile Structiu-e, is
situated about 1 mile east from Dumbarton Rock, and 4 feet above
low- water mark and 5 feet below high- water mark. At high water or
during spring tides there is a depth of water on the structure of 5 to 8
feet from present level, and 12 to 18 inches additional down to the
wooden floor, the difference l)eing made up of a deposit of sand and mud.
This part of the river bjink from 1 )umbarton eastwards to Dunglass is of
gravel and sand and a thin toj) layer of mud deposited within the last
thirty to forty years consequent on the polluted state of the river.
When first discovered a few of the toi)s of the ring of oak pile stumps
were just visible protruding from the sand and abraded to a point by the
action of water and age. There are twenty-seven of them, embracing a
diameter of about 50 feet, and spaced from 6 to 9 feet apart. No gaps
occur, all the original piles appearing to be in position. They are not
placed in a peri>endicular position, but have a bias or lean, which is very
perceptible towards tlie inside. Within this circle, and at a depth of
from 12 to 18 inches, is a kind of flooring of horizontal timbers in three
layers crossing each other at right angles. Some of the timbers of the
top layer are curved in keeping with the circumference. The ends of
those which protrude all round the structure at tlie outer edge show
signs of fire. At all the piles a larger tree than those fonning the floor-
ing proper has been used, either with the natural knee or fork, or a
similar recess mortised to fit the pile ; and to make the locking more secure,
stone wedges or jams have been used. The floor is entirely of fir, alder,
and birch, which is so permeated with water that the spade cuts through
it all with the greatest ease. Underneath this timber flooring is a bed
438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
of blue clay which extends all over the shore. In the centre there is a
circular stone-walled cavity of about 6 feet diameter, inside of which
were found remains of what seemed like wattle or basket work of hazel
twigs and rods. From the stones lymg in and about the cavity it would
appear as if the wall round it had been originally of some height. Round
the outside of this centre cavity were live circular paved spaces, the
paving raised slightly above the top tier of the wood floor, and all were
outlined by a row of soft wood piles about 2 feet apart. The flooring
stones had evidently been packed in with a mixture of gravel and clay.
Midway l>etween the centre and the outside piles of the structure what
looked at first to be tree roots or snags were noticed partly imbedded in
the sand. On being washed of the adhering soil, holes of 12 inches
wide by 25 inches deep were foimd cut in them at an angle, to all appear-
ance for the insertion of struts for the support of an upper structure.
On the outside, 14 inches down on either side, holes of 2 inches dia-
meter were found intersecting the central hole, apparently for the
insertion of a wooden key or treenail to retain the strut. These were
found at intervals, and were held in position by stones and smaller
jammers. One of the piles is now here, having been drawn out in ortler
to exhibit the way in which they have been dressed for driving. We
have verified the fact that these piles have been driven home, the
striation being visible, caused by the obstruction of pebbles, etc. From
the centre of the structure due west a belt of stones, forming a pavement
about 6 feet wide and just a-wash with the mud, extends for about 20
yards until it intersects a breakwater, which extended right round the
structure at a distance of about 12 to 14 feet from the piles. This
breakwater must have been of some height originally, iis a modern ditch
(there seem to be different ditches, but they are not clearly distinguished
from each other) or gullet running towards the shore, a short distance to
the west of the structure, has ])een entirely lined with stones taken from
it. This wall round the structure, with an outer breakwater of wix>d,
would go to form an important defence. The bulk of the finds were
made in the refuse that had accumulated in the space between the
PIT.E STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 439
piles and this outside structure. Beyond the breakwater there exists
a rough but systematically laid pavement with a bottoming of stone
about 20 to 25 feet wide extending round the structure except in
proximity to the dock and d<>ck causeway.
Dist'overy of a Canoe, — A few days after the excavations were com-
menced, an oak canoe was discov(»rod lying some 20 yaixls to the north-
east, with the ])row towards the river. It was at once cleared out inside
by myself, and in the bottom were found a spear-shaped slate object,
similar to others found about the structure, an ornamented oyster shell,
which has since mouldered away, a stone pendant ornament, and an imple-
ment of bone. The ciuioe measured, when discovered, 35 feet 7 inches
long, but between the time of discovery and removal to the Kelvingrove
Museum, Glasgow, a portion of the prow, which tapered to a point, and
which showed two oval hand holes, was taken away by some visitors.
On removal the oanoe mciisured 33 feet long, 4 feet beam at the stern,
which appeared to have l»(?en square, and alK)ut 2 feet deep. The hull
was 3 inches thick. When in use it had l)een repaired, as the
bottom had a rent and was held together l»y several well fitted, soft wood
clamps. There were several plugge<l holes, and marks where the seats
were fitted. It is the largest canoe hitherto recorded as found on the
Clyde. On being removed it was at once seen that it had lain within a
dock-like structure. The impression at first \\i\» that some driftwood
had got silted up against the canoe, but on examination we found piles
driven in at stated intervals supporting the walls, which were pjirtly
formed of wood and stone. No stones were visible when the canoe was
first observe<l, but we found them on further investigation. A causeway
of timl)er and stone connected the dock with the pile structure.
Mortised Lotj, — When excavating outside the piles immediately to the
west and north of the smaller causeway which intersects the refuse Ixid
and breakwater, a squared and mortised log was found. It is of oak, and
measures 15 feet 4 inches in length, 18 inches in breadth, and 4 inches
thick. There are six mortised holes bevelled to the extent of 3 inches.
The first hole is 18 inches from the end. It was under this ])iece of
440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
timber that the large, spear-shaped object of slate was found, and later
on one of the smaller ones.
Animal Remains, — The remains of animals found, so far as they have
been identified, are bones of the ox, horse, sheep or goat, swine, horns of
the red deer and roe deer, and bones of a few large birds. The bonei*
are mostly the long bones of the limbs, and are broken and splintered
longitudinally, and many of them made into implements more or less
sharpened at the points. One large pair of antlers of the red deer with
part of the skull attached was found. One branch is complete and shows
six tines, the other is partly broken. From tip to tip it must, when entire,
have measured 48 inches.
Implements ami Objects with artificial work Or ornamentation. — The
worked objects found in the course of the excavations were chiefly of
bono and stone. They may be conveniently classed for description in
two categories : —
(1) Objects of types which are familiarly known to archaeological
science from their frequent occurrence in other sites of early occupation ;
and,
(2) Objects of types which are not known to have been discovereil
elsewhere, many of which, however, bear a close resemblance in character
to some of the o])jects found in the fort at Dunbuie.
In the first class the most numerous are the pointed implements of
bone. They are mostly made from the splintered long bones of oxen and
sheep, often with the ends of the shafts left entire, while the splintered
end is worn down to a cliisel-sha])ed edge or to a tapering point. There
are upwards of ninety of these.
The implements of deer-horn are portions of tines or of the beam of
the antler cut or sawn across in lengths of a few inches, and prepared
apparently as hafts or handles by being bored longitudinally at one end.
Many portions of deer-horn exhibit marks of having been sawn partially
through, and then broken off ; and one of the tines still attached to part
of the beam of an antler shows marks of an attempt having been made
to saw it off.
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 441
The implements of flint are three in number.
The first is a tiny scraper of yellow flint, | inch in diameter, showing
the bulb of percussion on the flat side.
The second is a hollow scraper formed in a flake, 1| inches in length
by f inch in greatest breadth, and ^ inch in greatest thickness. The
semicircular hollow is formed in the thick back edge of the flake. It is
g inch in length along the edge, and J inch in depth in the width of the
flake, and its contour is carefully worked from the flat side of the flake.
The thin edge of the flake also shows secondary working in a kind of
knife-edge.
The third implement is a slender flake of brown flint, 2 inches in
length and somewhat less than J inch in width at the widest part,
having an indentation with a scraper-like edge in the thick part of the
back, and the knife-edge having slight traces of use or of secondary
working.
A flake of a black stone resembling pitch-stone, 1 J inches in length
with a triangular point, is marked by two parallel lines, ^ inch from
the butt, one of which goes round on both sides, while the other crosses
one side only, giving the suggestion of the marks of a ligature. The
stone is very hard but shows no secondary working.
A small water-worn pebble of yellow flint of the same quality as two
of the implements Wiis also found. It sliows no trace of liuniau work-
manabip.
An oval wat^r-woni pebble of quartzito with flattish upper and under
fUr&ceSt 2 J inches in length by 2 inches in breadth and } inch in thick-
tidts, haviiig on one of iU flat surfaces a shallow, oblon^; indentation across
tUu eiffilrD 1h»iiI obliquely to tla* axis of the pebble. This is a very
ctitrairt^Ilirtll: tp^cim^m o{ a vari^^ty <*f stone implement of which there
thi^ National 3iluseumt some of tliem
0t imfrtitjiietitly found in Ireland,^
Qimita by Dr S. A, D*Arcy, tii the
vot ixTii, 1S97, p. 213, wtth some
442
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
Of other stone implements there are several hammer-stones or
pounders ; whetstones ; oblong water-rolled pebbles with their ends
abraded by use ; similar pebbles with grooves or notches in the side« and
edges, probably sink-stones ; the under-stone of a quern, 16 inches in
diameter ; and a rubbing-stone or grinding-stone, on the edge of which
are some indistinct incised markings not unlike oghams.
In the second class the most numerous are the implements and orna-
ments of stone and shale.
In the order of discovery the first of these to come under our notice
were the spear-shaped objects of slate. The first was found in tlie canoe.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Splinters of Slate with incised markings. (J.)
It is a naturally-shaped splinter of bluisli slate, 7 inches long, li inches
wide at one end, and tapers roughly to a point. On one side (hg. 1), 1^
inches from the tliick end, there are incised three transverse lines, from the
centre of the lower of which two double lines run diagonally. On the
other side (fig. 2) three transverse lines can be discerned: a mark we find
on other similar stones and also on a lx)ne implement.
Another piece of slate of similar shape and character, 4J inches in
length and 1 J inches in ]>i'«»adtli at the base, differs only in having the
sides partially smoothed and rounded by grinding. Its markings bear a
remarkable similarity to those just described. On one side (fig. 3), close
to the base, is a figure composed of two lines meeting in an angle at the
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OP THE RIVER CLYDE. 443
top, cand fiom between them two lines slij^htly diverging are joinetl to
the other two by sliorter lines meeting eacli other at an angle. On the
other side (fig. 4), at 1^ inclie-s from the wider end, are incised three
parallel transverse lines.
There is a similarly shaped piece of slate 9 J inches long, showing some
signs of having Ijeen ground on one edge towards the jKniit, but with no
other marking save three dots or snudl pit-marks on its edge.
Figs. 5 and 6. Op[K>8ite sides of a 8i>ear-8haped Implement of Slate. (}.)
The next object of slate has been carefully dressed to shape, and finished
by grinding. It is spear-shaped and has barbs giving it all the ai)pearance
of the conventional barlnd spear. 1 1 nujasures 1 1 inches long and 4 J inches
wide at the Iwirbs, and was f()un<l beneath the niortisetl log. The slate is
of a softer nature than thcj two alx>ve described. It is ornamented on
one side (fig. 5) with a cup-mark 4J inches from the point, from which
lines of nearly equal length radiate, those carried up towards the point being
444
PROCEEDINGS Ol'' THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
longest ; to the other direction a short line more like a duct from the central
cuivmark has been cut. At the distance of 6| inches from the point two
similar cups are placed equally distant from each other, from which rayed
line« are traced diagonally downwards but not upwards, the line furthest
to the right of the one group meeting that furthest to the left of the
other group. At the end where a handle may have been fastened (and
that such a thing has been there is suggested by the smoother surface
observable) there are two holes; the lower one was plugged by what
ni>pearod to my late lamented colleague and myself to be either a piece
of shale or thong. On Mr Miller punching it out in my presence it
Vv^a. 7 and 8. Opposite sides of a spear-shaped piece of Slate. (J.)
app(;ared to us under a magnifying glass to be part of an oak pin, the
features of the oak wood being clearly discernible. On the reverse side
(fig. G) a somewhat indeiinite figure outlined by small cups or pits is
(liseeriiiMe ; also there are the tliree transverse lines like those already
noticed.
Two otlier s])car-s}ia])ed j)ieces of slate were found, ])artially shaped by
artificial means, one of wliieli ])resented no jiartieular features of interest.
The s(H'on(l, 6 inclies lon^^, lias on one side (fig. 7) in the centre a circle
marked round a piece (»f sulpluiret of iron, with severed of which it is
studded, and from which two rayed lines project diagonally downwaida.
itween this and the point are five parallel markings slightly hollowed*.
^
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 445
On the reverse side (fig. 8) are several parallel lines apparently artificial,
and some others which seem to l>e natural.
There are also two triangular stones, 5 and 6 inches long respectively,
showing ligature marks. Both are natural stones apparently selected on
account of their size and shape.
A thin, nearly triangular, piece of mica-slate, 4^ inches in length by IJ
inches in greatest breadth and scarcely \ inch in tliickness, has the wider
end ground on l)oth sides to a curvilinear edge.
Two implements of stone are peculiar in being inserted in bone
handles.
Implement of stone resembling a knife (fig. 9), but too blunt to cut.
Fig. 9. Implement of Stone resembling a Knife, in a Bone Handle. (§.)
It is a peculiarly shaped stone, having a tapering tang-like projection at
one end, which has l)een inserted in the hollow of the bone which serves
as a handle, while the thinnc^r edge of the blade-like part of the stone has
l)een ground to a kind of blunt edge. The handle is part of the inferior
end of one of the limb bones {humerus, probably) of a pig, about a fourth
of the length being cut off the superior portion. The tang-like part of the
stone is merely jammed into the cavity of the bone. The stone has
evidently been select(3d on account of its peculiar form ; and is (except for
the grinding of the edge) of purely natural formaticm — the whole surface
smoothly water-worn and tlie edges rounded. It measures 3 inches in
length, the tang-like part being nearly 2 inches in length, and the blade-
like part a little over 1 inch in length and f inch in breadth. The back
is fully \ inch in thickness. The bone handle is 4J inches in length.
Implement of stone, also resembling a knife (fig. 10), but smaller and
446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
sharper than that just described. It is also a peculiarly shaped stone,
having a tapering tang-like projection at one end, which has been firmly
inserted into the wider end of a tine of the horn of a red deer, from
which the stone blade projects If inches. The handle is 3 J inches in
length and terminates in the curved and pointed end of the tine. The
stone blade is a splinter of hard slate, naturally formed, but having a
curious resemblance to the round-edged point of a knife. The extreme
upper part of the round edge has been ground, but the lower and
straighter part of the edge retains its natural jagged fracture.
Several stones which cannot be clearly classified as implements were
found and retained on account of their having apparently artificial
markings of various kinds on their surfaces.
Fig. 10. Implement of Stone in Handle of Deer-horn. (j|.)
One triangular-shaped block of vsandstono has four cups, three in a
group and one apart, near the margin. It measures from base to apex
14 J inches, and in thickness 4 inclies. The single cup is 2 J inches
diameter by \ inch in depth — the group of three are somewhat smaller.
Another sandstone block, irregularly shaped but somewhat circular,
21 J inches by 16| inches, is intersected with a natural line of cleavage,
on which some five cup-sliaped marks have been incised. On the reverse
we find on the same cleavage line that thc^re are other small cup-like
marks. The outstanding feature is an incision 2 inches wide at the edge
tfipering to 2J inches, apparently formed by rublnng.
A stone, semicircular, and polished by rubbing or grinding on the con-
cave surface. The curve from point to point is 1 J inches. It measures
14 J inches in length by 9^ inches wide, and tapers 3i inches to an edge
of \ inch.
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 447
One slab of limestone, in length 28 J inches by 10| inches, height and
depth 5 inches. On one* side there are pitted marks which may have
Ixjen caused by its use as an anvil.
A piece of sandstone, 7| inches by 4J inches by 3 inches, with a cup
in the centre. If inches by | inch deep, was also dug up.
One small stone of metamorphic sandstone, somewhat pear-shaped
(fig. 11), is pierced for susiKjnsion towards the apex. Round this hole
is a ring-mark, and from the hole a line or <luct runs downwards. There
are two groups of three and five pit-marks respectively on the surface.
Figs 11, 12, and 13. Perforated Stones with incised markings. (}.)
Another, measuring 4 inches by 2J inches, of red sandstone, shows a
cup, ring, and duct. It is not pierced.
There is another stone of similar material (fig. 12), but much larger,
measuring 7 inches long and 3i inches greatest width, and weighing 22
ounces. It is likewise i)ierced near the apex, and round the whole
a circle runs which is incomplete on the under side, and through the
intemipted circle issues a line or stem of 3J inches in length, which runs
from the hole downwards. This line intersects at equal distances two
small cup-like marks, and terminates in a third and similar hole. From
448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
between the lower edge of the ring and from the first cup-mark proceed
five rayed diagonal lines, the centre one terminating in a smaU cup on
the extreme edge. Towards the lower right edge on the side of the
stone are four small pit-marks, the lower two of which are larger than
any of the others, being | inch diameter. There are also two pit-
marks on the lower edge of the hole. This stcine is, perhaps, one of the
most characteristic the excavations have produced. It was found
imbedded in the dock on the removal of the canoe.
An oval, water-worn pebble of hard, purplish sandstone, 6| inches in
length by 3J inches in greatest breadth, has at its narrow end on its
flatter face (fig. 13) a pit or commencement of a perforation which has
Figs. 14 and 15. Obverse and Reverse of perforated Pebble. (§.)
not been carried through, with a circle round it of small indentations,
from wliich proceeds a line downwards inclined to the left, with four
offshoots nearly at right angles, the lower being curved to the line of
a natural scaling oft' in tlie surface of the stone.
A small, oval, water-rolled pel)ble, pierced for suspension, wliich was
found in tlie canoe, presents an elaborate piece of workmanshij). Ptound
the hole on one side (lig. 14) are two concentric, i)artial rings, and a third
and almost complete ring forms a border right round the stone, inside
of which there is what appears to be a canoe or boat, in which three
men are engaged paddling or rowing, ^ the water being shown by several
* In the Proixedings^ vol. xxi. p. 193, there is an engraviu>ij of a pendant of jet or
cannel coal, found in excavating on the farm of Broughton Knowe, Skirling, Peebles-
shire, on which is incised a similar figure of a boat with two persons in it. Boat-
figures are well known in connection with rock -sculptures in Scandinavia.
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 449
straight, parallel lines. On the other side (lig. 15) is the representation
of a left hand with a tiny cup and ring mark in the palm. The edge of
the stone has Ix^on ornamented with numerous small notches. The
nature of the stone 1 have heen unable to determine.
There is also a thin slate ornament, pierced for suspension, measuring
nearly IJ inches in length by 1 J inches wide. Round the hole is a ring
from which two lines diverge, terminating in two pierced holes near the
lK)ttom edge.
Tlie presence of carved figures of shale rei)re8enting the human face
Figs. 16 and 17. Rude Figures of Shale, (g.)
and figure,^ and also of what are evidently ornaments, has given rise to
a great deal of discussion.
The first figure (fig. 16) w^as found in the refuse heap, and got broken
with the shovel, but is now repaired. It represents the head and
breasts of a female, an<l is grotesque in character. It is fully 3 inches
long.
The second figure (lig. 17), 1^ inches long, found in the circular
cavity in the centre of the structure, is broken, and appears to be that
of a man. It is plain, and no attempt at ornamentation has been made.
' Many very crudely expressed representations of human figures carved on stones
are given by Solomon Keinach in his articles on "Sculpture in Europe " in V Anthro-
pologies vol. v., 1894.
VOL. XXXIV. 2 F
450
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
The third, which is, unfortunately, broken across the middle (fig. 18),
is rather grotesque and striking, having a voluminous beard, and the
lower part of the body compressed into the wedge-shape of the stone.
The hands are crossed and the toes meet at the apex. It is lightlj-
engraved, and measures 6 inches long.
Figs. 18 and 19. Rude Figures of Shale. (§.)
The fourth (fig. 19) is the face of a man cut on a diamond-shaped
piece of sluile, 3 inches by 2| inches. As in the case of the two pre-
viously mentioned the mouth is perfonxted, and in this instance evidently
for su.^^pension. It was dug out by myself in the month of January.
Previous to this a similar shaped piece of shale was found, and on
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 451
examination it fitted exactly to this last lip(nre, tlie one liaving been split
off the other.
The ornaments are eleven in number, and from their form, and being
mostly perforated, are obviously suitable for suspension.
Xo. 1 is 4 J inches long, 2 J inches in width at broadest part, and
fully J inch in thickness (fig. 20). The hole for suspension is f inch
from the top, and lines from the hole radiate upwards. An incised line
a]x>ut J inch from the edge, which is rounded towards the bottom,
where it meets and loops up towards the centre, terminating in a large
hole nearly an inch in diameter. There is a cu|vmark near the bottom
in line with the duct, and there is one on each side of it close to the
curve of the line already referred to.
No. 2, which is al)out 3^ inches long and 3i inches wide, has rayed
hues running downwards from a ring, wliich encircles the hole at the
distance of ^ inch.
Xo. 3, measuring 2 J inches by 1| inches, is similar in ornamentation,
only the rayed lines tc;rminate in little dots or cups (fig. 21).
Xo. 4 measures 2| inches ])y 2J incHies, and has three incised lines
radiating downwards from the suspending hole.
Xo. 5, 3 inches ])y 2 inches, luis no small hole for suspension, but in
the centre there is a liole measuring nearly an inch in diameter. From
this hole there is a short <luct or channel and one concentric ring ; on
the other side, in this case differing from the others, there are three
semi-circular lines on one side above the hole, and several rayed lines
running from tlie bottom edge.
No. 6, measuring 2 J inches by 2 inches, is somewhat elliptic in form
(fig. 22). There arc two hole^ for suspension 1 J inches apart. Round the
topmost hole is a semi-circuhir ring. From this nni seven rayed lines
of unequal length, one of wln'ch terminates at the second hole, and the
others in cupped marks. A curved line, i)artly forming a border, runs
between the cupped marks and the edge.
Xo. 7, irregularly triangular piece, naturally shaped (fig. 23), measuring
4J inches in length by 2 inches in breadth at the wide end. Within an
Fig. 2r).
Fig. 23. Fig. 26.
Fi^s. 20-2tJ. Pieces of Shale or Cainiel Coal with incised ornament.
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OP THE RIVER CLYDE. 453
inch of the broad end is a pit or partiiil perforation nearly lialf-an-inch in
diameter, with an incomplete circle round it on the uj)per side, and three
nuliatin^' lines pn^ee<lin^ th»wnwanls from the lower side.
No. 8, oval piece, water r»>lle»l and naturally shaj^ed (tig. 24), measur-
ing,' 2j inches in len«,^h and IJ inches in breadth and al)out J inch in
thickness, piene«l towani^ the narrower end by a round hole | inch in
diameter, sumjunde<l l»y an incise«l circle with a tangential line about an
inch in length at the lower side, with a {larallel line of the same length
below it from which three shorter lines go off downwards at right angles.
No. 9, flat, «»blong piece with two straight sides almost parallel (fig. 25),
one end rounded, and one obliquely fractured, the whole surface smoothed,
striated, and water-worn, having on one face three parallel incised lines,
and a fourth making an acute angle with the third.
Xn. 10, irregukrly shaped oblong piece (fig. 26), 9 inches in length
by 3J inches in greatest breadth and about } inch in thickness, one face
rimgh, the other niblje«l smouth and strongly striated lengthways, having
near the narrow end a perforation afx^ut J inch in diameter from which
proceeds downwards a stn^ngly incise<l line, with shorter lines branching
from it alternately at an acute angle, and at nearly equal distances apart,
^ear the other end on one side are two roughly scooped hollows. The
J>erfonition at the smaller end is r«>ughly scoo|ied out on \juih sides^ but
the intervening central jiart is b*^re«l quite regularly, with straight sides.
No. 1 1, oval-sha{>ed, 4 J inches by 3 inches and about ^ of an inch thick,
^^ixs a hole near the centre close on one inch diameter, from which a line
^r duct runs for nearly 2 inches. Tliere are two different cupped marks
**tK>ut \ inch from the hole, and a line running from each towards the
•^viter edge.
No. 12, irregularly shai>eil, 4 inches by 2j inches, lias two holes.
-■- here is a semi-circular line partly nuind the top hole from which two
'■'^►jed lines diagrmally iliver^'e.
No. 13, oval-shaf»ed, 2{ inches by H inches, very thin, pierced with
™^le for 8Usi)ension. No ..ther marks. Evidently flakeil f»tf.
No. 14, an irregularly triangular piece, water-rollc<l and naturally
454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
shaped, 2 inches by 2 inches and barely half an inch in thickness, shows
an arrangement of dots, T-shaped, there being three across, and two
downwards. One of the stones from Dunbuie shows a similar arrange-
ment of dots.
No. 15, a |X)inted piece of shale, 6 inches long by IJ inches broad, has
on one side a line | inch long, incised from the point downwards,
thereafter two dou])le lines crossing each other at right angles. Tliesc
markings are indistinct.
Three slabs of cannel coal, one measuring 12 inches long by 4 J inches
in breadth and 1 inch in thickness, another, 19 J inches long by 7 inches,
tapering to 3 J inches in breadth and 1^ inches thick. Tliis one shows
Fi*(. 27. Oyster Shell with incised lines and i>erforations. (g.)
marks of labuiiring on the sides, the edges being rounded off, evidently by
attrition. Tlie third is 20 J inches long ])y 7\ inches, tapering to 3.1
inches in l)readtli and li inches thick. One of the sides at the lessor
end hius been wliittled or cut away to a de])th of 1 J inches, positive signs
of cutting l)eing visil)le.
Small pieces of shale or cannel coal can be picked u\) along the banks
of the riv(!r, l)ut no pieces at all approaching to the size of those alnive
d(\<crib(Ml have hitherto been met with.
Several oyster shells, ornamented and pierced for suspension, were
found, Imt only two e(»uld be preserved, the others having crumlded
away on l)eiug exposed to the air, or broken by coming in contact with
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 455
the shovel. The ornamentation of one of the two shells (fig. 27)
resembles that on some of the shale ornaments. There is a hole for sus-
pension at the narrow end, and round this, in the inside surface, eight or
nine small pitted marks are grouped in a semi-circle, and from these four
lines radiate towards the natural depression for the insertion of the
muscle in the shell. Underneath are four holes perforated in a curved
line parallel to the edge. There are no artificial marks on the outside
surface. It was found in the circular cavity already described. The
other shell has two holes of unequal diameter for suspension at the nar-
row end, and there are indistinct rayed lines visible on the under surface.
Quantities of the common periwinkle or Littorina littorea and mussel
shells were found in the refuse heap mixed with the other debris. The
oyster shells found are of the Ostrea edulis variety.
Summary and Conclusions. — The situation of the pile dwelling being
within high water mark made the work of excavation both tedious and
difticult and rather unsatisfactory in its way. The trenches got silted up
with the recurring tide, and about 50 per cent, of our time was lost in
baling out water and shovelling away the sand which had been washed
in. The wash on the shore from the large powerful vessels, which pass
and repass every tide, did great damage to our work, and the climax was
reached when an unlucky steamer got stranded badly on a foggy day on
the opposite side of the bank, and during the week she lay there the
wash of some half dozen tugs employed in getting her off undid all our
Work. Digging so much in water led to many of the articles exhumed
being injured by the spade in spite of every precaution. Our excavators
deserve great credit for the careful and intelligent manner in which they
did their work. To !Mr W. A. Donnelly, artist, Milton of Colquhoun,
is entirely due the credit of this discovery, which was made in July 1898.
For two years the north Imnk of the Clyde between Dumbarton and Kil-
patrick, which is almost all of a marshy nature, was searched by Mr
I>onnelly with the alxjve result.
The similarity of the finds from this pile structure and those from the
at hill fort of Dunbuie is obvious. The two erections, however.
456 PKOCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
are not in sight of each other, a shoulder of Dumbuck Hill intervening,
and they may not have been occupied contemporaneously. In comnion
with Dunbuie, there is here an entire absence of metals and pottery.
Iron we could scarcely look for unless in the form of oxide, but bronze
would doubtless have stood the water.
The (quantity of bones found was small, and the number of implements
made of lx)ne seems large in proi>ortion. The number of ornaments alst>
seems to be large.
The presence of so much cannel coal is a curious feature. Small pieces
are found on the river bank all down the Clyde, but the lai^e pieces
described must have reached the |)osition where they were found by the
agency of man.
The discovery of this pile structure has raised many questions, and
there are divided opinions as to its age and character. Probably at the
moment its true position in archajology cannot be determinexl ; but time
will show.
In the discussion which followed, Dr Josbph Anderson said : — The
Hociety is greatly indebted to Mr Bruce for the excellent account he has
given of tlie investigation of this pile structure, which presents a numWr
of unusual features lK)tli in its construction and contents. But in its
essential characteristics it docs not appear to me to ditter more from the
generality of other pile structures known to us in Scotland, than they
ditter among themselves. Hence I have no difficulty in classing it along
witli them. All the pile structures hitherto known in Scotland l>elong U>
a comi)aratively late period, and the character of the relics obtained from
this one agrees so far with the general character of the relics from them.
The canoe, the (piern, the rubbing-stone, the hammer-stones, whetstones,
sinkstones, tlic oval ])el)ble with an oblique hollow, the Hint Hakes and
scraper, and the bono iin]>lcments arc things that have l>een frequently
found in Scottish and Irish crannogs, and things which taken together
may ipiitc well bo attributed to the same ju'riod as the generality of the
Scottish crannogs. But at this point the correspondence of the contents
PILE STRUCTURE ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE RIVER CLYDE. 457
of the Dumlmck structure with tliose of other pile structures ceases, and
we have to consider the significance of a series of objects from it bearing
incised markings in stone, sliale, cannel coal, and oyster shell, which not
only have no resemblance to anything heretofore found in pile structures,
hut no recognisjible alHnity of character with any objects found anywhere
else, excepting those found in the hill fort of Dimbuie, not far distant.
Comparing these two sets of things, from Dunbuie and Dumbuck, it is
obvious that there is a certain affinity of character, with occasional simi-
larities both in the fonns of the objects and the style of the carving.
Comparing both sets of things with the groui>s of relics obtained from
other pile structures and hill forts, it is obvious that they do not fit into
the sequence of either series. Taking a wider area of comparison :
ulthougli in certain points there may be some faint resemblances to
objects from other countries, and of different periods, as, for instance, to
the cup-markings on rocks and Iwulders, or to the incised carvings of
American Indians or Australian savages, I do not think that such crude
resemblances can l)e relied upon fo^ definite conclusions of age or origin.
Remaining thus apart from all classifiable objects of cognate character,
they give us no warrant to attribute them to any prehistoric period, or U)
jilace them in any particular section of the archaeological series. Such
objects of unclassifiable affinities are specially liable to have their
genuineness called in question. This, of course, is, and must remain, a
matter of individual opinion, and doubtless conflicting opinions will be
lield and expressed ; as in matters scientific or even in courts of justice
it is by no means unusual for expert testimony to l)e given on both
slides. It is prolmble also tliat there will not be complete agreement as to
t:hc numljer of the objects in the collection which are to be regarded an
genuine or otherwise. For my own part I do not consider it possible
or necesjsary, in the meantime, that there should Ik; a final pronounce-
^lent on these (piestions. In the absence of decisive evidence, which
time may supply, I prefer to suspend my judgment — merely placing the
suspected objects (as they jilace themselves) in the list of things that
must wait for further evidence because they contradict present experience.
458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1900.
It has often happened that new varieties of things have been regarded
witli suspicion on account of their lack 
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11